Great Diseases of The World Final Exam Review
How many people are believed to have died due to starvation and disease during the Irish potato famine *4 million *2.5 million *100,000 * 1 million *700,000
* 1 million
Opportunistic infections in AIDS patients include: *Candida infections *Karposi's Sarcoma *Pneumocystis pneumonia *Toxoplasma encephalitis * All of the above
* All of the above
Which of the following factors contributed to the increase of tuberculosis cases in the USA in the past few decades? Choose the best answer. *HIV epidemic *Increased immigration of people from endemic areas *Increased urban homelessness and drug abuse * All of the above
* All of the above
Which is the vector of malaria? *Aedes mosquito *Birds *smal rodents like rats and mice * Anopheles mosquito
* Anopheles mosquito
Modern humans are what genus species?
Homo sapiens
n which areas of the world is population growth still growing. Choose the two correct answers. *Russia *India *Africa *Turkey *Norway
India, Africa
T or F: During the Renaissance the use of the scientific method included close observation and documentation with extensive notes.
True
T or F: Early humans were not able to explain the causes of diseases and thus attribute them to spirits, demons and gods
True
T or F: Ebola is a contagious, highly infectious disease.
True
T or F: Equine influenza is an acute respiratory infection of horses, donkeys, mules, and zebras caused by 2 distinct subtypes (H7N7, formerly equi-1, and H3N8, formerly equi-2) of influenza A viruswithin the genus _Influenzavirus A_ of the family Orthomyxoviridae. Viruses of the H7N7 subtype have not been isolated since the late1970s. While EI virus [EIV] has not been shown to cause disease in humans, serological evidence of infection has been described primarily in individuals who work with horses.
True
T or F: Fifteen crops contribute to 90% of the energy sources of the food people eat.
True
T or F: Health being equated to a balance of the humors was a theory of medicine that persisted for over 2000 years.
True
T or F: Hippocrates was a Greek who is considered the father of medicine. He is most famous for his theory of the four humors.
True
T or F: Human sialic acid receptors on cells and the pH of the environment influence the infectivity of the influenza virus.
True
T or F: Humans and Aedes mosquitos are are the reservoirs for dengue fever viruses.
True
T or F: If a mutant of one of the attenuated vaccine viruses established in nature then millions of unvaccinated people would be vulnerable to this new polio virus.
True
T or F: If you lived in Kenya you could acquire malaria by hosting an evening barbecue in your back yard.
True
T or F: Improved sanitation and clean water resulted in populations of people in some parts of the world who were naïve and thus polio virus was able to infect them and cause severe disease.
True
T or F: In areas of Africa where Ebola outbreaks are occurring, like the Democratic Republic of Congo, new vaccines are being used to protect the human population.
True
T or F: In developing countries consuming raw milk increases your risk of acquiring tuberculosis
True
T or F: In the clinical course of a patient infected with small pox fever proceeds the development of a rash followed by pustules.
True
T or F: In the female mosquito the yellow fever virus can by transovarially transmitted to their eggs.
True
T or F: Influenza cases are more commonly seen in the fall, winter and spring in the Northern Hemisphere.
True
T or F: Iron lungs were used to support people with polio who had paralysis of their diaphragmatic muscles
True
T or F: Leeuwenkoek was a Dutch lens grinder who is credited for developing the first microscope in the 1600's.
True
T or F: Leprosy is reported in the United States each year.
True
T or F: Lifelong Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) is needed to keep HIV-infected persons from developing AIDS.
True
T or F: Monkey's are the primary reservoirs for monkey pox virus
True
T or F: Most of the human population is not susceptible to the agent that causes leprosy.
True
T or F: Much of the polio vaccine research was funded from the early 1900s to the 1960s by charity foundations raising money from private donors.
True
T or F: Multidrug resistant tuberculosis is a serious threat to human beings around the world.
True
T or F: Multiple outbreaks of COVID 19 have occurred in the USA in the last two years due to lack of herd immunity because some parents do not have access to vaccine or refuse vaccines. Thus, when SARS CO 2 is introduced into population it finds enough susceptible people that it establishes an outbreak and people become sick and some die.
True
T or F: Plague did not exist in the United States before the 1900s and was introduced into San Francisco and other sea ports with trade and introduction of infected rats carrying fleas.
True
T or F: Recently it has been reported in the United States by the USDA and other researchers that SARS Co2 has spilled over into white tail deer and that deer can transmit the virus to other deer.
True
T or F: Rinderpest infected livestock may have been introduced into Ethiopia in the late 1800's by Italians intentionally to weaken the Ethiopian peoples resolve to remain independent and not become a colony of Italy.
True
T or F: Robert Kock was a German physician who won a Nobel prize for his contributions in microbiology.
True
T or F: SARS COV2 has been documented in humans in all 50 states of the United States.
True
T or F: Syphilis is a reportable disease to state health officials and then in tern to the CDC.
True
T or F: The Egyptian Women named Peseshet (2400 BC) may be the first recorded female doctor
True
T or F: The Federal government Food and Drug Administration is responsible for regulating human vaccines.
True
T or F: The Omicron variant was first identified, sequenced and reported to the WHO in Geneva as a new variant of the SARS CoV-2. This virus was identified because COVID cases were rising in Gauteng Province in South Africa.
True
T or F: The black death is another name for Bubonic plague
True
T or F: The black swellings described with untreated cases of plague are called bulboes. These are swollen inflamed hemorrhagic lymph nodes.
True
T or F: The breakdown in social norms during the plague epidemic of the 1300s in Europe is believed to have helped diminish the power of the Catholic Church and give rise to the Protestant religion.
True
T or F: The immune response over reactivity called "Cytokine Storm" is seen in some cases of COVID-19 and Influenza.
True
T or F: The only fully approved vaccine for tuberculosis was developed over 100 years ago by two French scientists and is called "BCG". Children in many countries are vaccinated with this vaccine.
True
T or F: The rod of Asclepius a snake entwined staff, or a parasitic worm entwined around a stick, remains a symbol of medicine today.
True
T or F: The rod of Asclepius, a snake-entwined staff, and ancient symbol from Greece remains a symbol of medicine today
True
T or F: The social hygiene prevention practices for Influenza are similar to those used for SARS-COV-2
True
T or F: The vaccine manufacturer, Sanofi Pasteur, announced in 2017 that people who received the Dengue virus vaccine and had not previously been infected with a dengue virus may be at risk of developing severe dengue infection if they are infected with dengue again.
True
T or F: The wide spread myth that vaccines cause autism was based on a fraudulent publication with faulty data published by a British physician who now resides in Austin.
True
T or F: There are three different serotypes of wild type polio virus,
True
T or F: Tuberculosis is a disease that is on the rise globally due to multidrug resistance, the cost of treatment, and HIV/AIDS co-infections of some infected people.
True
T or F: Variolation was a method used to immunize individuals against smallpox using materials taken from the scabs of infected patients
True
T or F: You plan to go on a TAMU study abroad the summer of 2021 to Ghana in Africa. Should you seek a malaria prophylactic (preventative) medication from your physician before your travel there?
