Grammar and vocabulary for cambridge advanced and proficiency Unit 2
Which sentence is incorrect? a The opening minutes of the match were spent sizing up the opposition. b I think all that exercise has tired everybody out. c You've made a terrible mess and it's going to be difficult to explain away it.
c
Underline the passives in these sentences. 1 They are believed to have left the country. 2 She is thought to have been smuggled out of the country in the back of a lorry. 3 They were seen to leave the room together. 4 He is said to be recovering well. 5 The whole place was cleaned until there was not a speck of dust to be seen anywhere.
1 are believed 2 is thought, have been smuggled 3 were seen 4 is said 5 was cleaned, to be seen
Which of the following sentences are incorrect? 1 The light has destroyed the photograph. 2 Raise your hand if you know the answer. 3 The photograph destroyed because of the light . 4 The treasure was raised to the surface. 5 The hot air balloon raised quickly into the sky.
3 (The photograph was destroyed because of the light.) 5 (The hot air balloon rose quickly into the sky.)
Which of these sentences are causatives? I He tried to escape but got caught. 2 They were aiming to walk the entire route but got tired in the end. 3 I need to get my hair cut. 4 I'm going to have my portrait painted. 5 I had my car broken into last week.
3 and 4
SECTION 2 Infinitives and -ing form passives 1 INFINITIVES AFTER CERTAIN VERBS Make, see, hear and help have different patterns in the active and the passive. In the active, the verb is followed by object+ infinitive without to. In the passive, we use a to-infinitive: Active I heard him shout at his brother. They've made him promise not to come before six.
Passive He was heard to shout at his brother. He's been made to promise not to come before six.
8 Fill the blanks with a suitable word or phrase. Example: His arm is in a sling after he got it stamped on. 1 I keep getting headaches so I'm going................. tested. 2 It's unpleasant for children when they . names by other children. 3 I've just taken for my new passport. 4 My handbag was completely flattened after it ........... on in the bus. 5 My husband's been to the hairdresser: I really wish he so short. 6 I know you don't approve of my new hair colour but you'll just to it.
1 to have I get my eyes 2 are I get called 3 had a I my phototgraph) (or: some photo(graphs)) 4 was sat I had been sat I was stood I had been stood 5 hadn't had (or: wouldn't have) his hair I it cut 6 have to get used
8 Finish sentences (1-10) with a suitable prepositional phrase (a-j). 1 The condemned man was a for complaining to the referee. reprieved 2 I was completely mesmerised operators. 3 The old man was paralysed 4 Both players were penalised . 5 I've been swamped e for next Friday. 6 The meeting has been scheduled 7 Ioannis was somewhat 8 His behaviour was in danger of 9 She was hospitalised j for three months after the 10 The factory is staffed accident.
a for complaining to the referee. b by experienced machine c as aggressive. d at the last moment e for next Friday F by his performance. g by the lack of response. disconcerted H with offers of help. I down one side after the being construed stroke. j for three months after the accident. 0 i a zf 3i 4a sh 6e 7g Sc 9 j 10 b
2 Fill each of the numbered blanks in the passage with one suitable word. After living (0) under. the threat of extinction for more than thirty years, the national bird of the United States has (16)...................... granted an official reprieve, as the bald eagle and twenty-eight other animal and plant species have been earmarked (17)...................... removal from America's list of endangered species. The bald eagle, also ( 18)...................... as the white-headed sea eagle, took pride of place at the top of a list of species likely to ( 19)...................... taken off the endangered register in the coming years. The proposed 'delistings' are (20)...................... promoted (21) ......................the US Interior Secretary to counter a growing feeling among Republicans that endangered-species laws do not work. Charges of ineffectiveness have been (22)......................against these laws before, but more recently it has (23)...................... been suggested that the situation may actually have been (24) ....................... worse by them. The recovery of the bald eagle follows thirty-one years on the critical list. Its numbers had been (25)...................... to fewer than five hundred (26) ......................the use of pesticides that reacted adversely (27)...................... its reproductive system. The number of nesting pairs is now estimated (28)...................... five thousand. Until now, few species have (29)...................... been removed from the list. When they (30)...................... , it was usually because they had become extinct.
