Greek History Exam II

Story of Croesus II

The story of his son dying. He brings a man into his home, who accidentally kills his son on a hunting trip and although CROESUS forgives the man, he kills himself. It is then that CROESUS decided to expand his territory. He ask an oracle what would happen if he goes and tries to capture Greece, and is told, "You will destroy a great empire." Took it as a good sign. Goes into Greece, gets driven back, and is besieged in one of his cities. It is being burnt to the ground, but he Prays to Apollo, and then it starts to rain. He then becomes an adviser to CYRUS. A redfigure vase of CROESUS sitting on his throne atop a funeral pyre as a servant is beginning to light it.

Moira

"fate"—We think of fate as something that is in binary opposition of free-will and that you cannot get away with it at all. An example is Cretus, who is the 5th generation which the oracle said was destined to be defeated. In the Greek, you can make decisions and it is based on the decisions you make that decide the MOIRA. It is all of your actions that lead to an outcome you are fated to come to, can you escape it?

Daimôn

"spirit" > Socrates' internal voice—might be why he was brought up on charges.

Marathonomakhoi

"those who fought at Marathon" -- hoplite warfare and Hellenism. (Need not remember). Their descendents had a special status in Athens. The Greeks would say, we saved the future of Greece at Marathon

Battle of Arginusae

(406) and the trial of the Athenian generals—Just south of Lesbos, there is a battle @ Arginusae. The Athenians won victory over a Peloponnesian fleet, having sunk about 40 of 70 ships (something like that). After this battle, a storm came up and prevented the victorious generals from collecting their wounded and dead. On the return to Athens, the generals were put on capital trial for their failure after this battle. Not only on trial, but completely illegally put on trial as a group. Because of the state of democracy, they were made scapegoats. The Pritanized (when the year is divided into tenth for each tribe to rule for a month) tribe at the time was Socrates, and he was the only one to vote against this illegal procedure. One of the generals executed was the son of Pericles. After this the Spartans once again offer peace, once again denied.

Return of Alcibiades

(407)—Unscrupulous. He had to leave Sparta because he seduced the wife of a Spartan king. He goes to Persia. Agitating from across the sea. He tells the Athenians, if you let me come home, I will bring Persian money. The members of the fleet love him. After an 8 year exile, he is brought back to the city. When his ship arrived, he stayed on it just off shore until he was sure that he had enough of a following to get him through the city protected as he feared assassination. He was given a special post as a general as the people loved him. He had something to do with the return of the 5000. It is a sign of how volatile things were in Athens.

Athenian naval victory at Cyzicus

(410)—At the return of fighting they begin to win naval battles again. @ Cyzicus, the Athenians destroy a fleet that the Spartans had built with Persian money. The Athenians captured one of the ships returning to Sparta to give a report of the battle. There was a note saying "Ships gone, Commander dead, men starving, don't know what to do." After this, the Spartans offer peace, but the Athenians said no.

Oligarchic Revolution: the rule of the Four Hundred and then of the Five Thousand

(411) • Influential men (wealthy) dissatisfied with the way the govt was being managed, set about replacing the democracy by setting up a moderate policy. o Theramenes was the leader. In April 410, to get a notion passed to get the Probouloi with 20 others to form a committee for state security. o Shortly after that the old assembly (one citizen one vote) was dissolved, replaced with a council of 5000 of the wealthiest citizens. o The tension lies between the much more intransient oligarchs and the moderates. o The more stringent oligarchs took over and the council. o Then power handed over to the 400 wealthiest. o Still many democrats out there, but they were in the fleet. Even though many ships were lost @ Sicily, there were still many ships left. The democrats were fed up with this new system and pushed for a return to democracy back home. The restoration of democracy in 410, and the resumption of war—Soon, they decide to fight back. End of Thucydides' history. Xenophon's "Hellenica.

The Greatest Hellenic Action

(413)—The mighty Athenians destroyed. In response to this, the Spartans decided to set up a fort in Decelea, which is in Northern Attica next to Oropia.

The Sicilian Expidition

(415) • Athenian debate over what to do. How do we get there, how do we defend ourselves in the mean time, how do we control them if we win? • The City of Agesta promised Athens money if they came over to help them out against other states. This was a lie though as they had no money available. • Alcibiades vs. Nicias: o Alcibiades starts his speech about this saying, I am an Olympic victor. Then he talks about the people of Sicily as a rabble and that this is a chance to strike the first blow. He says the navy will allow them to do this, despite the long trip. o Nicias responds in his speech saying that if we are to do this, it will take a vast number of ships, much more money, and much more men. In order to do this, the people must suffer. This is when the people fall in love with this idea.

The Athenian suppression of Melos: The Melian Dialogue

(416): • For Thuc, this is one of the most important things. The Alcmeonid say that the Melians must become paying members of their rule, either become tribute paying allies of they can be destroyed. They were settled either by Dorians or maybe Spartans (disputed), but had remained neutral. • This was a pure act of power politics. • The Melians call it a choice between freedom and slavery.Athenians say it is for their survival.The Athenians say that this is not about the Spartans, but to show the allies how strong the Athenians are. • Melians say neutrality is best.Athens says that is not true • Melians say they will alienate the other neutral states, but Athens says they owned all other islands so no big deal. • Melians say they would be called cowards if they don't fight back and Athens says no you would be smart, we are larger and stronger. • Melians say that fortunes can change and that the gods will help us. The Athenians basically say you are screwed. The Melians finally say the Spartans will help us. The Athenians say stand up to equals, defer to superiors, be a dick to the weak. • After a few weeks of fighting, the island is sieged. The men are all killed, women and children sold into slavery. • The island is small and the Athenians resettle it with their own people. • Who is right? o The Athenians are right because the Melians misconstrue the meaning of the Athenians terms. It was not about freedom vs. slavery, but about paying taxes or being killed. o The Melians' argument was less and less grounded in reality. Hope was their downfall.

Peace of Nicias

(421): supposed to last for 50 years—Thucydides says almost 10 years to the day of the wars beginning. Everyone kept their possessions, Spartans return Amphipolis, that conflict would be avoided of all cost and that peace was supposed to last for 50 years. This is really a hiatus of a longer, 20 year war, as some would say.

Death of Cleon and Brasidas at Amphipolis

(422)—They were both killed, but we are told Cleon was trying to flee the battlefield while Brasidas died trying to fight off 12 enemies. It marked a new day as Spartans now used mercs and slaves to do serious damage to Athenian troops.

Cleon's victory at Pylos / Sphacteria

(425)—While Cleon was on his way to the western front, he comes across a fort @ Pylos, that is closed off by an island called Sphacteria. A large number of Spartans were trapped on this island, so Thuc was put in charge of a contingent of men to kill the Spartans within 3 weeks. Thuc took command and he won. He took the contingent, killed a number of Spartans, a brush fire occurred which ruined the Spartans covers, and the Spartans surrendered. Spartans never surrender, so this was a big deal, such as Spartan manpower is clearly low. Cleon was now unstoppable. After this the Spartans offer peace and the Athenians refuse.