True
T or F: Zika and Ebola viruses can be sexually transmitted.
True
T or F: Zika virus can be transmitted to the fetus from an infected mother.
True
T or F? Paxlovid is a protease inhibitor antiviral therapy made up of a medicine called PF-07321332 and the HIV drug ritonavir. PF-07321332 was developed by Pfizer; it interferes with the ability of the coronavirus to replicate. Ritonavir slows the breakdown of PF-0732332 so that it remains active longer at higher amounts. Use of the new drug Paxlovid, within three days of symptom onset, had an 89% reduced risk of COVID-related hospitalization or death compared to those who took a placebo. Study participants who started Paxlovid within five days of the start of symptoms had an 85% reduced risk compared to placebo.
True
T orF : Influenza virus transmits best at low humidity .
True
T or F: The ability to scale up production is an ideal attribute of a vaccine.
True .
T or F: Persons recovered from smallpox are susceptible to reinfection with variola virus.
False
T or F: Plague is caused by a retrovirus.
False
T or F: Cytokines are small gylcoproteins secreted by cells of the innate and adaptive immune cells.
True
Which statement is true for defining biological terror? *Biological terror is the same thing as biowarfare. *Biological terror happens when some nation attacks the US with germs and bombs to reduce American freedoms. * Biological terror happens when a person or group used a delivery system to attack other people with living organisms or toxins. *Biological terror happens when terrier type dogs get loose in the pet store.
* Biological terror happens when a person or group used a delivery system to attack other people with living organisms or toxins.
Adaptive immunity against viral infections includes: *Humoral (antibody) immunity only *Cell-mediated immunity only * Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity *Phagocytosis *None of the above
* Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
A very rare adverse event associated with some vaccines that results in neurological damage is: *Swelling with pain and soreness at the site of injection *Anaphylaxis (an allergic response) * Guillian-Barre syndrome *All of the above *None of the above
* Guillian-Barre syndrome
Some COVID patients get sicker because of an overreaction of the body's immune response (a cytokine storm) to the viral infection. When this happens, the body overproduces interleukins - proteins involved in inflammation — in lung cells. Tocilizumab blocks the action of an interleukin, and thereby dampens the exaggerated immune system response. Which interleukin is the Tocilizumad blocking? *IL-1 *IL-2 * IL-6 *IL-12 *Interleukins are not produced by leukocytes.
* IL-6
The Great Influenza outbreak of 1918 killed more people in a shorter period of time than any other recorded pandemic in history. The original outbreak is believed to have started where? *Europe along the front lines of World War 1 *China *Spain * Kansas *None of the above
* Kansas
Which one is not a Category A Bioterrorism Agent as designated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention? *Anthrax *Smallpox * Ricin *Plague
* Ricin
The pathogen that causes tuberculosis likes to live in intracellular vacuoles of which type of cell? *Neurons *heart muscles * macrophages *neutrophiils *eosinophils
* macrophages
What percentage of individuals who are infected with polio virus develop flaccid aralysis? *5% *25% *90% *1 % *Polio does not affect the nervous system *none of the above
*1%
The approximate annual global population growth is: *5% *7% *2% *1.1% *None of the above
*1.1%
The very first Ebola virus outbreak that was recorded in the Democratic Republic of Congo, then called Zaire and the same year was seen in Sudan. What was the year? *1830 *1900 *1976 *1995 *2020
*1976
Smallpox was eradicated from the world in which year? *1958 *1965 *1980 *2000 *2011
*1980
The WHO official estimate of the number of people who have died of COVID disease in the world is approximately: *2 million *3 million *5 million *7.5 million *10 million
*5 million
The 1918 Influenza epidemic is believed to have killed people around the world within a short period of 1-2 years. How many? *5 million *685,000 *20 million *50 million
*50 million
How many pandemics of cholera have occurred so far? *2 *5 *7 *4 *none
*7
Our human ancestors first migrated out of Africa *10,000 years ago *70,000 to 100,000 years ago *10 million years ago *3 million years ago *1000 years ago
*70,000 to 100,000 years ago
Dr. Carlos Finley was which of the following. Choose any and all correct answers. *A Cuban Medical Doctor *Trained in the United States *An American Doctor sent to Cuba to help figure out what caused Yellow Fever *The first scientist who suggested that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitos. that *none of the above
*A Cuban Medical Doctor *Trained in the United States *An American Doctor sent to Cuba to help figure out what caused Yellow Fever *The first scientist who suggested that yellow fever was transmitted by mosquitos. that
In 2014 there were three cases of Ebola reported in Texas that were associated with the 2014-2016 West Africa Ebola epidemic. These Texas cases were the result of which situation given below *A Liberian man visited his girl friend in Dallas and infected her two children *A Sudanese women came to Dallas for a convention and infected two hotel workers *A US businessman from Kansas returned from Sierra Leone, fell ill and infected two nurses. *A Liberian man was hospitalized and was discovered to be infected with Ebola, and later two of his attending nurses became infected from contact with this patient. *A German returned from a hunting safari in Zimbabwe and visited his mother in Texas and infected her and her rancher husband.
*A Liberian man was hospitalized and was discovered to be infected with Ebola, and later two of his attending nurses became infected from contact with this patient.
The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa infected thousands of people and spread to several African countries, to Europe and to the United States. The disease outbreak has been traced to which of the following. *A butcher slaughtered a goat and became infected with Ebola. * An immigrate from Congo brought the disease in when he attended a music concert in Liberia *A women went to the forest and ate some wild mushrooms that were contaminated wit the virus *A child found a dead bat in a burned out tree trunk and he is believed to have eaten it. *A hunter shot a spur wing goose and shared it with his family
*A child found a dead bat in a burned out tree trunk and he is believed to have eaten it.
Who played a prominent role in introducing the variolation practice to protect against smallpox into Europe? *Edward Jenner *Lady Mary Montagu *Zabdiel Boylston *Cotton Mather *None of the above
*Lady Mary Montagu
An important Arenavirus that is endemic in West Africa is: *Lassa fever virus *Eastern equine encephalitis virus *Hanta virus *West Nile virus *None of the above
*Lassa fever virus
Which arbo viruses were first described in Africa. *West Nile virus *zika virus *Ebola virus *marburg virus *chikungunya virus
*West Nile virus *zika virus *Ebola virus *chikungunay virus
Why do influenza virus vaccines have such a low effectivity in preventing flu outbreaks in human populations? *A limited number of people in the US take the vaccine each year *Few people in developing countries have access to influenza vaccines and thus the virus transmission can amply and spread *The circulating influenza viruses that emerge in the US each fall may be poorly matched to the viruses that the WHO have chosen to include in that years vaccine. *The circulating virus has changed through antigenic drift and thus each year new vaccines must be designed to help protect people from illness. *The production of vaccines is inferior because of production in embryonated eggs.