(16} been (17) for (18) known (19) be (20} being (21) by (22) laid I brought (23) even (24) made (25) reduced (26) by I through (27) with (28) at (29) ever (30) were
0 The following verbs are commonly used in the passive. Fill each of the gaps in the sentences with an appropriate word from the list, adding any other words needed to make the passive. overcome deemed inundated dwarfed dubbed shrouded scheduled baffled strewn short-listed 1 All the doctors we saw................. by the reason for her illness. 2 I'm afraid your recent work................. totally inadequate for the task. 3 Believe it or not, last month a news-reader . . .................... the sexiest man on television. 4 When the police arrived, the victim's clothes .................all over the room. 5 The ex-champion .................by heat exhaustion in the final and was unable to finish the match. 6 How the intelligence services work................. in secrecy. 7 Since the film came out, I .................with requests for my autograph. 8 His house in the foothills .................by the surrounding mountains. 9 Their new CD................. for release next January. 10 Many people think a nineteen-year-old's first novel should................. for last year's National Literature prize.
0 1 were baffled 2 has been I is I was deemed 3 was dubbed 4 were I had been strewn 5 was overcome 6 is shrouded 7 have been inundated 8 is I was dwaifed 9 is scheduled 10 have been I not have been short-listed
0 Fill each of the (ijifi11 numbered blanks in the following passage with one suitable word. Twenty-four hours after arriving in : the country, I ( 1 ) ...........told to ·• leave. The security police, the country's largest employer, came to ;;; my hotel, politely asked me what I thought of the city and then recommended that I leave on the ) morning plane. I asked them why I was (2) ...........expelled and they said it was not a question of ·~ (3) ...........being (4) '......... . out', they were simply recommending that I leave. I refused and the problems started. My passport and plane ticket (5)...........t . stolen from my room after my key 'disappeared'. The police shrugged their shoulders and decided not to interview the leather· , jacketed youth who I (6) ........... • been (7) ...........up against in the i lift. For three days I was (8) . . . . . . . . . . . . by two not very secret policemen everywhere I went. I visited a fellow-journalist whose address (9) ...........had (10) .........given. He lived in a beautiful old house which would ( 11 J .........demolished the following year by the Government to make way for a block of 'modern' flats. Everybody would be (12)......... in it as soon as it was ready but where they would live in the meantime had not been ( 13) .........out. Massive taxation ~ was (14) .........imposed on the people to pay for these supposed improvements. I went back to the hotel, still ( 15) .........followed .; by the two policemen, and felt very depressed.
0 (1) was (2) being (3) my (4) kicked I thrown I booted (5) were (6) had (7) pressed I squashed I squeezed (8) followed I pursued (9) I (1 O) been (11) be (12) housed I accommodated I installed (l 3) worked I thought I sorted (14) being (15) being I closely
8 Fill each gap with one suitable word. {(j.fiiJ It was last May; while we were taking our annual late spring break on Lindos that we ( 1) ............ our house broken into. All our TV and video equipment got (2) . .......... , but what was worse was when we discovered that the final draft of my husband's latest novel (3)......... ( 4) .........torn into pieces and the disks he (5) .........(6)......... writing it on (7)......... .. disappeared. Of course, you hear about people who (8)......... (9)......... their properties vandalised and others whose most prized possessions (10) .......... (11) .........taken, but it's a terrible shock when it happens to you, when you know that your home (12)......... (13) ........... . invaded, and that you (14)......... (15)......... your most intimate belongings handled and examined by strangers.
0 1 had 2 stolen I taken 3 had 4 been 5 had 6 been 7 had 8 have 9 had 10 have 11 been 12 has 13 been 14 have 15 had
0 Fill each of the blanks with a suitable word. Example: New measures to combat crime are to be introduced at the end of the year. 1 We. . . . . . . strongly advised . . . . . . . reconsider our position. 2 They are understood . . . . . . . have . . . . . . . offered over £5,000 for their story. 3 I. . . . . . . always made . . . . . . . apologise to my little sister after an argument. 4 It's too late now: there's nothing more . . . . . . . be. . . . . . . 5 I left with the distinct feeling of. . . . . . . been ............ for granted. 6 I used to steal walnuts from my grandfather's garden and never worried about . . . . . . . out. 7 There are. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . any survivors from yesterday's aircrash.