Civil War at Corcyra

(427): "Death raged in every shape . . ."—This was a civil war, beginning with oligarchic exiles returning. Used the rhetoric of enslavement. When Pathious (Athenian mouthguard/brownnoser) getting murdered, civil war erupted. Thuc describes this like he describes the plague, saying the causes the symptoms and the implications. In the city the only important thing was party loyalty. The city suffered many cruelties so long as men have the same nature. His analysis is still studied as he goes on to say that words have to change their customary meanings, moderation becomes cowardice, to challenge anything was courage, to launch a preemptive strike was wisdom.

Revolt of Mytilene and the debate between Cleon and Diodotus.

(428/7)—Revolted after the fall of Pericles. When the Athenians quelled it they said kill all the men and sell the women and children into slavery. They then repented of this decision and held a debate, Cleon says you have to make an example of those who revolt, whereas Diodotus says that this was brutal and if you kill the men and sell the women and children, then they will fight to their death as they will die anyway, and it is better to keep them alive paying tribute. They tried to stop the killings, but by the time they get there a few had already been killed.

Plague at Athens

(429)—Shortly after this, the plague breaks out, arriving on a ship. Thucydides gives a vivid description of the plague, describes the pain, the fever, the unbearable thirst. There is no idea what disease it truly is and is still a case study today. One of the most terrifying things, he says, was its unpredictability, as some people got it, some didn't, some that tended the ill got it at an awful rate. It not only had effects on those who had it, but the stress put on the people in general caused morale to drop. People would throw themselves into the wells to try to quench their thirst, but tainted the water, people shared funeral pyres. About 1/3 of the population died. Pericles was blamed for this as he was basically the fall guy for something he had no control over.

Pericles' Funeral Oration

(430)—There was a funeral given for all the troops to fall from the start of the war. Pericles gives the oration (the most famous speech from antiquity). He says Athens made a unique contribution to Greek life, as it offers a balance between power and intellection, calls them a school for Greece (city on a hill anyone?), and that they are greater than their reputation. He says to the women of Athens, that her glory is greeted for those least spoken of for glory or bad (go make more babies and shut up). This is the vision of Athens.

Beginning of The War

(431)—Second Congress of Sparta votes for war.

First Congress at Sparta

(432) • Corinthian speech about Athenian and Spartan "national character"—Although they train for war constantly, they do not like it. They said that you Spartans are strong, but too timid, that the difference between Athens and Sparta is that basically Athens has balls, they actually go out and do stuff, where Sparta just likes to sit around at home. • Athenian reply—Athenians defend their character saying they acquired and empire using honorable tactics and if anything they should be commended (using fear, honor, and something else I cant remember). • Corinth is very powerful, but in no way strong enough to take on the Athenian fleet. The Spartans decide to answer them and war breaks out..

Megarian Decree

(433/2?)--The Megarians are in a very bad location when Athens and Corcyra decide to fight against Corinth, so they are kind of screwed and then the Athenians call on an embargo on Megara, which basically was a death sentence for them via starvation; Aristophanes' Acharnians is about this decree.

Revolt of Samos

(441-439)—A feud erupted between the Island of Samos and Miletus. Samos was large and powerful and was one of the few places still contributing ships as opposed to money. The Athenians figured they would smash Samos down. Pericles launched about 60 ships to support Miletus and Samos revolted. The Athenians were swift and ruthless, blockaded the island, starving it into submission. When they capitulated, they had to tear down their walls and had to agree to make additional payments annually to reimburse Athens for the cost of the war. The penalty to Samos, compared to later places, was relatively mild.

Thirty Years Peace

(446)—Athenians and Spartans signed a peace, did not last the full 30 years (more like 15), but the Spartans acknowledged the Athenian's rights to their empire.

Transfer of The League Treasury

(454)—Athens decided to move the treasury from a Pan-Hellenic sanctuary to the Acropolis. • They would collect the tributes which would tend to be a few hundred talons of silver which means the Athenians were making bank. • The Athenians went from a confederacy to the leaders of a forced alliance. A time of Athenian-Archy (rule).

Failed Athenians in Egypt

(459-454)—Athenians saw a possible chance to add Egypt to its league. • Egypt was continuously important throughout antiquity because of their grain production, so to add them to the league would be huge. • The Athenians sent 200 ships to intimidate them. It was a catastrophe. o The Egyptian uprising against the Persians failed and many Athenians ships were lost. • The real question is why were the Greeks there in the first place? o Athenian expansion.

Socrates

(469-399)—father a stone mason, mother a midwife. So far as we know, he himself never wrote anything down. The main sources are Plato (his disciple), Charactature in Aristophanes' The Cloud. • Biographical info is sparse o Served as a hoplite in 432-430 and then at Amphipolis at 423? o Did what any other Athenian was supposed to do. o Compared to Papa Cylenous, the head satyr. Statue, antiface, and vase painting o Mashed face, not the classically handsome Greek male, but had a "magnetic power to all around him" o He talked and talked and talked, to anyone who wanted to converse with him. • 399—brought up on charges of Atheism and corrupting the youth. 3 accusers.

"Battle" of Aigospotami

(August 405)—The Athenians are up in the Propondus (north east, well north of Lesbos). The Athenians needed to drydock. Alcebiades came down from his villa to warn the Athenians to leave, but they did not listen. Lysander caught them there, burned all the ships, killed 3 or 4 thousand of the sailors that was there. One of the survivors made his way back to Athens. When he landed at Pyrius and reported what had happened, a howl went up (a lament), that engulfed Pyrius and then spread until the entire city was engulfed in this howl, the end of the Athenian empire. Corinth and Thebes wanted Athens to suffer the same fate that the Athenians had caused on Melos.

Xenophanes of Colophon

(Ionian coastal city, north of Ephesus and not of Miletus), ca. 570-475; rationalist critic of religion—While acknowledging the existence of the gods, he said they can't be here, as they rape, steal, plunder, and kill with no consequences, so really? Nope. He looked at the Ethiopian gods and the gods from the west and said they are all different, meaning that they were projections of the people.

Death of Darius

(ca. 486) and succession of his son, Xerxes—Made it his mission to complete his father's undertaking. Think of how he fits into the various patterns we have discussed. How does he take advice? Who are his Advisors? The last part of Xerxes invasion is linear.

Protagoras

(ca. 490-420?) -- sophist; from Abdera in Thrace; arrived in Athens mid-fifth century; friend and associate of Pericles; might have been tried for impiety. • Famously observed that man is the matter of all things. • The guy who had the conversation if a kid runs in the middle of a javelin toss and is skewered, who is responsible. • Sophists want to teach people how to speak clearly • Might have been tried for impiety, but the evidence is lacking. • The strong do what they must, the weak do what they can.