*A limited number of people in the US take the vaccine each year *Few people in developing countries have access to influenza vaccines and thus the virus transmission can amply and spread *The circulating influenza viruses that emerge in the US each fall may be poorly matched to the viruses that the WHO have chosen to include in that years vaccine. *The circulating virus has changed through antigenic drift and thus each year new vaccines must be designed to help protect people from illness.
How was the first Marburg virus outbreak discovered? *A group of students went skiing and visited a beer garden and come into contact with an infected student who had just returned from Uganda *A group of tourists visited a cave in Tanzania in 1995 *A pilot return on a flight to Kenya and fell ill and died of a hemorrhagic disease *A scientist did not load a centrifuge correctly and a vile with monkey kidney cells in culture media broke while spinning and created an aerosol in the laboratory. *Marburg virus was isolated from a horse living in Marburg, Germany
*A scientist did not load a centrifuge correctly and a vile with monkey kidney cells in culture media broke while spinning and created an aerosol in the laboratory.
Which would be the preferred vaccine to use in a country without polio to continue to protect it's population. *Killed pox virus vaccine *Live attenuated pox virus vaccine *No vaccination, take your chances and do not travel. *Self-isolation so you never come in contact with the virus *A trivalent attenuated polio vaccine.
*A trivalent attenuated polio vaccine.
Polio "wild type" virus has been declared eradicated from all countries except which two countries? *Albania *Afghanistan *Pakistan *Turkinistan *Yemen
*Afghanistan *Pakistan
In what areas of the world is population growth still climbing at an alarming rate. (Choose all correct answers) *Africa *Russia *Turkey *United States *Japan
*Africa
Read the posting in Week 11 Canvas from CDC on Polio eradication and vaccination. Based on this you know that there are three wildtype serotypes of polio and their current status relative to polio eradication. Poliovirus type 1 Poliovirus type 2 Poliovirus type 3 Which statements below are true. *Africa has eradicated all three wild type viruses *Poliovirus type 3 still circulates in the United States. *Wildtype Polioviruses are still circulating in Afghanistan and Pakistan *Vaccine derived attenuated viruses are circulating in at least a dozen countries *None of these statements are true
*Africa has eradicated all three wild type viruses *Wildtype Polioviruses are still circulating in Afghanistan and Pakistan *Vaccine derived attenuated viruses are circulating in at least a dozen countries
Our human ancestors most likely migrated out of Africa because of the follow reasons *Drought and food security *Human conflict *Diseases *Population growth and crowding *All of the above
*All of the above
What factors contributed to the eradication success of smallpox? Choose the one best answers. *The availability of a vaccine that gives long-term protection and vaccinated individuals are easily identifiable. *Diseased individuals can be easily identified. *Smallpox is strictly a human disease, and there is no animal reservoir *Widespread international cooperation and funding *All of the above
*All of the above
The Romans invested in public health infrastructure such as (mark all correct answers) *Aqueducts to bring water to cities * Sweres to dispose of human waste * Public baths in cities * Hospitals *None of the above
*Aqueducts to bring water to cities * Sweres to dispose of human waste * Public baths in cities * Hospitals
Wild type polio viruses has been declared eradicated in all but two countries. Why are there outbreaks of polio in 19 African countries, Yemen, Philippines and Indonesia? *The countries are not honestly reporting cases *WHO needs to do better surveillance for polio to explain this. *Attenuated virus from the vaccines are passed in the feces for several weeks after vaccination and infect other people accidentally. *The vaccine used is no good *None of the above
*Attenuated virus from the vaccines are passed in the feces for several weeks after vaccination and infect other people accidentally.
The causal agent of AIDS infects which cell type: *CD8 T cells *CD4 T cells *CD8 B cells *CD4 B cells
*CD4 T cells
Factors that lead to emerging infectious diseases are: (Choose all that are correct) *Changes in demographics and behavavior *Environmental changes in land use *Breakdown in public health measures *International travel and commerce *Climate change and spread of vectors *Only the first and second answer are correct
*Changes in demographics and behavavior *Environmental changes in land use *Breakdown in public health measures *International travel and commerce *Climate change and spread of vectors
HIV is believed to have originated from this animal: *African rodents *African monkeys *Chimpanzees *Indian monkeys *Bats
*Chimpanzees
Countries where we have seen large outbreaks of Ebola in the last 10 years are: Choose all the correct answers *Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan * Guinee, Liberia and Sierra Leone *China and South Korea *Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emorates *None of the above
*Democratic Republic of Congo and Sudan * Guinee, Liberia and Sierra Leone
Rinderpest attacks which organ system of the body. Choose one answer. *Neurologic system *Digestive system *Reproductive system *Respiratory system *Endocrine system
*Digestive system
Our human ancestors migrated out of Africa because of the following reasons: Choose all answers that are correct. *Diseases *Population growth and crowding * Human conflict * Droughts and food security *None of the above
*Diseases *Population growth and crowding * Human conflict * Droughts and food security
Joseph Lister used carbolic acid to: *Treat tuberculosis *prevent spoilage of wine *Disinfect wounds *Reduce mosquito populations
*Disinfect wounds
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) causes severe pneumonia and high death losses in infected patients. How are individuals believd to contract MERS? Choose all correct answers. *Drank unpasteurized camel milk * butcher who slaughtered camels * A herder of camels who comes in contact with pregnant camels and young camels *Hospital workers who tends to patients sick with MERS * Visiting a sick relative and contact with the aerosals when the patient who has MERS coughs *None of the above
*Drank unpasteurized camel milk * butcher who slaughtered camels * A herder of camels who comes in contact with pregnant camels and young camels *Hospital workers who tends to patients sick with MERS * Visiting a sick relative and contact with the aerosals when the patient who has MERS coughs
Harvesting of wild animals for meat has been associated with virus spill over to humans and has been documented with the following viruses: choose all correct answers *Ebola virus *Sars cov- 1 virus *zika virus *monkey pox virus
*Ebola virus *Sars cov- 1 virus *monkey pox virus
Viral infections can have long lasting adverse effects on your health. What would be some of these we have discussed. Choose the correct answers. *Encephalitis and death or becoming mentally disabled for life. *Arthritis and swollen joints with pain *Guillian-Barre Syndrome *Some viruses passed in semen months later
*Encephalitis and death or becoming mentally disabled for life. *Arthritis and swollen joints with pain *Guillian-Barre Syndrome *Some viruses passed in semen months later
Which of the following best describes the vector for yellow fever virus ? *Aerosals *Female Anopheles mosquitos *Male mosquitos *Female Aedes mosquito *Male Aedes mosquito
*Female Aedes mosquito
The presence of Vibrio bacteria in the intestines of people who died of cholera was first reported by: *Filippo Pacini *Robert Koch *John Snow *Max von Petterkofer
*Filippo Pacini
