govt2306 exam 3

According to political scientist Amber Boydstun, the media has a(n) ________ for breaking stories and a(n) ________ for covering them in greater depth.

"alarm mode"; "patrol mode"

A widely circulated story that the pope endorsed Donald Trump for president in 2016 was a good example of

"fake news."

Large media conglomerates, such as the Hearst, McClatchy, and Gannett corporations, own approximately ________ of daily newspapers.

75%

During the nineteenth century, about ________ of eligible voters usually cast a ballot on Election Day.

90%

________ is the power the media has to shape what issues Americans think about, and ________ is the power the media has to influence how Americans think about those issues.

Agenda-setting; framing

________ was the leader of the United Farm Workers union in the 1960s.

César Chávez

On average, women tend to vote for ________ candidates and men tend to vote for ________ candidates.

Democratic; Republican

Which of the following is a good example of a media monopoly?

Disney

What was the main cause for reducing the legal voting age to 18?

Government officials hoped it would lead to a decline in disruptive student protests against the Vietnam War.

How did the Court's decision in Loving v. Virginia influence the Court's later support for same-sex marriage?

In Loving v. Virginia, the Court established that marriage was a basic civil right.

The Hispanic vote is often referred to as "the sleeping giant" because

Latinos and Latinas vote at low rates relative to the group's size in the population.

Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Mexico ceded to the U.S. territory that now comprises Arizona, California, New Mexico, and parts of Colorado, Nevada, and Utah.

Suppose several states enact voter ID laws in the run up to an election. How might this policy change affect minority and non-White voter turnout?

Minority turnout would likely be lower after voter ID laws than before.

Women were guaranteed the right to vote with the passage of the ________ Amendment in 1920.

Nineteenth

________ is the only state that does not require voter registration.

North Dakota

Which of the following is the best definition of the media?

Print and digital forms of communication that include everything from websites, newspapers, television, and radio.

Which of the following statements best describes where younger and older Americans get their news?

Social media tend to be a secondary news source after television for most Americans but a primary news source for the young.

Which statement best describes the path to women's suffrage in the United States?

Some states granted women the right to vote first, and then a constitutional amendment extended the right to all women in the United States.

The power of the media to draw public attention to particular issues and problems is called

agenda-setting.

All of the following are important roles for the media in American democracy EXCEPT

enabling privately owned companies to advertise their products to the public.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

ended some of the most blatant forms of discrimination across the country.

The ________ provides candidates for the same political office equal opportunities to communicate their messages.

equal time rule

If a television station sold commercial time to a Republican candidate for governor but refused to sell time to the Democratic candidate for governor, this station would be in violation of the

equal time rule.

The traditional news media aim to provide objective reporting on current events by

excluding the personal views of reporters or editors from their coverage.

In 1985, the federal government stopped enforcing the ________, arguing that it was no longer necessary due to the increasing number of television and radio stations.

fairness doctrine

The term "fake news" is most accurately characterized as

false news stories circulated to generate ad revenue or to benefit one political candidate or party over another.

Suppose a major bank was hacked and millions of accounts were exposed to potential theft. The reasons why the hack were possible were lax security measures by the bank, but also that the vast majority of account holders uses weak and ineffective passwords. If the media were to mostly focus on the passwords issue and not the bank's security measures, which of the following media effect would best describe this choice?

framing

The dramatic rise in political information and the increasing diversity of the media have

had very little impact on the average levels of political knowledge in the American public.

Compared to the 1996 presidential election, turnout in the 2008 and 2016 presidential elections has been

higher.

In terms of combating racism, the NAACP had the most success with

lawsuits

The digital divide refers to the

line separating citizens with internet access from those without.

Which of the following was used as a way to limit the electoral participation of African Americans?

literacy tests

Compared to other developed countries, voter turnout in the United States is

lower

Women are disadvantaged as candidates for office because

male candidates are more likely to have the advantage of incumbency in office.

The primary goal of Russian propaganda to disrupt the 2016 election was to

mobilize Trump supporters to vote, demobilize Clinton supporters, and promote third-party candidates to Bernie Sanders's supporters.

African Americans represented by a Black member of Congress are

more likely to vote than African Americans not represented by a Black member of Congress.

Voter turnout in state and local elections is generally ________ turnout in national elections.

much lower than

Google News, Reddit, and Real Clear Politics are good examples of

news aggregators.

The Reconstruction era came to an end because

northern Republicans agreed to end federal occupation of the South if southern Democrats allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to become president.

Under the Constitution, ________ the power to control voter registration.

state legislatures have

Which of the following news sources reaches the most Americans?

television

Much of the national news published in local newspapers is provided by

the Associated Press.

In the United States, freedom of the press is protected by

the First Amendment of the Constitution.

Which of the following is an example of a public broadcasting organization?

the National Public Radio (NPR)

After World War II, which government institution took the lead in addressing reports of discrimination against Black soldiers?

the President

White evangelical Protestants are more likely to be associated with

the Republican Party.

Which of the following is NOT a reason that many Americans appear to prefer online news?

the accuracy and objectivity compared to traditional media outlets

Mendez v. Westminster (1947) was significant because

the decision to overturn school segregation of Mexican American students in California served as a precursor to Brown v. Board of Education.