Anaxagoras

(ca. 500-428?) -- theoretician and physicist; from Ionia; arrived in Athens ca. 456; friend and associate of Pericles; tried for impiety in 437/6 • Probably moved to the city around the first half of the 5th cent. • Thought that everything was built up of tiny little parts of something bigger, such as trees made up of tiny little trees. • Also had a belief about the cosmos, that mind sent matter whirling, and the friction of this movement heated things up to glow. o The sun is not a deity, but a really big and hot piece of matter. • Hung out with the Athenian elite. o Good friends with Pericles • In 437/6, charged with impiety and had to leave Athens, probably due to his thoughts. o Good view at the challenge to traditional beliefs and those defending the beliefs.

Siege and Surrender of Athens

(spring / summer 404)—city was surrounded. They then had to surrender and peace was imposed. The long walls around Athens had to be pulled down (as well as the city walls). They lost all foreign possessions. What was left of the fleet was supposed to be forfeited except for 12 ships. All the exiles from the oligarchic period had to be returned to the city. The Spartans set about dismantling the Athenian empire in a herd. The former Athenian allies set up oligarchic governments with a board, but it did not last long anywhere.

Peace of Kallias

450-449 Peace of Kallias, between Greeks and Persians. Athens did this by speaking on Greece's behalf. The league is no longer needed if there was a peace between the 2, as the league was to defend against the Persians. There is no mention of this peace in history though, except for diodorus, who says that if the Persians would keep to themselves, the Athenians would keep away from the coast, and the Ionians would be free of Persian rule.

Ionian Revolt

499-494, led by Aristagoras of Miletus. He tried to take over a Cyclodese island, but failed. Then he tried to form a rebellion in the Greek states on the Ionian coast. It lasted for 5 years. He was a "friendly" tyrant before the rebellion. He tried to get help in the mainland, and went to Sparta and Athens because these two polias were already established as the strongest 2 polias. To Sparta they brought a bronze map made by Hekateous. When the Sparta found out it was a 3 month trek to the capital from Souza they told them to get out. The Athenian troops said sure, why not. • Why did they agree? Well, they might have wanted to get back at the Persians. Also, Hippias, the exiled tyrant, was a powerful man on the Persian court and wanted to come back to Athens, so they wanted to deal with that outright. The Athenians then put together a fleet of 20 ships, plus they got 5 more from the Eubean city of Eretria. At the time it was an enormous fleet (about half of Athens' fleet). The sailing of the fleet is the beginning of trouble. They got inland enough to go to Cresus' old capital of Sardis. • Destruction of ancient Lydian capital at Sardis by Athenian troops. Much of the city was made of mudbrick and straw, so they set fire to the city. Large parts of the city was burned and then they went home. This was an extremely bitter affair. • "Master, remember the Athenians" (Hdt. 5.105). Darius, rightfully, believed that the Athenians reneged on their agreement, especially due to the large losses of life they Persians occurred. Herodotus said that Darius was so mad that he hired a slave to stand next to him and remind him remember the Athenians. Eventually, the Persian war machine rolled into action and the Ionian cities were one by one subdued. • Sack of Miletus; Phrynicus's tragedy. Miletus was sacked, everyone either killed or sold into slavery. Phrynicus wrote a tragedy "The Destruction of Miletus," angering the Athenians, who hit him with a huge fine and all of the copies of the plays were to be burned and it could never be written again.

Kleisethetic reform 508

506 Athenians sent men to the Persian governor to help them deal with Sparta, who appeared weak enough to take over. o He asked for Earth and Water in exchange for his help. o The Athenians misunderstood them, as this was a sign of subservience, and said ok. o The Athenians repelled a small Spartan task force. o The Athenian democracy was already sufficiently defending itself against foreign threats

Naval Battle of Noteon

A general under Alcibiades was told not to attack, but his subordinate did anyway and he lost, Alcibiades was to blame. Popular feeling changed again, so he fled the city to a villa in the north, but never returned to Athens.

Ascendancy of Pericles

A golden age for Athens. What we see is Pericles is ascending within the democratic system. We see both the personal and official elements of him coming to power. Pericles pushed a measure to restrict citizenship in the 450's. It was no longer enough to have a citizen father, but also must have a mother who had a citizen father. One small irony, that Pericles had to have one small measure passed to have women be foreign citizens.

The Investiture of Syracuse

A large and powerful polis. The Athenians are able to win some victories. They decide to blockade Syracuse by means of a wall. What the Athenians want to do is use the fleet to barricade the harbor and to block the land from a certain point. Instead of them surrendering, Syracuse creates a counterwall to block Athenian progress. • Gylippus, Spartan commander in Sicily—He was sent there and was a brilliant tactician. Under him, there was a new hope and they began to win a number of smaller battles. • Mounting Athenian losses; Nicias' letter—Says we are baffled by the counterwall, the ships are falling to rot and ruin since we cannot dry-dock them to clean them up. The slaves are deserting at a fantastic rate. The Athenians themselves are growing more restless and are quarelling amongst themselves. They believed they would see quick victory which was not the case. Nicias says it is nearly impossible to control his own men. He calls for more money, more men, and more ships. He also says he is having a painful disease of the kidneys and is requesting to be relieved of duty. They give him his money, ships, and men, but keep him on duty.

Brasidas

A new kind of Spartan?—He is freer from the state control that other Spartans had. His field of command was from way up north. Consisted of a few free men but the rest was a group of helots in the army, called the new people. Mercenaries were also involved. War has been going on for about 7 years @ this point. While he was up north, he defeated Thucydides. Thucydides was the general up there because his family had mining interests up there. When he was defeated, he was sent into exile for 20 years. Cleon marches up that way to take care of it himself.

Works and Days

A poem by Hesiod of how to keep your farm running on a day to day basis.

Pericles' Last Speech

A total reprieve of the Funeral Oration. Talks not of Athens at home, but Athens abroad, that citizens must serve the state. That we must bear our loses as we will recover from them. He says basically what has happened is a tyranny has occurred now and that it is happening, but they cannot end it quite now, so they need to maintain the empire and not try to expand at this time. • Death of Pericles (428/7)

The Rise of Alcibiades

Alcmeonid, ward and nephew of Pericles, friend of Socrates and tried to seduce him unsuccessfully, Olympic victor, one of the handsomest men in Athens. Tried to form an alliance with a few Spartan states, which did not break the treaty, but went against the spirit of it.

