Graded Exams 1 & 2

Which of these statements about corporate social responsibility (CSR) is FALSE? Select one: a. Most companies now publicly report on their CSR practices. b. CSR emphasizes the economic, social, and environmental spheres of sustainability. c. Most Canadians expect companies to engage in CSR. d. CSR is closely related to the topics of values and ethics. e. An organization's perceived level of CSR influences whether people apply for work with that organization.

a. Most companies now publicly report on their CSR practices.

Which of the following theories suggests that employee motivation is influenced by what other people contribute to and receive from the organization? Select one: a. Expectancy theory b. Equity theory c. Needs-based theory d. Need theory e. Goal setting

b. Equity theory

Which of the following is an ethical principle stating that people have entitlements allowing let them act in a certain way? Select one: a. Utilitarianism. b. Individual rights. c. Moral intensity. d. Distributive justice. e. Ethical sensitivity.

b. Individual rights.

Which of these motivation theories arranges employee needs in a hierarchy of importance? Select one: a. ERG theory b. Four-drive theory c. Expectancy theory d. McClelland's learned needs theory e. Both 'A' and 'D'

a. ERG theory

Which of the following does NOT occur at very high levels of job specialization? Select one: a. Product quality increases while the quantity of output decreases. b. Worker alienation increases. c. Employee turnover increases. d. Employees are less motivated to perform their jobs well. e. Employers are often forced to pay higher wages to attract job applicants to the tedious work.

a. Product quality increases while the quantity of output decreases.

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of post-decisional justification? Select one: a. The individual continues to look for alternatives better than the one selected. b. The individual reduces the importance of negative aspects of the selected alternative. c. The individual forgets about favorable aspects of the discarded alternatives. d. The individual looks for more information that further supports the selected alternative. e. The individual increases the importance of negative aspects of the discarded alternatives.

a. The individual continues to look for alternatives better than the one selected.

Which of the following is an example of punishment? Select one: a. The organization takes away some of your pay cheque to cover the cost of a machine that you carelessly broke. b. Your boss doesn't say anything after you have the highest sales of the month. c. Your boss stops complaining about your late arrival at work after you arrive early for several weeks. d. After signing a contract with an important client, the company announces its appreciation of your work. e. Both 'A' and 'C' are examples of punishment.

a. The organization takes away some of your pay cheque to cover the cost of a machine that you carelessly broke.

The ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion in oneself and others is called: Select one: a. emotional intelligence. b. emotional labor. c. cognitive dissonance. d. self-awareness. e. job satisfaction.

a. emotional intelligence.

Globalization occurs when an organization: Select one: a. extends its activities to other parts of the world. b. serves diverse customers within the firm's home country. c. has a diverse workforce within the firm's home country. d. does all of the above. e. does only 'B' and 'C'.

a. extends its activities to other parts of the world.

Research has found that goal setting: Select one: a. is one of the top OB theories in terms of validity and usefulness. b. motivates executives but has little or no effect on the motivation of non-management staff c. has the opposite effect on employee motivation than was originally intended d. is none of the above e. results in both 'A' and 'C'

a. is one of the top OB theories in terms of validity and usefulness.

Eastern University performs a daily computer search through newspaper articles to identify any articles about the university or its faculty members. University administrators use this information to receive feedback about how the public reacts to university activities. In knowledge management, searching for newspaper articles and other external writing about the organization is mainly a form of: Select one: a. knowledge acquisition b. communities of practice c. organizational unlearning d. knowledge sharing e. documentation

a. knowledge acquisition

Compared with transactional contracts, relational contracts are: Select one: a. more open-ended and indefinite. b. more static and narrow. c. more clearly defined. d. focused more on financial exchange. e. none of the above.

a. more open-ended and indefinite.