0 I were I (are) ... to 2 to ... been 3 was I am ... to 4 to ... done I said 5 having ... taken 6 being found 7 not known I thought I expected to be
1 Circle a letter A, B, C or D that best fills each numbered gap . A popular character in the nation's top television soap is ( 1)......................... for something of which she was probably innocent. Having been (2)......................... guilty of a series of fraudulent acts, she contemplates months of incarceration. A good storyline, but wait! Within hours the television station is being (3)......................... with calls of protest. A national newspaper soon (4) up a campaign to have her freed. Thousands of T-shirts are printed with slogans (5) for her release. Offices and factory floors (6)......................... to the sounds of animated debate. It is even mentioned in Parliament. It's easy to (7) .........................off such idiocies as 'a bit of fun', but there's surely a more serious side. A fair proportion of viewers were obviously (8) .........................in by the story to such an extent that they are unable to (9)......................... fact and fiction apart. Everywhere, millions will pore over their 7-day TV guide to get a preview of the week's soaps, worried that they might ( 10)......................... . .. out on some little detail of the story. If a character is ( 11)......................... to be past his or her sell-by date, and the decision has been taken to (12) .........................him or her out, possibly to have them (13)......................... off in spectacular fashion, viewing figures are likely to soar by up to twenty-five per cent. A life-threatening fire can be (14) .........................upon to add millions to the ratings. A major wedding can find half of Britain sitting (15)......................... to the screen! It's all very strange.
1 A jailed B prisoned C sentenced D charged 2 A arrested B called C found D discovered 3 A bombed B attacked C streamed D inundated 4 A opens B starts C puts D establishes 5 A demanding B calling C insisting D sounding 6 A echo Bring C fill D deafen 7 A laugh B smile C take D put 8 A thrown B carried C indulged D taken 9 A keep B take C divide D tell 10 A take B move C miss D jump 11 A decided B resolved C deemed D suspected 12 A write B cast C sort D work 13 A ridden B taken C driven D killed 14 A leaned B construed C relied D improved 15 A swamped B stuck C paralysed D glued (circle:) 1 A 2 C 3 0 4 B 5 B 6A 7A 8D 9D 10C 11C 12A 13D 14 C 15 D
8 Rewrite each of the following sentences so that they are similar in meaning to the original sentence. Replace the underlined verb with the verb in brackets. Do not change the form of the given verb in any way. Example: The first line of your play is very well written. (reads) The first line of your play reads very well. I Initially, I think you develop the plot very convincingly. (unfolds) 2 You step up the tension in the third scene. (increases) 3 But then everything seems different. (change) 4 You put in melodrama instead of real drama, don't you? (replaces) 5 But you close the first act with only a vague suspicion of murder in the air. (finishes) 6 It's crazy that the second act opens with the actual killing. (start) 7 And the third act concludes with such an anticlimax. (end) 8 It's difficult to see tickets being bought for a play like this. (selling)
1 Initially, I think the plot unfolds very convincingly. 2 The tension increases in the third scene. 3 But then you change everything. 4 Melodrama replaces real drama, doesn't it? 5 But the first act finishes with only a vague suspicion of murder in the air. 6 You're crazy to (or: It's crazy that you) start the second act with the actual killing. 7 And you end the third act with such an anticlimax. 8 It's difficult to see tickets selling for a play like this.
0 For each of the following sentences, write a new sentence as similar as possible in meaning to the original sentence, but using the words given. The words must not be altered in any way. Example: Computing is just something you take for granted after a while. get/to Computing is just something you get used to after a while. 1 The whole of my sister's class spent last weekend redecorating her flat. got/to 2 We couldn't find our way out of the woods. got/in 3 Do you think there's any chance of this new party winning the forthcoming election? get/at 4 I can't say I enjoy the teacher reading out my work in front of the class. having/to 5 It's quite simple for a locksmith to copy one or more of your keys. get/make
1 My sister got the whole of her class to redecorate her flat. 2 We got lost in the woods. 3 Do you think there's any chance (that) this new party will get ( elected) in at the forthcoming election? 4 I can't say I enjoy having my work read out to the class by the teacher. It's quite simple to get a locksmith to make a copy of one or more of your keys.
f) Rewrite each of the following sentences changing the object to subject without using the passive. Add any prepositional phrases necessary. Example: The sun has melted the chocolate. The chocolate has melted in the sun. I The DJ dimmed the lights during the last dance. 2 Darren improved his performance in the 100 metres by a tenth of a second. 3 An iceberg sank the Titanic in 1912. 4 Tears filled his eyes. 5 The committee gradually developed the plan
1 The lights dimmed during the last dance. 2 Darren's performance in the 100 metres improved by a tenth of a second. 3 The Titanic sank in 1912. 4 His eyes filled with tears. 5 The plan gradually developed.