Earth and Water

Athenian approaches to the Persian satrap (local governor) Artaphernes in 506. • The Spartans were probing to try to get some kind of advantage over Athens at this time. • Athenians sent envoys to the Persian gov. and give earth and water in exchange for support. At the same time, the Persian boundaries were expanding exponentially. • Darius had extreme wealth, as the Persians were good at taxation and were acquiring wealth at a ridiculous rate. Herodotus also says that there are dogsized ants that carried the gold from India to them and that the semen of Indians was black, not white. • The Ionian states had been paying tribute (protection) money to the Persians since Cresus.

Potidea

Athenian attack on Potidaea (433/2)—Corinthian colony originally, but then joined the Athenian alliance. Athens told them to tear down their walls and expel any Corinthian nobles that were there. The city refused and rebelled. So the Athenians sieged it and forced it into submission.

Themistocles

Athenian statesman who persuaded Athens to build a navy and then led it to victory over the Persians (527-460 BC) Distinctly not part of the eupatrids, part of a new elite. Rumored his mother wasn't even Athenian. •The economics of sea power • Social and ideological effects: hoplites vs. sailors. o Hoplite requires men to buy their own armor, some kind of training, being called out in specific seasons to fight on pre-selected plots of land, then returning home, so it was still for the well-off. o Navy had to be maintained and built all at the state's expense, so even the poor could join in. Themistocles was responsible for building of ships. Talking about the wooden walls of the ships was what the priestess was telling him about in her vision. The ships were designed with three levels of ores stacked, and the bow had a bronze beak and the goal was to build speed and ram it into enemy ships to put a hole in it.

Battles in The Great Harbor

Athenians are able to win by luck. Although Athens wins, the Syracusians are able to take the location of the Athenians supply depots. The Syracusians reinforce their ships and make their tri-reams longer, which gave them a significant advantage. The Athenians actually lost the first harbor battle. The Athenians stage a night attack, which was first successful, but then turns to chaos as they were too excited. The Athenians tried to higher some Thracian mercenaries, but couldn't pay them. On the way home they found a tiny Athenian city and killed them all, even their animals, school children, everyone. Thuc says for its scope, it is nothing compared to the entire war it was only a few hundred people. Nicolesus was utterly unimportant so Thuc says that no place is safe. • The Athenian army camped somewhere to the north in a swamp/marshland. Disease, vermin, etc. The army is about to move on August 32, 413 BCE. There is a lunar eclipse, which was too given to religion and Nicias listens to a soothsayer, and keep the men there for a period of purification, 27 days. The men just wanted to leave. • The second battle, the Athenians were beaten. The Syr. used a chain in the water to create a barricade to keep the Athenians back. • The Athenians say we will regroup and win, Gyllipus says that the Athenians will mess themselves up as they are not used to losing. • The Athenians are routed and retreat. • Last speech of Nicias. He says fortune can change things, there is still hope. The Gods must be pleased by how much we have suffered. They retreat over land in late summer so it is hot as hell. They come to a river called Ossinarous. At this river the Syracusinas were waiting for them. The Athenians rushed to the water dying of thirst, literally getting picked off 1 by 1. Everyone died.

Pericles' Strategy

Back during Themistocles, they rebuilt the walls of the city and created a fortified track from the agora to the port of Piraeus and also another track to the other smaller port of Phaleron. He realized that their land forces were no match for the Spartan land forces, so they decreed that the citizens would come in off their lands, gather within the protection of the walls, and that their fleet would bring them everything they needed so long as they have their ships. In terms of the rules of ancient warfare, this was something new. Military and political historians still talk about this tactic. Thucydides does not talk about the reaction of the people, but just focuses on the war. 'We have the sea, they have the land, but as long as we have money and ships we will win.' The Spartans come up and burn some crops and at the same time the Athenians sail down towards Sparta and cause a little trouble.

Hippocratic Medicine

Balance of forces within the body—hot and cold, wet and dry. Disease happens when something is out of balance. It exists more on a scientific method process. It is completely secular. • Observation (such as this is what happens when you don't...) > diagnosis (you now have...) > prescription (usefulness).

Ionian Polis

Candaules and GYGES > fifth generation > • CROESUS, king of Lydia (r. 560-546), defeated by • CYRUS, king of Persia (r. 557-530),succeeded by his son—Under his rule that the Persians overthrew the median lords who had been in charge and began to rule. He was the one who conqured all the way out to the coastline. Died on campaign. • CAMBYSES (r. 530-522; conquers Egypt ca. 525], succeeded by—He appears as the archetypal son of a great leader (second best), He was aggressive and energetic. By this time Egypt was weak politically, seized the opportunity to conquer it, as Egypt was the breadbasket of the Mediterranean. In Egybt he struck the bull of ... with his sword and it is a sacralige and he ends up hurting himself when sheathing his sword. • DARIUS (ca. 550-486; r. 522-486), succeeded by his son—The Great; there seems some kind of conspiracy, where he establishes himself as king. o In Byzantine, there exists one of the biggest pieces of propaganda, where it is inscribed in three of the languages of the times. It retells the accomplishments of him, putting down an usurper and how he kept everything together. o It has Darius with his foot on someone and there were people on foot, tied up. Hovering above was a hovering divinity. • XERXES (ca.520-465; r.486-465).

Story of Candaules and GYGES

Candaules had a wife he was madly in love with. So much so he wants to show her off. Invites GYGES over to see his wife naked, hides in the room, and is caught. Summond the next day and told either he kills Candaules and marry the wife or he will die. He chooses to live. There is a prophecy saying vengence will come to your family on the fifth generation.

Causes of The War: Epidamnos

Epidamnos: Athenian alliance with Corcyra against Corinth (433)—Corinth long ago founded a colony in the northwest called Corcyra, who in turn found a colony really far north called Epidamnos. There was civil strife at Epidamnos (democrats vs. oligarchs), so the people ask for Corcyra to help them out, but they are turned down. Even though it was settled by Corcyrans, a Corinthian founded it so they went to Corinth for help and they accepted and went to Epidamnos.

413 The Athenians in Sicily

Few of the many returned home, Fortification of Decelea, at the advice of Alcibiades used as a place to constantly abuse Athens and it became a sanctuary for Athenian runaway slaves, who abandoned as a rapid rate. The ones who ran away the most were from the silver mines in Larium.

Papyrus Decree

For the building program—5000 talons are to be used to beautify Athens. This is sometimes given to Euthydemos who was from 431/30, but is really from Euthynos (449/8).

Herodotus

Herodotus has direct dialogue in his stories, which he would not have ever heard, which is a common Greek device for stories taken from Homer. While Cambyses was away, Darius seizes power back home. Darius is in the line of Cyrus, but is nowhere near in the succession line. He overthrows the magai. • In chapter 80, Herodotus inserts himself into the conversation and stomps his foot and says "people say this conversation never happened but it really did," like a little kid (conversation about whether or not Persia should be a democracy or kingship or oligarchy). This was probably a reference to the debates going on in Athens due to the extreme democracy running amuck at the time. He had such a sympathetic tone for the Persians he would be called 'barbarian lover' by his critics. • What we see with Greece and Persia was the first great ideological conflicts of the "West"

Euthyphro

His friend, professional seer. Runs into him as the charges being brought up. Asks him what his charges are and if he really was being impietous. So he asks what is piety, and is told doing what pleases the gods. • Socrates is happy with that. So, he asks, is it possible to be pious to some and not the others? • So Socrates eventually sees so much inconsistency with the religion and almost makes Euthyphro lose his faith so he leaves. • Early and simple dialogue, but it really works to show the Socratic method.