Which historical facts are true for Zika virus. *First isolated the virus from a monkey *First seen in the Zika forest in Uganda *Spread out of Africa to the Pacific Islands *Spread to Brazil in the past 10 years
*First isolated the virus from a monkey *First seen in the Zika forest in Uganda *Spread out of Africa to the Pacific Islands *Spread to Brazil in the past 10 years
Yersinia pestis is spread in which ways. Choose all that are correct. *Flea bites *sleeping on dirty sheets *aerosols from a patients cough *cough *Drinking dirty river water *sexual intercourse
*Flea bites *aerosols from a patients cough
Which US President developed polio as an adult and had flaccid paralysis of his lower limbs. *Theodore Roosevelt *Dwight D Eisenhower *Franklin Roosevelt *John F Kennedy *No US President had polio
*Franklin Roosevelt
Which places in the United States has yellow fever virus caused outbreaks in the late 1800's and early 1900's. Choose all that are correct. *New Orleans *Galveston *Calvert *Philladelphia *Yellow Fever was eradicated in 1880 from the United States Yellow *Yellow Fever has never occurred in the United States
*Galveston
Who was the first person to see and describe the cause of Leprosy *Robert Koch *Gerhard Armauer Hansen *Paul Ehrlich *Vasco De Gama *None of the above
*Gerhard Armauer Hansen
The 1918 Influenza pandemic is believed to have been caused by which type of virus? *H5N1 *H1N1 *H3N9 *None of the above
*H1N1
As a young person which of the viruses listed below would you be most likely to have severe disease and a high chance of death. Choose one answer. *H5N1 Influenza virus *Polio virus *SARS-CoA-2 *Cholera *Monkey Pox
*H5N1 Influenza virus
Which of the following is the name that is presently and preferable used for Leprosy *Gerhard's Disease *Hansen's Disease *Nei Ching *Mordus faciem *Gangetic Valley Disease
*Hansen's Disease
Influenza A is further subdivided into subtypes based on what gene criteria. Chose all that are correct. *Neuraminidase *Spike proteins *Hemagglutinin *RNA core proteins *None of the above
*Hemagglutinin *Neuraminidase
Credible theories of the origin of SARS COv2 virus in 2019 are: *Horsenose bats spread the virus via aerosals in caves in Western China to workers collecting Guano *Wild animals sold in live animal markets in Wuhan had the virus and it spilled over to humans via aerosal or through ingestion *The virus acidentally escaped from a high containment laboratory in Wuhan China *None of the above
*Horsenose bats spread the virus via aerosals in caves in Western China to workers collecting Guano *Wild animals sold in live animal markets in Wuhan had the virus and it spilled over to humans via aerosal or through ingestion *The virus acidentally escaped from a high containment laboratory in Wuhan China
Which of the following best describes the disease leprosy? *infectious and but not contagious *Infectious, but NOT contagious *Contagious, but NOT infectious *Neither infectious nor contagious
*Infectious, but NOT contagious
Who developed the first effective measles vaccine? *John Enders *Al-Razi *John Locke *Thomas Syderham *Charles Laveran
*John Enders
Which of the following are true for Mycobacterium leprae? Chose all correct answers *Know since the time of the Pharaohs in Egypt. *Damages the skin *Damages the nerves * Human beings are a reservoir *No answer text provided. * Armadillos are a reservoir
*Know since the time of the Pharaohs in Egypt. *Damages the skin *Damages the nerves * Human beings are a reservoir * Armadillos are a reservoir
Why did so many people in nursing homes in the United States die of COVID? Choose all correct answers. *Lack of vaccines in the start of the outbreak *Failure of nursing homes to take biosecurity ad biosafety practices seriously *Failure of nursing homes to stop visitation by relatives to elderly patients *Failure of nursing home staff to get vaccinated and wear masks * Weakened immune status of elderly people
*Lack of vaccines in the start of the outbreak *Failure of nursing homes to take biosecurity ad biosafety practices seriously *Failure of nursing homes to stop visitation by relatives to elderly patients * Weakened immune status of elderly people
Who first first observed that milk maidens did not develop small pox and subsequently used the cow pox virus for variolation of a young boy who was then inoculated with small pox later to see if he was protected. *Lady Mary Montagu *Edward Jenner *Cotton Mather *Zabdiel Boylston
*Lady Mary Montagu
Which were advantages and disadvantages of the Poliovirus modified live virus oral vaccine developed by Albert Sabin. *Live polio virus vaccine produces a long-lasting immunity * Gut immunity helped prevent virus shedding *Paralytic polio would develop in about one person in 18 to 100 million vaccinated people *Sabin vaccine was never used in the USA so it must not be safe
*Live polio virus vaccine produces a long-lasting immunity * Gut immunity helped prevent virus shedding *Paralytic polio would develop in about one person in 18 to 100 million vaccinated people
Long hauler COVID is a combination of health issues that result from individuals having contracted SARS Co2 virus and include the following. Choose all that are correct. *Long term fatigue *Depression *Permanent lung damage *Difficulty in concentrating, brain fog *Male sexual dysfunction due to damage of blood vessels in sexual organs
*Long term fatigue *Depression *Permanent lung damage *Difficulty in concentrating, brain fog *Male sexual dysfunction due to damage of blood vessels in sexual organs
Who was the first to experimentally prove that germs come from the environment? *Robert Koch *Joseph Lister *Louis Pasteur *Girolamo Fracastoro
*Louis Pasteur
Who received the Nobel Prize for the discovery of HIV? *Robert Gallo *Luc Montagnier *Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier *Luc Montagnier and Francoise Barre-Sinoussi
*Luc Montagnier and Francoise Barre-Sinoussi
One of the most important organs attacked by highly pathogenic influenza viruses in humans is: Chose one best answer. We know it is a systemic disease *Kidneys *Spleen *Lungs *Stomach *Heart
*Lungs
Which diseases are documented to have been introduced into the Western Hemisphere (North, Central and South America. Chose all correct answers *Malaria *Chicken Pox and Measles *Dengue *Yellow Fever *West Nile Virus
*Malaria *Chicken Pox and Measles *Dengue *Yellow Fever *West Nile Virus
As a result of the Second Pandemic, the Black Death, there were many social and cultural uphevels. Choose all that are correct. *Many people lost faith in the Catholic Church and the Reformist Movement lead to new directions in religion * From a third to a half of all people died in Europe with the plague *After the outbreak there was a shortage of workers and pheasants had more choices and rights * The drop in population enabled the remaining farmers to produce more food and people were healthier * Jewish people were blamed for the plague and many were killed
*Many people lost faith in the Catholic Church and the Reformist Movement lead to new directions in religion * From a third to a half of all people died in Europe with the plague *After the outbreak there was a shortage of workers and pheasants had more choices and rights *The drop in population enabled the remaining farmers to produce more food and people were healthier *Jewish people were blamed for the plague and many were killed
Animal species that are susceptible to influenza viruses are: Choose all that are correct. *Mice *Ferrets *Quail *Chickens *Human beings
*Mice *Ferrets *Quail *Chickens *Human beings
Which drugs or products or actions have been shown to help improve patients response to COVID infections. Choose correct answers. *Monoclonal antibodies * Dexamethasome *Molnupiravir *No drugs are helpful in treating COVID. *Use of ventilators for patients with low blood oxygen
*Monoclonal antibodies * Dexamethasome *Molnupiravir *Use of ventilators for patients with low blood oxygen
Commensal microorganisms (microbiota) are present in: Choose all correct answers. *Mouth * Gut *Respiratory tract * Skin *None of the above
