Gov FRQ

Identify a constitutional clause that is common to both Bush v. Vera (1996) and Shaw v. Reno (1993)

14th amendment- equal protection clause

Explain an action that Congress could take to respond to the Arizona v. United States decision if it disagreed with the decision.

Congress could limit funding to that state by not issuing grants or taxing them in order to get them to comply.

Explain how the facts of McCulloch v. Maryland and the facts of Arizona v. United States led to a similar holding in both cases.

In McCulloch v. Maryland the state of Maryland attempted to tax a federal bank and McCulloch, a bank cashier refused. In both cases, the states attempted to exert power that belonged to the federal government as stated in the constitution.

Explain how the facts in both cases led to similar holdings.

In Shaw v. Reno and Bush v Vera, both states attempted to redistrict based on race alone. The supreme court ruled that this violated the 14th amendment equal protection clause due to the racial bias the states had while redistricting.

Explain how the decision in Bush v. Vera could affect the process of redistricting for congressional representation in other states.

States have the power to draw district lines with their method of choosing. The Supreme Court decision in Bush v. Vera forces states to make a process to redistrict without any consideration of race.

Identify a common constitutional principle used to make a ruling in both McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) and Arizona v. United States (2012).

The Supremacy Clause