Formation of The Delian League

In 478. • They met at Delos, representatives of different parts of Greece met to form a union to protect themselves from invaders. • Principles of organization. Every state was to have an equal vote and have internal autonomy. • The Spartans and their southern allies did not join. • The perception was how to protect against the possible Persian threat. o A contribution by each member state Money—Goes into a common treasury for ships to be built in Athens, by Athenian shipwrights, manned by Athenians. Most contributed money. Ships—Some did contribute ships, but money was easier. o The goal was to protect the Agaean Sea. • First assessment by Aristides the Just—Seems to have made a fair distribution and many states signed on. • It was at this time the poleis felt strong as they had fended of the Persians not long ago, Italy (mostly Greek colonies) had fended off an invasion from Carthage, so life was good. Warfare had now changed. There used to be the hoplite, with the war season. With Naval warfare though, war becomes a year-round concept. Ships could be launched at any time of the year and deployed to anywhere. • The Athenians are now the hegemonic state, as they had all the money, the power to build, keep, and arm all the ships. • The Thetes were the ones who rowed the ships, give the poor an oar because they cannot afford armor. • They had income coming in from abroad to support their navy. Almost like protection money.

Polycratis

In a position of creat power (Koros) and sends to a fellow tyrant Amasas, who says you are too lucky, that you must do something to cause a lot of grief in order for the gods to do something bad. He takes a ring he really loves, takes it off, and throws it into the sea from a boat. The next day, a fisherman catches a fish with the ring inside, brings the ring back to him. When Amasas finds out about the ring, he cuts off their friendship, saying he is so lucky that he is doomed to a bad end. We see Herodotus incorporating folktale into his stories.

Herodotus

It is unmistakable that Thucydides is writing in the context of Herodotus. Thucydides is much more self-conscious of his work than Herodotus. In the first few chapters, he even says, it is difficult to say exactly what happened in a complicated matter, that he would ask many sources and that he also says for speeches, that he recorded them as most generally as what was actually said and what was called for by the speaker and the circumstances he wrote for. Also claims usefulness (prescription). Says that he will help the readers and that it will be a guide incase similar things happen in the future, and he says that he wants his work to be one for eternity.

Nomos

Law, custom, tradition—A word that is almost untranslatable. It can be used as law, can be used as customs and traditions, with how you train your people, treat your dead, the food you ate, all fall under this word. Can be used as a synonym for culture

Battle of Thermopylae

Leonidas and the 300 Spartans. (August 480) • Xerxes sends a scout to look at the Spartans, and reports back to Xerxes they are exercising and dressing their hair. Xerxes laughs, but the scout explains that this means they are preparing to fight to the death. • Many of the Greeks from the area around Thermopylae and Spartans meadized. • It is here at Thermopylae that a small Spartan and allied group take a stand. • They make their stand and repel the threat until a traitor tells the Persians about a secret pass that would get the Spartans caught in a pincer and they are killed.

Arrival of Persian Forces at Marathon

NE of Athens, met by Athenians and Plataeans under Miltiades. One of the most important battles in Greek history with little information. Supposedly, in passion for their polis, they ran a full mile in hoplite armor to meet the Persians, which is bullshit, you can't do that. • Can we tell how the battle progressed? How did the Greeks win?—Greeks vs. Persians begin to appear on vase painting, where the Greek is a hoplite and the Persian jurkins of leather and cloth with wicker shields (defending yourself with lawn furniture). Greeks were fighting in Phalanx and they had one language, as opposed to the Persians, who were from all over and probably spoke many different languages. One painting from inside a bowl is an Athenian standing over a Persian, about to take off his head. We see the triumph of the Greeks and the creation of a Legend. o Why does Herodotus not discuss much about Marathon?—It was an Athenian, more than a Greek victory, so he says it is important, but the Xerxes battle is more important. o None the less, it was as important

Techniques of Athenian Control

Naval, military, political, legal, economic, they took power through fear, honor, and profit o Profit—The Athenians would profit off of the league through the tributes. • Kept this power through: o Navy—The most powerful naval force anywhere in the Mediterranean. The sailors were motivated to prove themselves. o Military—The navy established garrisons led by Athenian officials, manned by Athenian soldiers against any potential uprising that may occur. o Political—a pamphlet that survived is called "the old oligarch." We do know that the Athenians established oligarchies all over the place. o Legal—Exerted control. A number of important crimes, even by a citizen of an ally state, they had to be brought to Athens for a trial by jury. o Economically—Athenian currency became the currency of the huge expanse of territory. The Athenians would send out settlers. They would establish Athenian settlements by selling land and then receiving a property tax in the form of a payment of a share of the crops.

Battle in the straits of Salamis

September 480 • The "briar patch" strategy: Athenian triremes vs. Persian men o' war. Themistocles was counting on the large Persian boats simply not being able to fend off the smaller, lighter, faster, more maneuverable Athenian ships. • It is clear that Themistocles strategy worked just like they wanted. One of the heroes of the battle is a woman from Halicarnassus, where Herodotus is from, so he takes time to praise her. • Xerxes fleas over land. The Athenians wanted to destroy the bridge he built at Hellespont, but decided not to and taunted Xerxes about it.

Apology

Socrates' speech in self-defense at his trial; 3 accusers: Anytos, Meletos, Lykon; the charges: atheism and corrupting the youth • As vivid a document as we have of the Athenian legal system. • Begins by saying that he has to overcome not only the charges, but the general prejudice against him. o Where does it come from? From the older class because for many Athenians it was exhilarating, but for many more it was scary that he could challenge their belief system. • They ask him what his mission was. o Says his friend went to Delphi and asked is anyone wiser than Socrates and the friend was told no one is wiser than Socrates. o Questioned fellow citizens to figure out if this was true Questioned the artisans, found out they knew the highly technical skills but not much else, lied about things they knew Questioned the poets, but saw a lot of things they did not know and that they lied about. Socrates says he is wiser than them all because he admits to saying he truly knows nothing. Having discovered this, he wanted to make Athens better. Calls himself a gadfly (horsefly), wants to sting Athens into wisdom. • Socrates had the chance to bring up his accusor. o Brought up Meletos Asks Meletos who makes the young better? Eventually forces him to say all the Greek citizens make the youth better, but everyone but Socrates. Forced into this obsurdity to say look how dumb that is. Will not bring his wife and children up weeping to try to elicit the jury's sympathy, saying he has too much respect for the jury to do that. • Describes his own activity, talks about what the benefits he brought to the community are. • As custom, the jury voted for conviction. After this, it is the custom that the defendant can propose a penalty for himself. o Everyone thought he would propose exile o Proposed that he should be put up in the capitol house at the polis expense, being sarcastic. o Proposes his wealthy friends pay a huge fine for him, but they voted for the death penalty.

