Greece and Persia

Cleisthenes

A noble Athenian who is credited with reforming the Athenian constitution and introducing democracy.

Phoenicians

A seagoing people who, around 900 BCE, expanded outward from their base on the Mediterranean coast of modern-day Lebanon. Their alphabet, which used only letters with no pictorial symbols, is the ancestor of the Roman alphabet.

Why did Alexander want to conquer Persia and what was his legacy on world history?

...to be cooler than phil- his dad+ glory/wanted to be cool.

Aristotle

(384-322 BCE) A Greek philosopher who encouraged his students to observe the natural world and explain logically how the proceeded from their starting assumptions. This system of reasoning shapes how we present written arguments today.

Plato

(429-347 BCE) A student of Socrates and a teacher if Aristotle who used the Socratic method in his teaching, which emphasized ethics, He believed students should use reason to choose the correct course of action. Academy

Socrates

(469-399 BCE) A great philosopher who believed that virtue was the highest good. He developed a method of instruction still in use today, in which teachers ask students questions without revealing the answers.

Artemisia

(flourished 480 BCE) The woman ruler of Halicarnassus, of modern-day Turkey, who fought with the Persians against the Greeks at the battle of Salamis.

Alexander the Great

(r. 336-323 BCE) Also known as Alexander of Macedon; son of Philip of Macedon. He defeated the last Achaemenid ruler in 331 BCE and ruled the former Persian empire until his death.

Darius

(r. 522-486 BCE) The third Achaemenid Persian ruler, who succeeded to the throne by coup. He conquered much territory in Eurasia but was unable ti defeat the Scythians south of the Black Sea or the Greeks. He also reformed the empire's administrative structure.

Cyrus the Great

(r. 558-530 BCE) Founder of the Achaemenid dynasty in Iran. A native of Persis, Cyrus staffed his administration with many Persians as well as Medes, the tribe he defeated when he took power.

Xerxes

519-465 bc, king of Persia (485-465), who led a vast army against Greece. His forces were victorious at Thermopylae but his fleet was defeated at Salamis (480) and his army at Plataea (479). Darius' son. In 481 BCE, Xerxes sent ambassadors to city states throughout Greece, asking for food, land, and water as tokens of their submission to Persia. However, Xerxes' ambassadors deliberately avoided Athens and Sparta, hoping thereby that those states would not learn of the Persians' plans

Trireme

A trireme; derived from Latin: trirēmis "with three banks of oars"; Ancient Greek: τριήρης triērēs, literally "three-rower") was an ancient vessel and a type of galley that was used by the ancient maritime civilizations of the Mediterranean, especially the Phoenicians, ancient Greeks and Romans.

What military and administrative innovations enabled the Achaemid dynasty to conquer and rule such a vast empire?

Administrative - used a central government in a time where most places were city states or under feudal type control, had an official state language, used a standardized money system & created a banking system.

Types of government

Aristocracy- nobility Democracy- ppl power, voting- Athens Oligarchy- ruled by a few $/merit ppl-Sparta- Military!!! Monarchy- One King- hereditary- Mycenae

Greek Government

Direct Democracy, citizens rule by the majority. Code of laws. Citizens bring charges of wrongdoing. Expansion of citizenshi[ to all free adult males, except foreigners.

Greek Science and Technology

Disagreed about earth of sun being the center of the universe. An accurate estimate of earth's circumference. Euclid's geometry textbook. Development of lever and pulley system and pump.

Greek Art

Drama and poetry, painted pottery showed scenes from Greek life, architecture- columns, marble, etc. Sculpture portrayed beauty ideals. Ampitheatres

Legacy of Alexander the Great

First, his father was able to unite the Greek city-states, and Alexander destroyed the Persian Empire forever. More importantly, Alexander's conquests spread Greek culture, also known as Hellenism, across his empire. He also inspired many generals after him; like Pompey, Caesar, Napoleon.

Greek Culture

Greek Language, Mythology, and Gods, Olympic games, Philosophers.