8 Where possible, rewrite each of the following sentences in two different ways, using a different subject each time. Some sentences may be rewritten only one way. 1 The police showed the victim a picture of the suspect. 2 People used to sell the tourists fake antiques. 3 Why didn't they offer the customers a refund? 4 They didn't guarantee every participant a free lunch. 5 They reported the incident to the police. 6 People suggested to us that the Internet would be a good source of information. 7 They promised us full compensation if the scheme fell through. 8 The referee declared the boxing match a draw. 9 We'll give the new members of staff all the help they need. 10 The incident earned him the reputation of being unreliable.
1 The victim was shown a picture of the suspect by the police. A picture of the suspect was shown (to) the victim by the police. 2 The tourists used to be sold fake antiques. Fake antiques used to be sold to the tourists. 3 Why weren't the customers offered a refund? Why wasn't a refund offered to the customers? 4 Not every participant was guaranteed a free lunch. A free lunch wasn't guaranteed to every participant. 5 The incident was reported to the police. 6 It was suggested to us that the Internet would be a good source of information. (formal : The Internet was suggested to us as (being) a good source of information.) 7 We were promised full compensation if the scheme fell through. Full compensation was promised (to) us if the scheme fell through. 8 The boxing match was declared a draw by the referee. 9 The new members of staff will be given all the help they need. All the help the new members of staff need will be given (to) them. 10 He earned the reputation of being unreliable through the incident.
Correct the following sentences. 1 Man and wife they were pronounced. 2 I was explained what I had to do. 3 His previous misdemeanours were forgiven to him. 4 He was earned a lot of money from his betting. 5 We were suggested a good restaurant for lunch.
1 They were pronounced man and wife. 2 I was told (or: They explained (to me)) what I had to do. 3 He was forgiven his previous misdemeanours. 4 He earned a lot of money from his betting. 5 We were recommended a good restaurant for lunch.
1 Match each of the following examples of phrasal verbs with one of the five types listed above. a The sound died away in the distance. b You've missed out on an awful lot of work recently. c I think you should keep that to yourself. d It's not easy to get this concept across. e I ran into Ian again yesterday.
1 a intransitive verb + adverbial particle b verb + adverbial particle + prepositional particle c transitive verb + prepositional particle d transitive verb + adverbial particle e intransitive verb + prepositional particle
1 The following verbs are most commonly used in the passive. Add them to the sentences below, making any necessary changes. be deemed / be earmarked / be baffled / be jailed / be strewn a Their work ............to be of the highest standard. b The murderer should ...........for life. c The floor had........... with newspapers and old magazines. d I........... completely........... and had no idea what had happened. e The building has........... for demolition.
1 a was deemed b be jailed c been strewn d was ... baffled e been earmarked
0 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first c~a:a: sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. Example: We don't want such an embarrassing fiasco happening next year. repeated We don't want such an embarrassing fiasco to be repeated next year. 1 She wants it to be clear to people that she's fair. seen She wants to . . ... .. .. . . ... .. .. fair. 2 He often says to people how much of his success is down to you. heard He. . ... .. .. .. how much of his success is down to you. 3 The theory is that she fell overboard at night and drowned. fallen She........ . .. . ... .. .. . overboard at night and drowned. 4 The plan was originally to complete the building by June. due The building. . ... .. .. . . ... .. .. . . ... .. .. by June. 5 When I was a child, I was never allowed to play with the children next door. let When I was a child, .. . ... .. .. the children next door.