In self-leadership, constructive thought patterns include: Select one: a. self-talk and mental imagery b. gainsharing c. personal goal setting and self-monitoring d. job rotation and job enrichment e. all of the above

a. self-talk and mental imagery

Sexual harassment, workplace violence and workplace bullying are: Select one: a. types of interpersonal stressors. b. common outcomes of ineffective work-life balance. c. elements of the general adaptation syndrome. d. types of physical environment stressors. e. None of these statements is correct.

a. types of interpersonal stressors.

Unlike Maslow's needs hierarchy, recent studies suggest that: Select one: a. values influence a person's unique needs hierarchy. b. people do not have a needs hierarchy. c. everyone has the same needs hierarchy. d. physiological and safety needs are always the lowest level needs. e. all needs are learned rather than formed from innate drives.

a. values influence a person's unique needs hierarchy.

According to the multiple levels of analysis anchor: Select one: a. organizational behavior is mainly the study of how all levels of the organizational hierarchy interact with the external environment. b. OB topics typically relate to the individual, team and organizational levels of analysis. c. there are eight levels of analysis that scholars should recognize when conducting OB research. d. organizational events can be studied from only one level of analysis. e. Our understanding of organizational behavior increases with the level of mathematical analysis applied to create the models.

b. OB topics typically relate to the individual, team and organizational levels of analysis.

Which of the following best describes how emotions influence the problem identification process? Select one: a. Emotions have no effect on how people identify problems. b. The emotional brain center classifies incoming perceptual information as bad or good, which then influences the rational brain center's evaluation about whether that situation is a problem. c. Emotions mainly determine signal us to follow either a programmed or nonprogrammed decision process. d. If the rational brain center determines that the situation is a problem, it transmits this evaluation to the emotional center, which then energizes the decision maker to act without choosing alternatives. e. Emotions ensure that we rely on the rationality and avoid intuition in the decision making process.

b. The emotional brain center classifies incoming perceptual information as bad or good, which then influences the rational brain center's evaluation about whether that situation is a problem.

How might self-serving bias be observed in a corporate annual report? Select one: a. The report would say more about the company's problems and less about its successes. b. The report would emphasise the role of competition, inflationary pressures and other external causes of problems in the organization's performance. c. The report would exclude any bad news about the organization's performance. d. The report would acknowledge that competition, the economy and other external factors should be credited for some of the company's recent success. e. The report would acknowledge some of management's mistakes, but suggest that management in other companies have been making the same mistakes.

b. The report would emphasise the role of competition, inflationary pressures and other external causes of problems in the organization's performance.

The difference between emotions and attitudes is comparable to the difference between: Select one: a. eating something versus drinking something. b. experiencing something versus judging something. c. perceiving something versus behaving toward something. d. knowing about something versus doing something. e. there is no difference between emotions and attitudes; they are the same thing.

b. experiencing something versus judging something.

Action learning mainly makes use of: Select one: a. situational factors b. experiential learning c. behavior modification d. punishment e. self-reinforcement

b. experiential learning

Brook's Law says that adding more people to a late software project only makes it later. This law is mainly referring to: Select one: a. team cohesiveness. b. process losses. c. team norms. d. team environment. e. informal teams.

b. process losses.

People tend to have high ______ when their personality includes optimism, confidence, and a positive emotional state. Select one: a. emotional exhaustion b. resilience c. job boredom d. strain-based conflict e. workaholism (work addicts)

b. resilience

The main limitation of the individual rights principle is that: Select one: a. it really isn't an ethical principle at all. b. some individual rights conflict with other individual rights. c. it pays attention to whether consequences are ethical, but not to whether the means to those consequences are ethic. d. it is almost impossible to evaluate the benefits or costs of decisions when many stakeholders are affected. e. it can degenerate into unjust favoritism

b. some individual rights conflict with other individual rights.

A computer maintenance company wants to 'capture' the knowledge that employees carry around in their heads by creating a database where employees document their solutions to unusual maintenance problems. This practice tries to: Select one: a. transform intellectual capital into knowledge management. b. transfer human capital into structural capital. c. prevent relationship capital from interfering with human capital. d. reduce the amount of human capital. e. transfer structural capital into relationship capital.

b. transfer human capital into structural capital.