Pericles

He ordered the construction of the Parthenon. He was an Athenian statesman and contributed to political and cultural supremacy. He was an orator, politiciam amd general during the Persian and Peloponian wars.

Hellenization

Hellenization (American English) or Hellenisation (British) is the historical spread of ancient Greek culture and, to a lesser extent, language, over foreign peoples conquered by Greeks or brought into their sphere of influence, particularly during the Hellenistic period following the campaigns of Alexander the Great- because 3 hellenistic kingdoms created when his land was divided up after his death.

Hoplite

Hoplites were citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states who were primarily armed with spears and shields. Hoplite soldiers utilized the phalanx formation in order to be effective in war with fewer soldiers.

Athens' Golden Age

Image result for Athens' Golden Age Fifth-century Athens is the Greek city-state of Athens in the time from 480 BC-404 BC. This was a period of Athenian political hegemony, economic growth and cultural flourishing formerly known as the Golden Age of Athens with the later part The Age of Pericles.

Zoroastrianism

Iranian religion named for Zarathushtra (in Persian; Zoroaster in Greek), who may have lived between 1500 and 700 BCE. He taught that a host of good deities and evil demons, all in perpetual conflict, populate the spiritual world. (The Avesta contains hymns)

Euripides-Tragedies

Medea, 431 BC.- Woman whose husband stole the fleece and she killed her brother to help him and then cheated on her so she burned his new woman alive and then killed their kids. She then flew away in a firery chariot. Hippolytus, 428 BC. Electra, c. 420 BC. The Trojan Women, c. 415 BC. Bacchae, 405 BC.

Mycenaean

Mycenaean Greece (or Mycenaean civilization) was the last phase of the Bronze Age in Ancient Greece (c. 1600-1100 BC). It represents the first advanced civilization in mainland Greece, with its palatial states, urban organization, works of art and writing system. Mycenaean Greece was dominated by a warrior elite society and consisted of a network of palace states that developed rigid hierarchical, political, social and economic systems. At the head of this society was the king, known as wanax.

Persians

People who lived in the Persian empire.

Solon

Solon was an Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and poet. He is remembered particularly for his efforts to legislate against political, economic, and moral decline in archaic Athens. He first became prominent about 600 BCE, when the Athenians were disheartened by ill success in a war with their neighbors of Megara for possession of the island of Salamis. Solon induced them to resume the war, which they eventually won. Abolished taxes and cancelled debts.

Marathon

The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC, during the first Persian invasion of Greece. It was fought between the citizens of Athens, aided by Plataea, and a Persian force commanded by Datis and Artaphernes. Pheidippides is the central figure in a story that was the inspiration for a modern sporting event, the marathon race. Pheidippides is said to have run from Marathon to Athens to deliver news of a military victory against the Persians at the Battle of Marathon.

Salamis

The Battle of Salamis was a naval battle fought between an alliance of Greek city-states under Themistocles and the Persian Empire under King Xerxes in 480 BC which resulted in a decisive victory for the outnumbered Greeks.

Thermopylae

The Battle of Thermopylae was fought between an alliance of Greek city-states, led by King Leonidas of Sparta, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I over the course of three days, during the second Persian invasion of Greece. At the narrow coastal pass of Thermopylae. The Persian invasion was a delayed response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece, which had been ended by the Athenian victory at the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC. Xerxes had amassed a huge army and navy, and set out to conquer all of Greece. The Athenian general Themistocles had proposed that the allied Greeks block the advance of the Persian army at the pass of Thermopylae

Delian League

The Delian League, founded in 478 BC, was an association of Greek city-states, members numbering between 150 173, to 330 under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece.

Persian War

The Greco-Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire of Persia and Greek city-states. 499-449 BCE. The collision between the fractious political world of the Greeks and the enormous empire of the Persians began when Cyrus the Great conquered the Greek-inhabited region of Ionia in 547 BCE. Struggling to rule the independent-minded cities of Ionia, the Persians appointed tyrants to rule each of them. This would prove to be the source of much trouble for the Greeks and Persians alike.