1 be seen to be. 2 is often heard to say 3 is thought to have fallen 4 was (originally) due to be completed 5 my parents (or other subject) (would) never let me play with
Complete .the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first ' sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. Example: Both parties have ripped the contract to pieces. torn The contract has been torn up by both parties. 1 An awful lot has been omitted from the final draft of the agreement. out An awful lot has ...........................the final draft of the agreement. 2 There were thousands of sunbathers on the beach. packed The beach........................... thousands of sunbathers. 3 Our founder was given an honorary doctorate in law by Edinburgh University. conferred An honorary doctorate in law ...........................Edinburgh University. 4 My traveller's cheques were stolen while I was abroad. robbed I........................... traveller's cheques while I was abroad. 5 The accused claimed he hit the police officer as a result of provocation. provoked The accused claimed the police officer. 6 Many of us were shocked when a former actor took the oath as President of the United States. sworn Many of us were shocked when a former actor .......... ...........................President of the United States. 7 The present came as a complete surprise to me. aback I........................... the present. 8 They have reduced their trading activities in the war-stricken area. scaled Trading activities .............................. in the war-stricken area.
1 been left out of 2 was packed with 3 was conferred on our founder by 4 was robbed of my 5 he was provoked into hitting 6 was sworn in as 7 was completely taken aback by 8 have been scaled down
one of the passive verb phrases below. is deemed could soon be fitted were charged has been held has finally been elected is expected being caused to be printed is auctioned being considered 1 High-tech 'leg-irons'........... on violent suspects arrested by the police, under plans........... by chief constables. 2 Last week, police in Scotland called for the introduction of leg- restraints following concerns about the number of injuries........... . during struggles in the back of police cars and vans. 3 Pour people........... last night with public disorder offences after officers mounted dawn raids on suspected football hooligans. 4 Hugh Hefner, founder of Playboy, ............. to the American Society of Magazine Editors' Hall of Fame. 5 A first-edition copy of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, the first book ............ in England, ........... to raise at least £500,000 when it ............ in July. 6 A British woman released early from an attempted murder sentence in the Unites States - a charge which she has always denied -........... . in prison because she........... an illegal immigrant.
1 could soon be fitted, being considered 2 being caused 3 were charged 4 has finally been elected 5 to be printed, is expected. is auctioned 6 has been held, is deemed
0 Complete each of the following sentences using a causative form, so that it is as similar as possible in meaning to the sentence before it. Example: Hasn't that film been developed yet? Haven't you hcid that film developed yet? 1 Can it be true that you're really going to deliver my sofa today? Can it be true that I'm . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . ... . .. . today? z One of the others agreed to post my letters for me. I got . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . to post my letters for me. 3 My dentist is supposed to be capping my two front teeth this morning. I'm..... . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . ......... . this morning. 4 My car really needs servicing. I really . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . serviced. 5 Why did you let them go without signing the receipt? Why didn't you . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . .letting them go?
1 getting I having I going to have I get my sofa delivered 2 one of the others (to agree) 3 supposed to be having my two front teeth capped 4 need (to get I have) my car 5 get them to sign the receipt before
0 The following sentences contain examples of each type of phrasal verb outlined in Section 1 on the previous page. Match the example with the types. There are two examples of each type. 1 He's rich enough to dine out most nights. 2 My friends eventually talked me into it. 3 He ignored my work and just core it up. 4 She just rang off in the middle of the conversation. 5 It's time you faced up to your responsibilities. 6 I chink you're reading coo much into the situation: it's much simpler than you think. 7 As an entertainer, his appeal cuts across all social boundaries. 8 I stick by what I said earlier. 9 That building is awful: I wish they'd knock it down. 10 I think you'd better take that up with your boss.
1 intransitive verb + adverbial particle 2 transitive verb + prepositional particle 3 transitive verb + adverbial particle 4 intransitive verb + adverbial particle 5 verb + adverbial particle + prepositional particle 6 transitive verb + prepositional particle 7 intransitive verb + prepositional particle 8 intransitive verb + prepositional particle 9 transitive verb + adverbial particle 1 O verb + adverbial particle + prepositional particle
8 Finish the following sentences by completing the phrasal verb in italics with a suitable particle and adding the object given. Some sentences have two objects, one for the verb and one for the preposition. Examples: It's not an easy time but we're determined to see (it) It's not an easy time but we're determined to see it through. 1 I had a blazing row with my girlfriend and she threw .................... of the house. (me) 2 She said my problems all stemmed.................... (my inability to accept commitment) 3 She tried to draw ... (me) (an argument about relationships) 4 I said that nobody was going to talk yet..................... (me) (marriage) 5 Nobody, and that included her, was going to push .............................. and tell me what to do. (me) 6 She told me that if that was what I thought, I could count ....................(her) 7 She wasn't going to waste her life hanging.................... . for a no-hoper like me. (-) 8 There were plenty more fish in the sea and she was going to get ....................(2 particles) (someone else)
1 threw me out 2 stemmed from my inability to accept commitment. 3 draw me into an argument about relationships. 4 talk me into marriage yet. 5 push me around 6 count her out. 7 hanging around 8 get off with someone else
f) Put the verbs in the sentences below into a suitable infinitive or -ing form. Add any other words necessary. Example: This work (complete) by the end of next week. This work 15 to be completed by the end of next week. 1 She was persuaded (stay on) after the date she was due to retire. 2 The ex-President is said (take) illegal payments while in office. 3 (tell off) about this on more than one occasion, I have no intention of doing it again. 4 He claims (wrongly accuse) of the crime. 5 I remember (tell) when I was little that spinach made hair grow on your chest . 6 Apparently, the whole computer network (have to/ overhaul) because of the virus. 7 They are rumoured (leave) the country for a secret destination. 8 This line (not cross) under any circumstances.