*Mouth * Gut *Respiratory tract * Skin
There are several drugs that have been developed that can be used early in influenza infections to try to decrease viral replication. These drugs work by several pathways. Choose the two correct answers. *Neuraminidase inhibitors *Promote cell death *Viral polymerase inhibitors *Block DNA transcription *Promote Ribosomal budding
*Neuraminidase inhibitors *Viral polymerase inhibitors
During the primary stage of syphilis a person has which of the follow symptoms? *Fever *Rash *Fatigue *Joint pain *None of the above
*None of the above
Which of the following is an animal reservoir for syphilis. *Sheep *rats *monkeys *bats *None of the above
*None of the above
Which things have lead to spread of SARS CO-2 viruses around the world? Choose all correct answers *Initial denial by governments that the virus was a threat *Peoples refusal to get vaccinated inability of countries to reach herd immunity *Misinformation about the danger of vaccines *Lack of availability of vaccines for most of the world *Failure to wear masks and self isolate
*Peoples refusal to get vaccinated inability of countries to reach herd immunity *Misinformation about the danger of vaccines *Lack of availability of vaccines for most of the world *Failure to wear masks and self isolate
Ebola virus can infect which of the following hosts. Choose all correct answers. *Pigs *Fruit bats *Humans *Non-human primates *None of the above
*Pigs *Fruit bats *Humans *Non-human primates
Which is the the etiologic agent that causes Malaria. *Plasmodium *Salmonella *Coxiella *Anaplasma *Ehrlichia
*Plasmodium
Which of the following species of Plasmodium is considered the "killer" or cause of "cerebral malaria"? *Plasmodium malariae *Plasmodium falciparum *Plasmodium vivax *Plasmodium ovale *Plasmodium cerebeai
*Plasmodium falciparum
Factors that lead to emerging diseases: (Choose all correct answers) *Populations are displaced by natural disasters or man-made disasters (like wars) * Disease agent changes or new vectors are introduced *Spread from one person to another through direct contact, water, bood insects and animals *Spread in health care settings like drug resistant bacteria *Only b and d are correct
*Populations are displaced by natural disasters or man-made disasters (like wars) * Disease agent changes or new vectors are introduced *Spread from one person to another through direct contact, water, bood insects and animals *Spread in health care settings like drug resistant bacteria
The Black Death in the 1300s was cause by *Influenza A *Yesinia pestis *Anthrax *Small Pox *Polio
*Yesinia pestis
T or F: Polio cases are on the rise in the United States due to the antivac's movement to keep children from being vaccinated.
False
The March of Dimes funded research to support polio vaccine development, iron lungs an diagnostic tests for polio. What were the sources of their funding? *Presidential Birthday Balls to raise money *Mother's going door to door seeking donations from neighbors. * March of Dimes cards that families used to collect their change and donate. * Wealthy philanthropists who wanted to help *The federal government
*Presidential Birthday Balls to raise money *Mother's going door to door seeking donations from neighbors. * March of Dimes cards that families used to collect their change and donate. * Wealthy philanthropists who wanted to help
Ancient Egyptian public health practices include: (Choose all correct answers) *Promotion of bathing *Sleeping under mosquito nets * Public healtlh insurance and sick leave *"Houses of light" served as hospitals *None of the above
*Promotion of bathing *Sleeping under mosquito nets * Public healtlh insurance and sick leave *"Houses of light" served as hospitals
Kock's postulates are used to: *Demonstrate that bacteria are viable under a microscope *Prove that a disease is caused by a specific germ *Demostrate that viruses are very small to be visable uner a microscope *Prove that there are no surviving microbe after pasteurization
*Prove that a disease is caused by a specific germ
The most common anti COVID disease vaccines used in the United States are: *RNA vaccines *DNA vaccines *Viral-vectored vaccines *Modified live vaccines *Killed whole virus vaccines
*RNA vaccines
Which of the following would most help a person living in Texas to lower the chance of becoming infected with West Nile Virus? *Reduce your contact with the vector *Reduce your contact with the host *Reduce your contact with the reservoir *Reduce your contact with body fluids *Reduce your contact with people from areas of endemic malaria
*Reduce your contact with the vector
The final eradication of Rinderpest in 2011 lead to the following. (Choose all correct answers) *Resulted in safer African continental livestock trade *Protected susceptible wildlife *Greatly contributed to food security *Saved governments and livestock producers millions of dollars *None of the above
*Resulted in safer African continental livestock trade *Protected susceptible wildlife *Greatly contributed to food security *Saved governments and livestock producers millions of dollars
HIV is a retrovirus. Retroviruses are RNA viruses and convert their RNA genome into DNA using this enzyme: *Retro transcriptase *Reverse transcriptase *Retro polymerase *Reverse polymerase
*Reverse transcriptase
Who discovered the etiologic agent that causes tuberculosis? *Louis Pasteur *Walter Reed *Robert Koch *Jessie Lasier *David Bruce
*Robert Koch
MERS human to human transmission has been documented in the following countries. Choose all correct answers *Saudi Arabia *yemen *Republic of Korea *Jordan *none of the above
*Saudi Arabia *yemen *Republic of Korea *Jordan
Your sister just returned from a vacation in the Caribbean and she falls ill with Zika. She is 2 months pregnant. You would advise her that she could spread Zika virus directly or indirectly in the following ways. Choose all correct answers *She can pass the virus to her fetus * She can pass the virus to Aedes mosquiotes while sum bathing *She can pass the virus to her boyfriend through unprotected sex *She can give a blood donation at the annual blood drive that is contaminated with the virus *She can give Zika to her mother who is sharing the same apartment
*She can pass the virus to her fetus * She can pass the virus to Aedes mosquiotes while sum bathing *She can pass the virus to her boyfriend through unprotected sex *She can give a blood donation at the annual blood drive that is contaminated with the virus
The first infectious disease of humans to be eradicated from the world using vaccination was: *Smallpox *Rinderpest *Polio *Mealses *Plague
*Smallpox
Most of the HIV/AIDS-related deaths occurred in *Southeast Asia *United States *Sub-Saharan Africa *Eastern Euriope
*Sub-Saharan Africa
The purpose of the March of Dimes was to: Choose all that are correct *Support equipment needs of hospitals such as iron lungs *Provide medical support for patients with polio *Provide money for things like leg and back braces and physical therapy *Provide funding for research for vaccines *The March of Dimes purpose was to raise private funds to support the US Federal Government
*Support equipment needs of hospitals such as iron lungs *Provide medical support for patients with polio *Provide money for things like leg and back braces and physical therapy *Provide funding for research for vaccines
The primary cells involved in the adaptive (acquired) immune system are: *T cells and B cells *B cells only * T cells only *T cells, B cells and neutrophils *All of the above
*T cells and B cells
The World War II British Anthrax experiments at Gruinard Island provided *the knowledge that only sheep are susceptible to Anthrax *That it was too dangerous for humans to be involved in animal research *That an anthrax bioattack can have long term consequences such as land being uninhabitable due to contamination. *It was learned that Anthrax was not very effective as a biological weapon.