Olympics

The Greek Olympics, thought to have begun in 776 BC, inspired the modern Olympic Games (begun in 1896) The Games were held in honor of Zeus, king of the gods, and were staged every four years at Olympia, a valley near a city called Elis. Women weren't allowed to watch. It was anyone's game and the poor could fight the rich. The competitions erased social and economic class.

Minoans

The Minoan civilization was an Aegean Bronze Age civilization on the island of Crete and other Aegean islands that flourished from approximately 3650 to 1400 BC, belonging to a period of Greek history preceding both the Mycenaean civilization and Ancient Greece.

Peloponnesian War

The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. In the first phase, the Archidamian War, Sparta launched repeated invasions of Attica, while Athens took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid the coast of the Peloponnese and attempt to suppress signs of unrest in its empire. This period of the war was concluded in 421 BC, with the signing of the Peace of Nicias. That treaty, however, was soon undermined by renewed fighting in the Peloponnese. In 415 BC, Athens dispatched a massive expeditionary force to attack Syracuse in Sicily; the attack failed disastrously, with the destruction of the entire force, in 413 BC

Royal Roads

The Royal Road was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian king Darius the Great (Darius I) of the first (Achaemenid) Persian Empire in the 5th century BCE.

Lydian Coins

The first metal coins in the world, dating to around 600BCE. Made from electrum, a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver collected from the riverbeds in Lydia, a region on the Aegean coast of modern-day Turkey.

Helot

The helots were a subjugated population group that formed the main population of Laconia and Messenia, the territory controlled by Sparta. They were above slaves, but controlled by the government. Peasants.

Satrap

The third Archaemenid ruler, Darius, divided his empire into provinces called satrapies, each administered by a governor, or satrap. The officials under the satrap were recruited locally, a hallmark of the Persian system.

Themistocles

Themistocles (c. 524-459 BC) was an Athenian politician and general. He was one of a new breed of non-aristocratic politicians who rose to prominence in the early years of the Athenian democracy. Themistocles was a populist, having the support of lower class Athenians, and generally being at odds with the Athenian nobility.He convinced the polis to increase the naval power of Athens. During the first Persian invasion of Greece, he fought at the Battle of Marathon.

Pisistratus

Tyrant of Athens who reduced autocratic power in rural Attica. He boosted $, power, and culture in Athens, He was Hippocrates' son.

What factors made it difficult for the Greeks to organize themselves into political entities above the level of the polis?

Why did Greece develop city-states? One major reason why ancient Greece was dominated by small city-states and independent towns, rather than by one all-powerful king, is its geography. The country's mountainous terrain, many isolated valleys, and numerous offshore islands encouraged the formation of many local centers of power, rather than one all-powerful capital. Another key factor influencing the formation of city-states rather than kingdoms was the Mediterranean. Such a calm and easily navigable sea provided the Greeks with an opportunity to found new colonies in times of crisis and overpopulation. It also appealed to their sense of heroism and adventure. Starting in the 8th century BC, colonies were eventually founded all over the Mediterranean, from Naples in Italy, to Marseilles in France, Cyrene in Northern Africa, Byzantium, close to the Black Sea, and numerous cities all along the western coast of modern-day Turkey. These colonies remained in contact with their mother cities, and acknowledged their 'blood ties' with them, but in most other respects they soon acted independently of them. A final reason behind the development of city-states was the Greek aristocracy, who acted to prevent any permanent monarchies from forming. They defended the political independence of their cities vigorously. As a result any individual who did manage to take over a city could only hope to do so for a short time as a 'tyrant' rather than a king.

Aristophanes-Comedies

Years active 427 BC - 386 BC Known for Playwright and director of Old Comedy Notable work The Clouds (423 BC) The Wasps (422 BC) The Birds (414 BC) Lysistrata (411 BC) The Poet and the Women (411 BC) The Frogs (405 BC)

Phalanx

a body of troops or police officers, standing or moving in close formation. "six hundred marchers set off, led by a phalanx of police"

Polis

a city state in ancient Greece, especially as considered in its ideal form for philosophical purposes.