The practice of training reporters to produce a standardized, seemingly neutral news product was the result of

the newspaper industry's reluctance to alienate readers with liberal or conservative political views.

What is turnout?

the percentage of eligible individuals who actually vote

What is redlining?

the practice of bank officials refusing to make loans to people living in certain neighborhoods

The trend in concentration of traditional media ownership occurred in large part due to

the relaxation of government regulations in the 1980s and 1990s.

To what does the term "Jim Crow" refer?

the system of racial segregation in the South after Reconstruction

The media are sometimes referred to as the "fourth branch of government" because

they provide a check on the power of government and political leaders.

Over the past decade, polls have shown that Asian American voters are moving

toward the Democratic Party.

Title IX of the 1972 Education Act has had a major effect on

university athletic programs.

According to the United Nations, a country that does not give citizens access to the internet is

violating human rights.

Women won the right to vote in

1920.

About ________ million Americans have lost their voting rights as a result of felony convictions.

5

The modern low for voter turnout in a presidential election was ________ of eligible voters in the ________ election.

52%; 1996

Which government institution would most likely handle a complaint about a case of workplace discrimination?

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Which agency regulates broadcast media?

Federal Communications Commission

Voting rights for Black men were established in the Constitution by the ________ Amendment.

Fifteenth

Which of the following are names of Latino civil rights organizations?

G.I. Forum, LULAC, and MALDEF

Which statement best characterizes Asian American voter turnout in the United States?

It is similar to Hispanic turnout.

How did the Dred Scott v. Sanford decision help to precipitate the Civil War?

It reinforced the institution of slavery and denied the rights of citizenship to all Black Americans, either free or enslaved.

Which of the following best summarizes the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

Racially segregated schools can never be equal.

Which of the following statements best describes the media's role in the Watergate affair?

Relentless adversarial journalism revealed various abuses of power by President Nixon and led to his resignation.

Which of the following statements about voter identification laws is most accurate?

Republicans are more likely than Democrats to favor laws that require identification in order to vote.

A campaign for the 2020 presidential election plans to target voters through Google, Twitter, and Facebook. Which of the following approaches is possible?

Target individuals by zip code in Google, and run political ads expressing their opinion on Facebook.

Which of the following is true of Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

The Court outlawed de jure segregation.

What is the gender gap?

The difference in support for Republicans and Democrats among men and women

Which of the following is the best characterization of traditional political participation?

Traditional political participation includes activities designed to influence the government, from voting, to donating to candidates, or attending political meetings

What was notable about the 2018 midterm elections?

Turnout was up significantly and was more akin to turnout in presidential elections.

Which of the following statements about government regulation of political advertisements is most accurate?

Unlike traditional media (radio, television, print media), political ads on Google, Twitter, and Facebook are not regulated.

________ is the single most important political act for most Americans.

Voting

The Pentagon Papers were released as a result of

a leak by a minor Defense Department staffer.

Based on the history of Supreme Court decisions on affirmative action, which of the following university admissions policies would be most likely to survive a constitutional challenge?

a policy that considers race as one factor among many in a highly individualized, holistic review of each applicant's file

Privately owned media companies in the United States earn most of their revenue from

advertising.

A state with a roughly equal number of Democrats and Republicans in the population is often referred to as a ________ state.

battleground

The fairness doctrine required that

broadcasters who aired controversial issues provide time for opposing viewpoints.

One step taken toward achieving desegregation of public schools was

busing children from poor urban school districts to wealthier suburban ones.

News produced by individuals and organizations who are not employed as professional journalists is called

citizen journalism.

Digital forms of participation that require little effort and may not actually translate into offline acts of political engagement are often referred to as

clicktivism.

What is social capital?

community networks that motivate political participation

What is the most important factor in predicting whether an individual votes?

education level

Individuals with home high-speed internet access and the technology and literacy skills to use it are called

digital citizens.

Latinos and Latinas tend to favor Democratic Party candidates in national elections because they

disagree with the Republican Party's stance on immigration.

Political scientists sometimes describe social media as "the new dinner table" because

discussions of politics and current events on social media occur within a network of friends and family.

When was the Twenty-Sixth Amendment ratified?

during the Vietnam War

It is likely that eliminating state-level voter registration laws would ________ voter turnout among ________ voters.

increase; younger

Accidental mobilization occurs when

individuals are exposed to political information online that they did not explicitly seek out.

The ability to find and effectively evaluate information online is referred to as

information literacy.

Public broadcasting refers to any television, radio, and digital media that

receives funding from the public through license fees, subsidies, or tax dollars.

Gerrymandering may

reduce voter turnout by creating fewer competitive elections.

Between 1971 and 1974, the Supreme Court

restricted its school desegregation and busing rulings to apply only to cities found guilty of deliberate and de jure racial segregation.

Which of the following election reforms is designed to make voting easier?

same-day voter registration

"Filter bubbles" appear when

search engines learn to cater to individual preferences and start to omit results that might challenge such preferences.

A liberal voter who only watches liberal shows on YouTube and only follows liberal commentators on Twitter can be said to have

self-selection bias.

Which of the following groups typically has the highest level of political participation?

senior citizens (65 and older)

Low-level officials who hope to publicize what they view as their bosses' or the government's improper activities are usually called

whistle-blowers.