*That an anthrax bioattack can have long term consequences such as land being uninhabitable due to contamination.
What aspect of the disease malaria was discovered by the French military physican Charles Laveran while working in Algeria. *That the pathogen attached and and attacked the red blood cells *That the Nei Ching was an essential aspect of the disease *that wild birds were the reservoir for human malaria *That people with malaria were contagious *None of the above
*That the pathogen attached and and attacked the red blood cells
What are the best current known practices for you and your family and friends to protect against CARS-COv-2 infection? Choose all correct answers. *Wearing a N95 face mask *Taking the two dose series of a new vaccine approved for emergency use by the FDA and CDC. *Avoiding crowds such as indoor events *Use of hand washing for at least 20 seconds with soap and water, * Use of hand sanitizers after touching surfaces
*Wearing a N95 face mask *Taking the two dose series of a new vaccine approved for emergency use by the FDA and CDC. *Avoiding crowds such as indoor events *Use of hand washing for at least 20 seconds with soap and water, * Use of hand sanitizers after touching surfaces
T or F: Potatoes were first domesticated in Ireland
False
In 1976 there was a panic among US public health officials when a H1N1 influenza emerged in soldiers at Fort Dix and 1 soldier died and 13 were hospitalized. *The US did nothing * The US raced to initiate a flu vaccination program in adults and a quarter of adults in the US were vaccinated to prevent a US epidemic * The virus turned out not to be as highly pathogenic as the 1918 flu and so the US government was criticized for endangering human health and great expense of tax payers dollars on an epidemic that never occured in the US. *The US closed all schools for 6 months. *There was a low percentage of patients who developed Guillain-Barre syndrome as a result of the vaccine. * This outbreak was called swine flu
*The US did nothing * The US raced to initiate a flu vaccination program in adults and a quarter of adults in the US were vaccinated to prevent a US epidemic * The virus turned out not to be as highly pathogenic as the 1918 flu and so the US government was criticized for endangering human health and great expense of tax payers dollars on an epidemic that never occured in the US. *There was a low percentage of patients who developed Guillain-Barre syndrome as a result of the vaccine. * This outbreak was called swine flu
Which country in the world has had the most COVID deaths from the beginning of the outbreak until now? *South Africa *Russia *China *Mexico *The United States
*The United States
Polio virus attacks what kind of cells? *Muscle cells *The vagus nerve *The anterior horn cells of the gray matter of the spinal cord and brain stem *The neurons of the cerebellum *Schwan cells that protect the nerves
*The anterior horn cells of the gray matter of the spinal cord and brain stem
Which best describes some of the steps of the pathogenesis of polio. (Progress of the disease) Choose all correct answers *The bacterium is inhaled and lodges in the tonsils and pharynx and lungs and leads to sepsis and pneumonia *A flea bites the victum while they sleep with their cat and they develop a swollen lymph node in their groan which is painful and enlarged and eventually starts to turn black *A flea bites the victum on the neck and a swelling appears and enlarges and turns black and the patient develops a fever *The bacterium enters the lymph node and replicates and moves to other lymph nodes and into the blood and causes sepsis. *The victim eats an infected piece of goat meat and develops an infection of their lymph nodes in their gut which enlarge and turn septic
*The bacterium is inhaled and lodges in the tonsils and pharynx and lungs and leads to sepsis and pneumonia *A flea bites the victum while they sleep with their cat and they develop a swollen lymph node in their groan which is painful and enlarged and eventually starts to turn black *A flea bites the victum on the neck and a swelling appears and enlarges and turns black and the patient develops a fever *The bacterium enters the lymph node and replicates and moves to other lymph nodes and into the blood and causes sepsis.
Developing a vaccine for HIV/AIDS has been challenging because of: *The sexual transmission of HIV infection *The lack of public interest *The high mutation rate of the HIV virus *The seasonality of AIDS
*The high mutation rate of the HIV virus
How many vaccines are approved by the FDA for emergency use against SARS Co2 in the United States? *Three *Five *One *None
*Three
Why is the recommended vaccination program for polio in the United States a series of four repeated vaccines. Choose all correct answers. *To make sure we have 100 per cent vaccination coverage of young children * Because it is a killed virus vaccine the immunity is not as solid and using a three series vaccination scheme assures that the immune response to polio is stronger *Polio vaccine is not used in the United States because we do have the virus in our country *None of the above
*To make sure we have 100 per cent vaccination coverage of young children * Because it is a killed virus vaccine the immunity is not as solid and using a three series vaccination scheme assures that the immune response to polio is stronger
Influenza viral vaccines for humans can be which of the following. Choose all correct answers. *Trivalent embryonated egg derived viral vaccines *Quadrivalent embryonated egg viral derived vaccines *The influenza virus vaccine is injected intramuscularly *Adenovirus can be used as a delivery virus for influenza antigens and delivered as a nasal drop. *Influenza virus vaccines are very dangerous and should not be used.
*Trivalent embryonated egg derived viral vaccines *Quadrivalent embryonated egg viral derived vaccines *The influenza virus vaccine is injected intramuscularly *Adenovirus can be used as a delivery virus for influenza antigens and delivered as a nasal drop.
T or F: The yellow fever virus can be transmitted through the mosquito to its eggs and this is called transovarian transmission.
*True
The establishment of sanatoriums was designed to treat patients with: *HIV/AIDS *Measles *Tuberculosis *Yellow Fever
*Tuberculosis
Which of the following diseases has killed more human beings over the past 200 years. Choose the one that has killed the most people. Choose only one answer *Malaria *Yellow Fever *Rinderpest *Tuberculosis *Dengue Fever
*Tuberculosis
Why would a terrorist use a biological weapon instead of bombs? *Its much safer for the perpetrator to make bioweapons *Unlike explosives, biological agents do not destroy property and thus can allow the pathogen to spread more extensively before being detected *Biological agents can be easily direct even on windy days. *All are correct.