The After Effects

Sparta proved they could be just as imperialist as Athens, but they were not as good. The other mainline Greek states (Cornith, Thebes, Argos) started to jockey for power amongst themselves. One thing we will see is this constant shift among states that briefly climb to the top until someone else pulls them down. This will eventually conclude with Macedon. The war had lasted 27 years. That infrastructure of the citizen farmer that had become part of the daily life had been dissolved. There were now more mercenaries and it became a respected, prideful job as there were now many men who were unemployed, so it was the perfect way to find work. The whole conditions of warfare had changed. No longer just the hoplite, but year-round war. There were now siege weapons and siege engines to knock down or tunnel under walls. Psychologically, it is impossible to divine what it did to the people. Oedipus in the grove that was supposed to be off limits and belonging to the furies. When the kind Thesious of Athens is told of what he had done, he responds with sympathy and generosity and understanding, based on man and the knowledge that man is troubled and doomed and we are no better than one another. The polis itself is undercut, since the identification of citizen and city-state, starts to evolve. The polis has been in existence as a social form for 250 years, but after all these years of war, this kind of community and organization exhausted. There is a move toward larger and more anonymous place. There is the development of different kinds of worship, cults, etc. A new role for the Greek "Others," women, children, and noncitizens of the polis.

The Truest Cause of The War

Spartan anxiety about Athens' growing power.

Lysander

Spartan commander—The next brilliant Spartan general. He was Mothax(halfbreed), he had a helot father, Spartan mother. Toward the end of the war, he is the leading figure on the Spartan side. He manages once again, to enlist Persian money and to build a Spartan fleet.

Battle of Plataea

Summer of 479 Pausanias vs. Mardonius • The 2 forces meet outside the small polis of Plataea, right outside of Thebes. The Athenians are led by Pausanias, and this battle went on for about 3 weeks. There was a prophecy of whoever crossed the river between them first would lose, so they were in a standoff. • The Greek hoplite forces routed the Persian ground forces thanks to superior training, tactics, and weapons lead to a win. There was another naval battle off the Ionian coast, but this was the remnants of their troops and they were destroyed.

The Serpent Column

The Greeks set up a tripod as a memorial, and on the base of the column, made up of the three entwined serpents, was listed the names of the states that fought the war. Sparta, Athens, Corinth, etc. It was originally set up in Greece, but was moved to Constantinople by order of Constantine.

Sophistic Thought

The Sophists were a group of philosophers. They said they could teach effective persuasion. Most famous is Protagoris, and he truly believed that human nature was better and said that "man is the measure of all things," not some kind of golden rule, all about virtue. He did believe virtue could be taught. Helen is an "Uber Slut" ~Professor Andy.

Second Oligarchic Revolution

The Thirty Tyrants (fall 404 - spring 403)—Athens was under Spartan protection. A board of 30 had been set up to oversee the state and manage the constitution. It began relatively slowly, the assembly was dissolved, a group of 500 men selected to lead under the guidance of the 30. Soon turned to a bloodbath. Under the 30, there was a party loyalty that became a thing. They all fell victim to the terror. Athens just came out of a 27 year war and at home, they are killing each other. Theramates, who was one of the powerful oligarchs from earlier, was no longer a force, and was killed in his chamber, when they put hemlock down his throat. Critias—Former friend of Socrates, was ruthless and violent. Democrats at Phyle—They begin to make their way back to Attica. Thrasybulus was their leader. They occupied a fortress at Phyle, which is near the Theban boarder. The 30 were so panicked, they arranged for a Spartan garrison on the acropolis. It finally became a sanctuary for people. The democratic forces grew. Gradually, we have a full-scale civil war. In Spring 403, Critias and 70 of his followers were killed. Restoration of democracy, again—What happens then? The Athenian response to these horrors is not what is expected. The Athenians decided to offer a decree of amnesty after this instead of more fighting. There was a return to the Cleisthenic constitution. The democrats say forgive and forget. We are told that the walls of Athens were torn down to the sound of flute playing by the victors, so now there was a new one. A procession by the people back to the Acropolis.

The Ascent of Pericles

The ascent of Pericles (an Alchmeonid). He is a general, and both an aristocrat and a radical. • First hear of him from "Reform" of the Areopagus(462/1). The job of the Areopagus was only to deal with cases of murder in the cold blood. o Ephialtes tried to strip it of its power, but was killed, probably by Pericles as he had a lot to gain by his death. • Aeschylus' Oresteia (458)—The only surviving complete trilogy.

Socratic Method

The way of eliciting information through questioning. • So far as we know, he never proposed any sort of Dogma, but he did as many questions • He attracted the elite, especially the young of Athens.

Athenian Reconstruction

Themistocles' ruse • After the agreement to tear down the walls, they decided to build them back up. When it was at a defensible height, Themistocles tells his host that Athens could now defend itself. The Spartans didn't do anything in response. • Themistocles was ostracized in 471, and went south to a neighbor of Sparta. He supposedly was causing trouble. Themistocles was tried by Athens and was found guilty and punishment was death. He fled to Persia and became a noble there and died of either illness of suicide.

Increasing intervention of Persia

They are extremely wealthy as they had been accumulating wealth via taxes for a long time. They finally figured out that the way to gain influence in Greece was to write them checks. Both Sparta and Athens asked for money. The Persians wanted to regain the Ionian coast and all of its wealthy Greek cities. The war begins to shift to the Ionian coast as the black sea would be important to resource imports.

Coinage Decree

Thought it was from the 420's until there were names found to be associated to it. All Athenians and members of the confederacy are to use Athenian coins, weights, and measures. This is both economically and psychologically important as it throws out the idea of autonomy in the league.

Kleinias Decree

Tightening tribute collection—Used to be dated to the 420's, until the name Kleinias was attributed to it, the most famous of whom died in 446. Set a much higher penalty for failing to pay a tribute on time.