Neuroticism is explicitly identified in: Select one: a. the MARS model. b. Schwartz's values model. c. 'Big Five' personality dimensions. d. Holland's theory of vocational choice. e. both 'A' and 'C'.

c. 'Big Five' personality dimensions.

Which of the following best represents the most common linkage between attitudes and behavior? Select one: a. Intentions->feelings->beliefs->behavior. b. Behavior->job satisfaction->cognitive dissonance->organizational commitment. c. Beliefs->feelings->intentions->behavior. d. Cognitive dissonance->behavioral intentions->job satisfaction->behavior. e. Behavior->feelings->intentions->beliefs.

c. Beliefs->feelings->intentions->behavior.

Which 'Big Five' personality dimension is most valuable for predicting job performance? Select one: a. Extroversion b. Openness to experience c. Conscientiousness d. Neuroticism e. None of the 'Big Five' traits predicts job performance to any extent

c. Conscientiousness

Which of the following is the first step in self-fulfilling prophecy? Select one: a. Employee behaves in a way consistent with the supervisor's expectations. b. Supervisor treats the employee in a manner consistent with the supervisor's expectations. c. Supervisor forms an incorrect impression of the employee. d. Supervisor attributes employee's good performance to external causes. e. Employee demonstrates his or her true abilities to the supervisor.

c. Supervisor forms an incorrect impression of the employee.

The ability to recognize the presence and determine the relative importance of an ethical issue is known as: Select one: a. neuroticism. b. moral intensity. c. ethical sensitivity. d. utilitarianism. e. uncertainty avoidance.

c. ethical sensitivity.

Organizational leadership, organizational structure, and reward systems are: Select one: a. three of the main sources of team cohesiveness. b. three team design features. c. three elements of the organizational and team environment. d. three of the main causes of social loafing. e. three ways to minimize teambuilding.

c. three elements of the organizational and team environment.

Which of the following are potential problems with performance-based pay plans? Select one: a. Employers offer rewards that employees don't value. b. Some plans reward individual performance when the employee's work is highly interdependent. c. It is difficult to anticipate the unintended consequences of performance-based rewards. d. All of the above. e. Only 'A' and 'B' are potential problems with performance-based pay plans.

d. All of the above.

Workplace violence: Select one: a. is a serious interpersonal stressor. b. is a higher risk among employees in France and Canada than in the United States. c. is a problem among nurses and other health-care workers. d. All of these statements are correct. e. is a serious interpersonal stressor AND is a problem among nurses and other health-care workers.

d. All of these statements are correct.

Which of the following is a potential problem when evaluating and choosing alternatives in decision making? Select one: a. Limited information processing b. Implicit favorite c. Satisficing d. All of these statements are potential problems e. None of these statements is a potential problem

d. All of these statements are potential problems

Which of the following is known to increase employee responsiveness to problems and opportunities as well as improve customer service? Select one: a. Job specialization b. Job rotation c. Scientific management d. Empowerment e. Both 'A' and 'C'

d. Empowerment

Which of these statements about workplace violence is FALSE? Select one: a. Workplace violence is a stressor for those who observe the violence, not just those who experience it. b. Employees in high-risk jobs may experience stress even if they have not personally experienced or observed workplace violence. c. After workplace violence, counsellors assist many employees, not just direct victims of the violence. d. The likelihood of experiencing workplace violence is higher in the United States than in Canada. e. Some victims of workplace violence take long-term disability leave to recover from the assault and the severe distress of the incident.

d. The likelihood of experiencing workplace violence is higher in the United States than in Canada.

Incongruence between a company's dominant values and an employee's values is known to: Select one: a. increase employee stress. b. increase the employee's probability of quitting. c. increase the chance that the employee's decisions will differ from the organization's preferences. d. do all of the above. e. have no effect on employee behavior or decision making.

d. do all of the above.