1 to stay on 2 to have taken 3 Having been told off 4 to have been wrongly accused 5 being told 6 has co I is going to I will have to be overhauled 7 to be leaving I to have left 8 is not to be crossed
C, Complete the second 4;Ji, sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. Example: Trained personnel man the office twenty-four hours a day. staffed The office is staffed by trained personnel twenty-four hours a day. 1 Since the advertisement, we've had more applications than we can deal with. swamped Since the advertisement . ............applications. 2 The minister's response completely took the interviewer by surprise. aback The interviewer ............the minister's response. 3 Her lack of inhibition confused and embarrassed me. disconcerted I ............her lack of inhibition. 4 Each new generation is told the secret recipe. down The secret recipe ................. to generation. 5 They decreased production following the economic downturn. scaled Production............ the economic downturn. 6 I can't stand the way the boss always patronises me like that. talked I can't stand............ to by the boss like that. 7 Their request was phrased extremely formally. couched Their request............. terms.
1 we've been swamped with I by 2 was completely taken aback by 3 was disconcerted by 4 is handed down from generation 5 was scaled down following 6 being talked down 7 was couched in extremely formal
2 Rearrange the words to make coherent sentences inside the first and last words given. Example: film to has just be That film just has to be seen. 1 your ever your house belongings into any and had broken of you Have . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. stolen? 2 fingerprints police your on you never had files have can put you Once .............................................. relax. 3 something get got have done just about this to You office. 4 your I not passport help would got have my for But stamped. 5 us organised get at can the everything of all same All... . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . ....... .. time. 6 care any take to must such involved dangerous in family your not get You . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . situations. 7 arrested taxed if will get you car be almost and certainly don't your You . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . insured 8 interest Government seems to never to brought get under able rates be The . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . control
1 you ever had your house broken into and any of your belongings 2 you have had your fingerprints put on police files you can never 3 have just got to get something done about this 4 for your help I would not have got my passport 5 of us can get everything organised all at the same 6 must take care not to get your family involved in any such dangerous 7 will almost certainly be arrested if you don't get your car taxed and 8 Government never seems to be able to gee interest rates brought under
0 Add the appropriate extra information (a-e) to the passive sentences (1-5). 1 The news was leaked to the press by the minister ... 2 The minister was attacked by protesters, ... 3 I remember being sent a letter by a man in America ... 4 The winning goal was scored by Fausto Ferrini ... 5 A man was run over by a car ... a in his first appearance for the club. b who had waited outside the building all day to voice their opposition to the policies. c in a deliberate attempt to boost his popularity. d who complained my article was prejudiced against his country. e which witnesses said was being driven at very high speed.
1e 2 b 3d 4a s e
0 Match the beginnings of the sentences (i, ii) with the appropriate endings (a, b). She vaguely remembers that . ii She has vague memories of ... a ... being knocked down by a motorbike. b she was knocked down by a motorbike. 2 i He was criticised for his extravagance ... ii Having been criticised for his extravagance ... a and was more careful after that. b he became more careful after that. 3 i They made me . ii I was made ... a tell them everything I know. b to tell them everything I know. 4 i It is often said that Shakespeare ... ii Shakespeare is often said ... a never revised anything he wrote. b never to have rewritten anything he wrote. 5 i There were once thought . ii It was once thought ... a that there were canals on Mars. b to be canals on Mars.