*Unlike explosives, biological agents do not destroy property and thus can allow the pathogen to spread more extensively before being detected
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-Co) is transmitted to humans through the following means: Choose all correct answers *Unpasteurized camel milk *close contact with camels *Direct contact between people *Respiratory droplets and aerasols *None of the above
*Unpasteurized camel milk *close contact with camels *Direct contact between people *Respiratory droplets and aerasols
Which of the following categories of pathogens always need a living host cell to replicate? *Bacteria *Virus *Fungi *all of above
*Virus
Which of the following tests is not used in the diagnosis of tuberculosis? *Tuberculin skin test *Sputem smear stain and examination *Virus neutralization test *interferon-gamma release assay
*Virus neutralization test
The most characteristic symptom of cholera is: (chose one answer only) *High fever *Watery diarrhea *Headache *Difficulty breathing
*Watery diarrhea
Which of the following is the best definition of "Miasma Theory" *Malaria is caused by swamps *infected animals caused malaria *microorganisms like germs causing disease *a poisonous vapor or bad air caused disease *medicine men curses
*a poisonous vapor or bad air caused disease
The nomenclature used to name influenza virus includes: *two surface glycoprotein letters *location of first discovery *year or years of outbreaks *virus type *all of the above
*all of the above
What factors contributed to the eradication success of smallpox? *diseased individuals can be easily identified *smallpox is strictly a human disease, and therefor is no animal reservoir *the availability of a vaccine that gives a long term protection and vaccinated individuals are easily identified *all of the above are correct
*all of the above are correct
Tuberculosis is caused by which of the following? *virus *bacteria *fungus *parasite *miasma
*bacteria
Rift Valley Fever virus infects which species. Choose all correct answers *cattle * sheep *wildlife *human beings *Mosquitos
*cattle * sheep *wildlife *human beings
What measure were initially used around the world to control outbreaks of SARS Co2 in mink? *Spraying mink with disinfectant *depopulation of mink farms *Having workers wear scuba gear so they do not breath on the mink *Move all mink to one central farm
*depopulation of mink farms
Dengue causes all the of following symptoms: *fever *rash *painful joints *muscle pain *head ache
*fever *rash *painful joints *muscle pain *head ache
The animal reservoir for poliovirus is *cockroaches *Aedes mosquitoes *humans *dogs *bats
*humans
Texas has the highest congenital syphilis rate per state in the United States. What could be the the contributing factors. Choose all appropriate answers. *inadequate sexual health education, * lack of family planning services for women * underfunded STD[sexually transmitted disease] prevention programs. *Inadequate health care insurance for poor women *Texas has the best health care for women in the USA
*inadequate sexual health education, * lack of family planning services for women * underfunded STD[sexually transmitted disease] prevention programs. *Inadequate health care insurance for poor women
Outbreaks of Marburg virus infections in humans have been historically documented in: *marburg, germany *belgrade, serbia *kenya *uganda *none of the above
*marburg, germany *belgrade, serbia *kenya *uganda
Which of the following does NOT transmit HIV? *Unprotected sexual intercourse *sharing of needles and sharp objects *blood transfusions *mosquito bites
*mosquito bites
Which of the following is related to the fever characteristic of malaria *parasites bursting out of the red blood cells *parasite bursting out of liver cells *introduction of the parasite sporozoite into the body *Gametocytes circulating in the blood system *none of the above
*parasites bursting out of the red blood cells
A common long term problem of people who get Chikungunya virus infection is: *A rash that lasts for years *birth defects * swollen painful joints *Loss of vision *There are no long term adverse effects of infection
*swollen painful joints
The pandemic of 1918 was called the Spanish Flu. Why? Choose all correct answers. *the first outbreak of the disease was seen in Spain *the Spanish had a free press and reported the disease *the US, UK, France, and Germany did not want to admit how many of their troops were sick or dying *spanish soldiers died at a higher number than other Europeans *none of the above
*the Spanish had a free press and reported the disease *the US, UK, France, and Germany did not want to admit how many of their troops were sick or dying
Small pox is caused by which virus? *chickenpox virus *vaccinia virus *variola virus *cowpox virus *none of the above
*vaccinia virus
Which type of virus was used in the global vaccination campaign to eradicate smallpox? *variola virus *cowpox virus *vaccinia virus *a camel pox recombinant virus
*vaccinia virus
The following plants were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent. (Choose all correct answers) *wheat *rye *Corn *Potatos
*wheat *rye
Rabies is a lethal viral disease that affects the human brain. People contract rabies when they are bitten by an animal carrying the rabies virus. Therefore, rabies is a: (choose only one answer) *Vector-borne disease *contagious disease *zoonotic disease *communicable disease
*zoonotic disease
T or F: Rinderpest is a zoonotic disease
False
T or F: Scientists can visualize viruses using a conventional light microscope.
False
T or F: The African slave trade was a major factor in the spread of leprosy in the Americas
False
T or F: The United States has the world's highest incidence of tuberculosis
False
T or F: The thymus is required for the development of B cells
False
How many Irish people are believed to have died due to starvation and other diseases during the Irish Potato famine. *100,000 *4 million *2.5 million *1 million
1 million
The approximate annual global population growth rate is what? *5% *7% *2.5% *1.1%
1.1%
T or F: There is an effective vaccine to protect against HIV.
False
T or F: Vaccinia virus is not a poxvirus .
False
Which of the following was the physician who first determined that the rash from small pox and that from measles was caused by different disease agents. *John locke *Thomas synderham *Charles Laveran *Al- Rhazi *John Enders
Al- Rhazi
T or F: Yellow Fever is a disease of major concern in Asia.
False
T or F: Yellow fever was historically an important endemic disease in Asia
False
Adaptive immunity against viral infections includes: *Humeral (antibody) immunity only *Cell-mediated immunity only *Both humeral and cell-mediated immunity *Phagocytosis
Both humeral and cell-mediated immunity
West Nile was first discovered in the Western Hemisphere in what location? *Grosse Isle, Canada *Bronx zoo, New York *Miami *Galveston
Bronx zoo, New York
T or F: An emerging disease is one that has disappeared in a population for the first time, or that may have existed previously but is rapidly decreasing in incidence or geographic range
False
T or F: Ancient Greek medicine is probably the only culture that contributed to our Western practices in modern medicine.
False
T or F: Dengue Fever virus is caused by a flavi virus transmitted to humans by Anopheles mosquitos
False
T or F: During colonial times rinderpest was an important diseaes of cattle in the US colonies.
False
T or F: Insects have never been considered or used as a vector to spread a bioweapon to people.
False
T or F: It is possible to eradicate cholera through vaccination.
False
T or F: Karen has malaria. Karen and Jeff are out on Sumerville Lake. The vectors bites Karen and ingests the malaria parasite along wiht the blood meal. Karen then shooed away the vector. The vector then bites Jeff. Could Jeff become infected with malaria in this scenerio?
False
T or F: Leprosy occurred in the United States in the past but is now eradicated
False
T or F: Malaria is the disease first seen by British medical doctors in Tanzania. In the Swahili language, it means the illness that causes malaise.
False
T or F: Marburg virus is transmitted to people in Africa by Aedesmosquitoes
False
T or F: Max Koch was a South Africa who first developed the Yellow Fever vaccine which is still used more than 70 years later.
False
T or F: Modern smallpox vaccination is done by inoculating the vaccinia virus with a syringe an needle.
False
T or F: One hundred per cent of people infected with plague die.
False
Which of the following best describes the disease Measles? *Infectious and contagious *Infectious but not contagious *Contagious but not infectious *Neither infectious nor contagious
Infectious and contagious
The historical Fertile Crescent is in which modern day country?
Iraq
Who won the Nobel Prize for Medicine for developing the Yellow Fever vaccine still used today. *Walter reed *max theiler *William gorgas *Walter reed
Max Theiler
T or F: Duck production in South East Asia has been associated with spreading HPAI to domestic poultry and humans.