Second Persian Invasion

Under Xerxes (480-79). He takes it upon himself to finish his fathers mission. • His Youth--Debate among Xerxes, Artabanus (his father's uncle) and Mardonius (an older man) (Hdt. 7.8-11) • Reasons to go to war o Ancestrial custom o Past history/past glory—we need to get future glory o Revenge for Marathon o Mardonius says the Greeks are weak on top of this. o Artabanus said no, the Greeks are strong, that we can't predict what will happen, telling him "Don't push to far, the gods are jealous," That the gods smite the mightiest o Xerxes says that if he wasn't his father's uncle, he would have him whipped and stuff like that, but then repents and says I am sorry, I am a youthful hothead. o While Xerxes is asleep, a figure comes to him in a dream and tells him to invade Greece, but he ignored the god because he forgot about it, so the god came back and repeated the message, but this time in a nightmare. Xerxes tells his uncle about the dream and he says dreams are like what we think about during the day, that it is nothing to take seriously. He says he will go into his bed and see what happens, and haves the same dream. o Xerxes is expressing Hybris, passing to it from Koros, a line that as soon as you cross, you never go back.• Xerxes turns land into water by cutting a canal. Xerxes is sailing and a storm hits and impedes them, so he has the water @ Hellespont flogged and whipped, then he brands it with a hot iron, and then throws shackles in. He has the engineers beheaded. This is where he falls into Ate (madness). And yet, Xerxes is not a cardboard cutout. • The Persians make their way over land while the fleet makes their way east to west. Xerxes is said to have started to weep, because of how many men were before him and the brevity of the situation, saying that in 100 years none of them will even be here anymore, almost acknowledging how futile it is, but also was in the dangerous position of looking at them as if a god. Herodotus says over 1mil Persians, bs but there were a lot. • At this point in the story is when Herodotus mentions the envoys who were killed from the first battle. Demaratus in exile.

Cimon's Victory

Victory over the Persian fleet at the Eurymedon (bet. 469 - 466)—He uses the league fleet to crush the Persians.

Rise of Cleon

Well to do, but not powerful, family: • a "new politician" • "the most violent and most persuasive citizen" (says Thuc). Cleon was the first demagogue, saying he could lead the people without being led by them. • Both Thucydides and Aristophanes hated Cleon. Why? o Family—Clan ties o Money— o These two things led to formal or semiformal alliances. Cleon was wealthy, not a member of the elite, did not have the bonds of friendship like his predecessors, father owned a tanners guild. Depicted as vial, violent, vulgar, and self-fulfiling. However, Cleon's policy was very much the same as Pericles' so not much had actually changed.

Athenian Tragedy

You can read what is happening at this time as a tragedy, where the participants are going against each other until someone falls.

Thucydides

born ca. 460 to a wealthy family (gold mining interests in Thrace); plague victim 427; general at Amphipolis 424; lost to Brasidas (Spartan general), exiled for 20 years due to the defeat (last 20 years of the war), then returned to Athens; died ca. 400.

Herodotus of Halicarnassus

ca. 485 - ca. 430—He would have been a child during the second Persian invasion. Sometime around 440, it seems he moved to Athens and then from Athens to a great colony in Italy. • While @ Athens, he seems to have given public readings of his histories. Began with a satirical set of stealing women (Aristophanies parodies it saying the Athenian-Spartan war started when the Spartans took Athenian prostitutes from a brothel). The happy character from Greek history. • He is well-regarded, and did a good job, doing a job nobody had ever done before, a vast account of a wide array of historical events. o He wrote on large scrolls with ink probably of soot. He had to keep this whole work in his head the entire time. o The way he set motifs and changed characters was amazing he would have to keep looking back and whatnot. • He uses another word after his polis to identify himself, historias (of his studies, a brand new word). o He would introduce the setting of his works, and speak of the great deeds of both Greeks and Barbaros. o The foreigners also enjoyed his works. o To preserve them was hard, so they would not be washed away by time. o He said he did not want great deeds worn away by time. o Wants to put on record why he thought the conflict started. o Mentions a string of rapes and abductions. o He says, " I know who injured the Greeks," showing what he believed happened at the same time as telling the story, almost accompanying one through his stories.

Herakleitos (Heraclitus) of Ephesus

ca. 535-475; "everything flows"; [fire]—You can't reach into the same river twice as everything flows, there is constant flux. His work only exists in fragments, quoted by other authors. He says the priest of Delphi does not respond, only gives a sign, leaving us to figure out what the god might mean.

Hekataios (Hecataeus) of Miletus

ca. 560-476 "Journey Around the World"—He reported on the customs of the non-Greeks, work only survives in fragments. Herodotous thinks of him as a fool. • "I have recorded my journey as the greeks have many beliefs that I find simple-minded (wrong)". He wrote in prose to account for his trip around the world.

The Growth of Athenian Domination

coercion of Naxos (467?)—Naxos decided to secede from the Delian league. They were one of the few who donated ships. The Athenians decided to surround Naxos with league ships and force it to stay in the League. and Thasos (465/4?)—Gets involve with a quarrel with Athens over some access to some gold mines on the main land. Athens uses the league ships once again to surround Thasos and intimidate them, this time for a completely private matter, so it shows the growth of Athenian imperialism and dickishness. • The people of Thasos went to Sparta for help and Sparta said they would help. • Before the Spartans went there, there was an earthquake (464), followed by the Helot rebellion. • The Spartans then went to Athens for help. o Kimon is to lead a relief expidition and a hoplite patrol goes to help them. When Kimon gets there, there is a Spartan group that tells him thanks for coming but we don't need you now. o This is a huge disgrace for Kimon, his unit is discredited, and he is ostracized. Athenian alliance with Megara > alienation of Corinth > "First Peloponnesian War" (460-446). • This war ended up being inconclusive. It was made up of small raids back and forth with no true winner.

Response in Athens

establishment of board of 10 Probouloi; suspension of tribute. The 100 year old government was showing strain. The 10 men elected were pure democrats, took over the council (overseer of the bule). They became the true decision makers. They decided to enforce an across the board 5% tax on any goods leaving any allied port. A little less overtly oppressive.

The Victory at Marathon

left Athens very powerful. The Spartans sent embaseries up to Marathon to survey the Persian death toll, where they saw the Persian death toll vastly outweighed the Athenian death toll, gave them praise and went home.

The profanation of the Mysteries and the Mutilation of the herms.

o Alcibiades indicted in absentia; his flight—they are indicted in parodying the Elucenian Mysteries, which was a big sacrilige. The statues (herms) were displayed everywhere, which is a pillar, with a male head and a penis. Alcibiades not only made fun of the Mysteries, but he knocked the heads off the herms and knocking the penises off of them, which was a big deal. It was on the eve of the expedition. These are bad omens. o He is about to take off but an Athenian ship was to arrest him, before they could, he flees to Sparta in a ship. He is then condemned in absentia. The Athenians now make their way to Syracuse.