1ib iia 2 ia iib 3 ia iib 4 ia iib 5 ib iia
FOR OBJECTS AND AGENTS WITH THE PASSIVE, SEE SECTION 1. 2 Fill in each of the blanks with a suitable word or phrase. EXAMPLE: George is widely believed to have been wrongly accused. a My proposals were rejected and I was . back down. b I think he needs told to keep his nose clean. c The problem was been told where the fire escapes were. d His son is believed kidnapped by separatist guerrillas. e Under the old proposals, candidates were been given an extra fifteen minutes to complete their papers.
2 a forced to I obliged to b to be c not having I that we hadn't I that no one had d to have been e to have (or: going to have)
z Which of the following passive sentences contains i) an intransitive phrasal verb, ii) a transitive prepositional verb, iii) a verb + prepositional phrase, iv) a verb + as? a The match was rained off and we went home early. b The presentation was prepared with great skill. c He has long been regarded as the finest actor of his generation. d His every mistake was pounced on by the teacher.
2 a i b ill c iv dii
0 In the following pairs of sentences, a, b or both are correct. Put a cross (X) next to every sentence that is incorrect. Write the correction. Example: a Drop me a line when you get there. b He was upset to discover he dropped from the team. (X) (ha.d been I was dropped) 1 a The Titanic was sunk by an iceberg. b The boat sank without trace. 2 a This shirt dries extremely quickly. b Her hair soon dried by the wind. 3 a The hole soon filled with water. b The room was filled with hundreds of people. 4 a The western shore washed by warm currents. b Fertile soil washes down into the valleys. 5 a My dress ripped when it caught in the car door. b His newspaper had been ripped into shreds. 6 a The sacked workers compensated for the loss of earnings. b He was compensated for his injuries. 7 a My chair tipped backwards until it fell over. b All the leftovers were tipped into a bin liner. 8 a Inflation was increased over the last six months. b My salary was increased by just over five per cent. 9 a They've expanded production facilities at the old factory. b Metal is expanded when heated. 10 a The white Mercedes turned into the car park. b The sign had been turned to face the opposite direction.
2 b X (in the wind) 4 a X (is washed) 6 a X (were compensated) 8 a X (has increased) 9 b X (expands)
3 Fill each blank with a suitable word or phrase. EXAMPLE: His arm is in a sling after he got it stamped on. a The video machine is behaving strangely but we're . . . ... . .. . .. .fixed next week. b The lights keep flickering: we must . ... . .. . .. . to look at the wiring for us. c Ian's not the easiest person to get on with; that's something you'll have . ... . .. . .. .to. d I . ... . .. . .. .car broken into the other day and the radio stolen. e Elderly people can get . ... . .. . .. . in by con men going from house to house
3 a having it I getting it I going to have it I going to get it b get someone c to get used ( or: to get accustomed) d had my (or: got my) e taken
3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. Example: You can usually trust Bernard to get the job done. relied Bernard rnn usually be relied on to get the job done. 31 Do not disconnect unless directed to do so by the supervisor. switched This machine is only................... are directed to do so by the supervisor. 32 The calculation would have been completely beyond me if it had not been for your help. baffled I................... if it had not been for your help. 33 The manageress often tried to make us stay behind to do extra work. pressure The manageress often................... stay behind to do extra work. 34 They think a fault in the fuel lines was behind the ...................crash. caused A fault in the fuel lines the crash. 35 It's a mystery where the tribe originated. shrouded The origins ...................mystery. 36 The public reaction to the President's announcement surprised everyone. aback Everyone ...................the President's announcement. 37 The staff call Mr Bennett's office 'the torture chamber'. dubbed Mr Bennett's office ....................... . . . . the staff. 38 The guards wouldn't allow him in. denied Access ...................the guards. 39 It's just possible we may need more staff. ruled The possibility of ...................out. 40 He finally took the presidential oath. sworn He................... president.