True
Koch's Postulates are used to: *Prove that a disease is caused by a specific germ *Demonstrate that bacteria are visible under a microscope *Demonstrate that viruses are too small to be visible under a microscope *Prove that there are no surviving microbes after pasteurizations
Prove that a disease is caused by a specific germ
A common adverse affect of vaccination is: *Anaphylaxis (an acute allergic reaction) *Swelling and pain ans soreness at the site of the injection *Guillian-Barre syndrome *all of the above
Swelling and pain ans soreness at the site of the injection
The primary cells involved in the adaptive immune system are: *T and B cells *B cells only *T cells only *T cells, B cells and neutrophils.
T and B cells
In recent years Yellow Fever virus transmission has emerged in all but which country *Nigeria *Angola Brazil *Thailand
Thailand
The fungal agent that attached the Irish potato crops in the 1840's was able to do this because.... *The potatoes were co-infected with the zebra strip bacterium *Irish were lousy farmers *The genetics of the potatoes grown were basicially a monoculture *There was excessive rains during these years and thus the potatoes rotted *All of the above answers are correct
The genetics of the potatoes grown were basicially a monoculture
T or F: Direct person-to-person spread is rare in the case of cholera because it usually requires a large number of Vibrio cholerae bacteria to cause infection.
True
T or F: Dr Walter Plowright, a British veterinarian, developed in 1951 a modified live virus vaccine for Rinderpest that was used globally to vaccinate livestock and thus eradicate the disease.
True
Which of the following is not a goal of vaccination? *Increase resistance of people to an infection *Reduce sheeding and transmission of a pathogen *Establish herd immunity *Treat a patient with an infectious disease
Treat a patient with an infectious disease
Global pharmaceutical companies are in a race to develop effective drugs to treat patients with COVID. Molnupiravir was developed by Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics. It works by interfering with the COVID virus's ability to replicate. Patients taking molnupiravir were only half as likely to be hospitalized or die from COVID-19 as those taking a placebo. T or F?
True
T or F: A bacteria is larger than a virus
True
T or F: A new vaccine for tuberculosis that could be used to protect adults would be a valuable addition to our public health programs
True
T or F: A parasite is larger than a bacteria.
True
T or F: Ability to scale up production is an ideal attribute of a vaccine
True
T or F: Anti-vaccination movements negatively impact ability to develop herd immunity and lead to outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles and whooping cough.
True
T or F: Anti-vaccination movements negatively impact herd immunity and contributes to increased numbers of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases such as measles and whooping cough
True
T or F: Antigenic shift occurs when two distinctly unique influenza viruses both infect a host cell and exchange genes.
True
T or F: Armadillos can show clinical disease with the leprosy bacterium.
True
T or F: As a pet owner you could contract plague from your outdoor loving cat who loves to catch rodents.
True
T or F: Bush meat is an important source of animal protein in some peoples diet.
True
T or F: Cases of Dengue fever virus transmission have occasionally been documented in the state of Texas.
True
T or F: Cell-mediated immunity is important for proection against infections with intracellular bacteria.
True
T or F: Cell-mediated immunity is important for protection against infections with intracellular bacteria.
True
T or F: Cholera patients can be treated with hydration fluids.
True
T or F: Cytokines are small glycoproteins secreted by cells of the inate and adaptive host cells.
True
Which of the following best represents the malaria situation in the Americans before 1491? *Vector present, host present, reservoir present *Vector present, host absent, reservoir absent *Vector absent, host absent, reservoir present *Vector absent, host absent, reservoir absent *Vector present, host present, reservoir absent
Vector present, host present, reservoir absent
Which of the following categories of pathogens always needs a living host cell to replicate? *Fungi *Virus *Bacteria *All of the above
Virus
Louis Pasteur discoveries include: *A vaccine for Anthrax *A vaccine for fowl cholera *a proof of germ theory *all of the above
all of the above
Lymph nodes contain the following cell types: * T lymphocytes * B lymphocytes * Macrophages * Red blood cells * all of the above
all of the above
Commensal microorganisms (microbiota( are present in: *mouth *gut *respiratory tract *skin *all of the above
all of the above
Examples of public health infrastructure from ancient history. Select all that are correct. *Aquiducts *Public toilets *Public baths *Hospitals *Public bars
aqueducts, public toilets, public baths, hospitals
Edward Jenner used the following virus to vaccinate people against Small Pox. *cow pox virus *a less virulent strain of small pox virus *goat pox virus *milk mad pox virus
cow pox virus
You have been hiking near Mt. Elgon in Kenya and you hear that two French tourists recently stayed in your camp site and while flying back to the capital of Kenya, one was ill when joining the flight and had a fever but wanted to make it to a hospital in Nairobi. On the flight he started vomiting blood and died. What diseases would you suspect? *west nile *ebola *marburg *zika *lassa fever
ebola, Marburg
The interval between the time of infection of an individual by a pathogen and the appearance of clinical symptoms is called: *infectious period *latent period *incubation period *convalescence period
incubation period
Which is the single most common route of transmission for the measles virus? *ingestion *vector borne *insects such as mosquitoes *direct contact with contaminated surfaces *inhalation of the virus in a large crowd
inhalation of the virus in a large crowd
The most common reservoir host for Arena viruses is *mastomys rats *civet cats *cockroaches *horses
mastomys rats
Which of the following is not involved in innate immunity? *cytokines *neutrophils *inflammation *memory response
memory response
The theory that "bad air" was responsible for diseases is: *contagion theory *miasma theory *humorism theory *germ theory
miasma theory
A zoonotic disease is spread by all of the following except: *direct contact *air borne *water and food *spells *insect vectors
spells
CDC has just trained you as a field epidemiology investigation offers. Your first assignment is to go to Peru to investigate a hemorrahagic fever outbreak. You arrive in the village and the local Peruvian health worker tells you there have been 30 people die and he estimates that 90% of those people who got sick died. He tells you the people developed a high fever, had a lot of pain in their abdomen and vomited blood and had had bloody diarrhea. You notice that there are a lot of mosquitoes around the houses. You really know your clinical signs and learned all about hemorrhagic disease way back at Texas A&M as an undergraduate before you became a doctor. You are not into shotgun medicine and want to choose the best possible disease to investigate and get more of the case histories. While in medical school they never mentioned hemorrhagic diseases so you are digging back in your memory. The internet is pretty sketchy in this very tropical area of Peru so that's not much help. *dengue *zika *yellow fever *ebola *west nile
yellow fever
Which of these vector-borne diseases has a vaccine that is widely used in humans around the world. *dengue *malaria *west nile *yellow fever *chichungunya
yellow fever
The Americans went in and built the Panama Canal in the early 1900. The French gave up in the late 1800's because of all the vector borne diseases their workers were exposed to. At the turn of the last century i.e. what diseases would those workers have been exposed to? Choose the diseases that would have been present at that time in Panama *yellow fever *dengue *chichungunya *malaria *zika
yellow fever, dengue, malaria