Behavior modification does NOT consider: Select one: a. the types of actions that reinforce behavior. b. the effect of feedback on behavior. c. employee behavior before the behavior modification strategy is applied. d. employee attitudes towards the person reinforcing the behavior. e. changes in employee behavior when the reinforcer is removed.

d. employee attitudes towards the person reinforcing the behavior.

People have a psychological contract when they: Select one: a. hold a permanent job b. work on contract with a company for a fixed time c. hold a part-time job d. have any of the above e. have only 'A' and 'C'

d. have any of the above

According to the author Organizational Behavior, organizational behavior knowledge: Select one: a. should never be used to influence the behavior of other people. b. should be used mostly by managers and senior executives. c. should never replace your commonsense knowledge about how organizations work. d. is relevant to everyone who works in organizations. e. both 'A' and 'B'.

d. is relevant to everyone who works in organizations.

In U.S. firms, team members tend to work together more effectively when: Select one: a. they work in separate areas of the company. b. they are rewarded for team performance rather than individual performance. c. they work in a structure that encourages communication and coordination through their supervisor. d. they are rewarded for both individual and team performance. e. they have independent tasks.

d. they are rewarded for both individual and team performance.

Motivating employees is more challenging today than two decades ago because: Select one: a. employers have difficulty understanding the different needs and expectations that younger generation employees bring to the workplace. b. there are more layers of management today, which makes it more difficult to motivate everyone in management positions. c. corporate downsizing and reduced job security have damaged the levels of trust employees need to work beyond minimum levels. d. all of the above. e. 'A' and 'C' only.

e. 'A' and 'C' only.

The behavioral consequences of high stress levels include: Select one: a. improved memory b. fewer mistakes c. reduced absenteeism d. All of these statements describe behavioral consequences of high stress levels. e. None of these statements identifies any behavioral consequences of high stress levels

e. None of these statements identifies any behavioral consequences of high stress levels

The preferred level of employee involvement depends on: Select one: a. Source of decision knowledge b. Risk of conflict c. Decision structure d. Decision commitment e. The preferred level of involvement depends on all of these factors.

e. The preferred level of involvement depends on all of these factors.

Teams are most effective when their members: Select one: a. have the same skills and values. b. collectively possess the required competencies for the task. c. are motivated to participate in the team. d. have all of these features. e. collectively possess the required competencies for the task AND are motivated to participate in the team.

e. collectively possess the required competencies for the task AND are motivated to participate in the team.

The rational choice paradigm of decision making does NOT assume that: Select one: a. organizational goals are clear and agreed upon. b. the outcomes of all alternatives are known. c. all alternatives should be considered. d. information is freely available. e. decision makers tend to choose the first alternative exceeding the minimum standard.

e. decision makers tend to choose the first alternative exceeding the minimum standard.

Organizations can encourage positive self-fulfilling prophecy by: Select one: a. training supervisors to ignore new employees who will clearly fail to perform the job well. b. training supervisors and team leaders to increase employee self-confidence. c. developing a culture of support and learning. d. doing all of the above. e. doing only 'B' and 'C'.

e. doing only 'B' and 'C'.

Compared with heterogeneous teams, homogeneous teams: Select one: a. become cohesive more easily. b. proceed through the team development process more quickly. c. experience less conflict with each other. d. experience better interpersonal relations. e. have all of these characteristics.

e. have all of these characteristics.

Emotional labor is defined as any situation in which: Select one: a. you get upset with customers at times when you are supposed to remain calm. b. you begin to feel burned out from facing too many customers in one day. c. you don't realize that your emotions are causing you to act differently toward someone than you had intended. d. all of the above are part of the emotional labor definition. e. none of the above represents the emotional labor definition.

e. none of the above represents the emotional labor definition.

Self-leadership includes several includes several elements, including: Select one: a. job specialization and self-reinforcement. b. task identity and task significance. c. job evaluation and self-monitoring. d. autonomy and gainsharing. e. positive self-talk and personal goal setting.

e. positive self-talk and personal goal setting.