Perspective of The World

o There were constant low-grade boarder skirmishes in the territories between the different poleis o Hoplight warfare. The two sides would decide to have a battle, meet and then fight. The Loser could collect their dead and wounded under truce, then the winner established a shrine to honor the battle and their victory The advantage was that the fighting was limited to the combatants. The number of casualties was probably fairly small

Greek Contact with Foreigners

o We can say they had cultural and trade relations with many different peoples. o Start to get a concept of us and them. The study of Alterity. The concept of polis was very important. Linguistic definition, barbaros The recognizable pantheon of gods. o Greek merceneries would hire themselves out to eastern kingdoms, as would doctors and craftsmen

Eupatrid competition in the context of democracy

prosecutions and ostracisms—The democracy in Athens is about 20 years old at this point. The Kleisthenic reforms did nothing to reduce the inter-clan feuding and competition. The aristocrats were still struggling for power within the framework.

Pausanias

regent (general) of Sparta and victor at Plataea. He went north to Byzantium and fought there. They were afraid he was going native though, as he was starting to dress in fancy garb and perfumed himself. Called back to Sparta, tried and acquitted, so he returned to Byzantium, and was kicked out by the Athenians. Went to live in Asia Minor, was recalled by the Spartans once again and went back. He was accused of trying to lead the Helots to rebel as a letter was found (real or not) and so he ran to a sanctuary for protection. They walled him up in there until he was on the verge of death and they pulled him out to die outside. Pausanias' arrogance alienated the Greek allies. Who else could the allies turn to? Athens. The Persians were not clearly gone for good, but the Athenians and Spartans decided they would tear down their walls as a show of good faith.

Evacuation of Attica

• "Decree of Themistocles"—Says the city will be put under the protection of the Goddess Athena, that the women and children will be sent away to Troy, the elderly to Salamis, and that all other Athenians and their allies will board ships and defend against the Persians. • Persian sack of Athens—When the Athenians leave, there are some who stayed to protect Athens, but they are overrun, and Athens is sacked and almost raised.

Story of Croesus

• CROESUS—King of Lydia and the fifth generation. Solon was in self-imposed exile and goes to visit CROESUS. Solon arrives and CROESUS imposes him a riddle "who is the happiest man?" SOLON says that the happiest man is Tellus the Athenian, saying he had sons and they had sons, Tellus bore armor and died in battle defending the polis and died under a shrine. CROESUS was frustrated by the answer and asked who the next happiest was, and spoke of 2 brothers who took their mother to a shrine. SOLON explained to him they were happy with life, not wealth (the word happy and wealthy was the same word). SOLON tells him something about stability being important to happiness as wealth can leave you. How Greekness comes to be identified with being tough and selfdefining, whereas Asianness comes to be defined with wealth, softness, luxury, etc.

Art and Culture in The Late Archaic and Early Classical Age

• Growing contrast between barbaros (= "barbarian" i.e., non-Greek-speaker) and xenos ("stranger" or "guest-friend"). • Orientalizing and Hellenizing tendencies among the elite; evidence from art—The winged lion with a man's head in the MET. These human-animal hybrids were part of the recognized iconology in the far east, but to the Greeks, they were monsters. But, these were borrowed from the east. Sphynx, griphans, hybrids, etc.

Hippias in Exile

• Hippias's dream > ways of predicting the future: o Omens--an event in the natural world that is taken as a sign from the gods in Xerxes, he sees a horse give birth to a rabbit o oracles—Herodotus makes an emphatic statement that oracles work. His first book has a ton of prophecies o dreams—Dreams that he would sleep with his mother. Then he loses a tooth and it goes far away and he scrambles for it. It means that he would regain his motherland, but only the little bit that his tooth occupied. Dreams are very important in these stories. Polytracris wanted to expand his territory, and his daughter has a dream of him being washed by the rain and burned by the sun, and when he invaded a neighbor, he is impaled and dies. • We might be able to predict what will happen next. That every crime, transgression, breach of Nomos, will be paid back

First Persian Invasion

• In 492, Darius sent a huge fleet by one Dironous to sail west, but a huge storm came and wrecked them. Next, Darius sent envoys to the Athenians seeking earth and water (subjugation) and most of the Greek states said ok, it was known as meadizing. The idea that the Greeks united to do this was utter bullshit. Even Thebes did it. When the envoys get to Persia and Sparta, they are killed. The Athenians cut them down and threw them in a ditch and the Spartans threw them into a well and told them get their own earth and water (THIS IS SPARTA). This is a huge breach of Nomos as you never kill envoys. Herodotus says "eventually, retribution comes." One Spartan king is unjustly disposed "DEMERITUS" and goes to Persia. The Fleet goes across and starts at the islands • Earth and water again: "Medism" and "medizing" by Greek states. • Destruction of Eretria. They start with Eretria, and it is sacked. They then make their way to a little landing zone. They then get to Athens, where the Athenians go to the Spartans for backup as they are outnumbered 2-1, but the Spartans have a religious holiday and say sorry cant do it

Development of Philosophers

• Jean Pierre—talks about philosophy taking place in the agora, in the center of the city. It is by citizens. • There were priests in Athens, but they were thought of to do a function, but were not thought of as being holy. • Women had a role in religion, like priestess at Delphi, or Athens, had a role, but were not priestly, not thought of as holy. • No idea of a single omnipotent deity. The gods are there and they do intervene, but are not thought of as omnipotent and everywhere. • Truth is not a matter of divine revelation.

K.H.A.N

• Koros—satisfaction, having enough. CROESUS has enough. • Hybris—pride and violence. Accompanied by some kind of rash action that breaks a barrier. • Atê—rash action • Nemesis—punishment, destruction, perhaps accompanied by wisdom.

Maltanese

• Maltenese, a war hero from Marathon, was exiled via ostracism by a member of the Alchmeonids since he was from a rival clan.

Changed Archon Election Procedure

• Procedure to elect archons was changed. Elected by lot from the boule and could be elected and reelected. They were generals, both land and naval.

Ionian Philosophy

• The Milesian School (i.e., from Miletus)—We start by looking east. • Speculation about the primal substance of the cosmos—What was the underlying element that everything we see comes to be made. • Thales (again), ca. 624-546 [water was the primary substence everything is made of]—First of the Milesian school, gave political advise to his fellows, called useless, but was able to use meteorological prowess to predict a good year for olives, bought every press and then rented them out for huge profit. • Anaximander, ca. 610-546 [to apeiron = the infinite]—Said it wasn't water, but an abstract entity he called the infinite. • Anaximenes, ca. 585-528 [aer="air"]—said it is air. • It is not the substence, but it was the process of thinking that was the big deal. o The Gods were absent in this model, it is a rational, skeptical, and scientific idea. o A leap that is incomprehensible for us to understand how different this was to the past.

Results of The War

• The Persians were genuinely pushed back, which the Greeks did not yet know. So there is no more Persian threat • An extraordinary sense of Greek unity. • Same time, emergence of Sparta and Athens as the 2 hegemonic states. The differences were so enormous between them though, that it was inevitable they would later come into conflict. Growing distinction between Greek and foreigner. • By gender, by sexual domination, by pure might, the Greeks were the strongest.