31 to be switched off if you 32 would have been completely baffled by the calculation 33 (tried to) put pressure on us to 34 is thought to have caused 35 of the tribe are shrouded in 36 was taken aback by 37 was dubbed 'the torture chamber' by 38 was denied (to) him by 39 our I us needing more staff cannot be ruled 40 was finally sworn in as
3 THINGS THAT HAPPEN TO YOU We use have + object + past participle to describe things that happen to us, often misfortunes. The subject is the person who experiences what happened: I've had my car stolen. (Compare: My car was stolen.) He's had his application for citizenship turned down. (Compare: His application for citizenship has been turned down.) My mother's had her letter published in The Times. (Compare: My mother's letter has been published in The Times.) • In spoken English we can sometimes use get instead of have: She's got another letter published in The Times. • Note that sometimes only the context will identify precise meaning. Consider: They had their fence pulled down. (= either: they employed somebody to pull it down (causative); or it was pulled down without their planning it, e.g. by vandals.)
If you' d brought the right map. we wouldn't nave got \o&t!
4 Fill the blanks in each of the following sentences so that it is similar in meaning to the sentence before it. EXAMPLE: The author quickens the pace of the story towards the end. The pace of the story (quickens ) as it reaches the end. a Leaving that dress in the sun has made it fade. That dress ... . .. . .. faded ... . .. . .. sun. b We watched the men sail the boat into the harbour. We watched the boat ... . .. . .. .. into the harbour c I dropped the glass and cracked it. The glass when ... . .. . .. . . it. d I added flour to the sauce and thickened it. The sauce . ... . .. . ... .. when flour. e They're selling a lot of copies of that new single. That new single ... . .. . ..well
a has .. . in the b sail (or: being sailed) c cracked . . . I dropped d thickened .. . I added e is selling
2 Which of these two sentences contains a phrasal verb? a She's driving me up the wall! b A blue car drove up to the entrance.
b
e In the following passage, some of the passive verbs are functioning as -ed participle clauses. Fill each of the gaps with a word from the list to complete a common collocational or idiomatic phrase. haunted touched locked earmarked buffeted possessed hounded blessed doomed destined handicapped dogged Jack, he's so unlucky: (1)................ by misfortune, (2)................ by fate at every turn and (3)................ by memories of the past. (4)................ in a battle with his family, (5)................ by the police and severely (6) ................by facial features straight out of a horror movie, he's (7) ................to failure. Jill is so different: (8)................ with an ability to get on with everyone, (9) ................with genius, already (10)................ by her company for a top job and (11)................ to be a success in whatever she does, she's (12) ................of just about every quality Jack lacks.
e (I) dogged (2) buffeted (3) haunted ( 4) Locked (5) hounded (6) handicapped (7) doomed (8) blessed (9) touched (10) earmarked (11) destined (12) possessed
O Read the text below and decide CH.al which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits the gap. Attitudes towards the teaching profession have (I) considerably and it's sad that the number of students considering a career in teaching has (2) off a lot. Consequently, the teacher training faculty has (3) by about 25%. However in other departments, the options have ( 4) ..... greatly, though competition with other colleges has, it must be admitted, (5) Meanwhile, departments have expanded into new areas such as media studies, and computer studies in particular has (6) beyond all expectations. 1 A turned B affected C modified D changed 2 A depressed B dropped C sunk D declined 3 A shrunk B curtailed C reduced D cut 4 A stretched B protracted C widened D lengthened 5 A boosted B enhanced C fuelled D intensified 6 A encouraged B grown C raised D promoted
ld 2b 3a 4c 5d 6b
Entry test 1 Rewrite each of the following sentences so that the underlined object becomes the new subject. EXAMPLE: They really shouldn't have questioned him without his lawyer being present. He really shouldn't have been questioned without his lawyer being present. a The car completely destroyed my motorbike. b Second prize was awarded to an unknown author from Patras. C The judge refused .him. permission to appeal against the decision. d Blur have earned several million pounds from their new album. e They suggested we try a new method of checking how much we were spending.
My motorbike was completely destroyed by the car. b An unknown author from Patras was awarded second prize. c He was refused permission to appeal against the decision. d Blur's I Their new album has earned them several million pounds. e We were recommended (to try) a new method of checking how much we were spending.
2 PASSIVE INFINITIVES We form the passive infinitive of verbs by putting to be (sometimes to get) in front of the past participle: Active There's so much to do. I've got to write this essay before Friday. if I'm going to do it by then, I'd better get a move on • We use Perfect passive infinitives to emphasise that something is or isn't completed (see also Unit 1, Section 2 Watch out!): My new car was to have been delivered today but there was a problem with the paintwork.
Passive There's so much to be done. This essay has got to be written before Friday. if it's going to be done by then, I'd better get a move on.
