GSR615 #2

Locating and labeling text segments, audio pieces, video clips, etc. is which step in a bottom-up approach to the process of qualitative analysis? a. Develops themes b. Validate findings c. Explore the data d. Code the data

. Code the data

The purpose of this research design is to enhance the qualitative case study by including secondary quantitative components to enrich the interpretation of the case. a. Convergent Parallel Design b. Embedded Case Study c. Sequential Exploratory Design d. Embedded Experiment

. Embedded Case Study

What level of alpha is traditionally used by researchers in education and social sciences? a. .01 b. .05 c. .95 d. .99

.05

Which of the following would you expect a researcher to have used for the study below? "Examination of a first grade class using a new reading curriculum in a rural school." a. 1 group b. 20-30 people c. 1-2 people d. 2-5 cases e. 1 case

1 case

Which of the following would you expect a researcher to have used for the study below? "The purpose of this study is to describe the problems that counselors at one high school encounter as they make their high school into a "sacred place" for students." a. 1 group b. 20-30 people c. 1-2 people d. 2-5 cases e. 1 case

1 case

Which sample size would be most appropriate for a Case Study? a. 1 group b. 20-30 people c. 1-2 people d. 2-5 cases e. 1 case

1 case

Which of the following would you expect a researcher to have used for an article with the following title? "The secret language, behaviors, and beliefs of members of a fifth grade boys club in rural Pennsylvania." a. 1 group b. 20-30 people c. 1-2 people d. 2-5 cases e. 1 case

1 group

Which sample size would be most appropriate for an Ethnography study? a. 1 group b. 20-30 people c. 1-2 people d. 2-5 cases e. 1 case

1 group

Which sample size would be most appropriate for a Narrative study? "The purpose of this study is to examine and interpret a bus drivers horror story of a student's tragic death." a. 1 group b. 20-30 people c. 1-2 people d. 2-5 cases e. 1 case

1-2 people

Which sample size would be most appropriate for a Narrative study? "The purpose of this study is to explore the meaning of counselors' stories as they describe "sacred places" in their high school." a. 1 group b. 20-30 people c. 1-2 people d. 2-5 cases e. 1 case

1-2 people

Which sample size would be most appropriate for a Narrative study? a. 1 group b. 20-30 people c. 1-2 people d. 2-5 cases e. 1 case

1-2 people

Given the following design type: Single-subject, which of the following is an adequate number of participants? a. 2 b. 15 c. 30 d. 35 e. 500

2

Which sample size would be most appropriate for a Multiple Case Study? a. 1 group b. 20-30 people c. 1-2 people d. 2-5 cases e. 1 case

2-5 cases

Which of the following would you expect a researcher to have used for the study below? "The purpose of this study is to generate a theory about the process used by school counselors as they make their high school a "sacred place" in which to work." a. 1 group b. 20-30 people c. 1-2 people d. 2-5 cases e. 1 case

20-30 people

Which sample size would be most appropriate for a Grounded Theory study? a. 1 group b. 20-30 people c. 1-2 people d. 2-5 cases e. 1 case

20-30 people

Which choice is the median for the following data: 29, 29, 28, 27, 27, 26, 26 ? a. 26 b. 27 c. 28 d. 29

27

Given the following design type: Correlational, which of the following is an adequate number of participants? a. 3 b. 15 c. 35 d. 350 e. 500

35

Given the following design type: Survey, which of the following is an adequate number of participants? a. 1 b. 15 c. 30 d. 350 e. 500

350

Which choice is the mean for the following data: 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7 ? a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7

5

Which choice is the mode for the following data: 53, 53, 53, 52, 51, 50, 50 ? a. 50 b. 51 c. 52 d. 53

53

Given the following design type: Quasi-Experiment with 4 Comparison Groups, which of the following is an adequate number of participants? a. 15 b. 40 c. 60 d. 100 e. 200

60

You are reading a research report, you read the following: "The effectiveness of counseling or psychotherapy to treat anxiety was evaluated at termination (posttest) using waitlist (/' = 39, k = 55), placebo (/' = 12, k = 14), and TAU (/ = 7,k= 10) comparison-group studies, and single-group studies (/' = 23, k= 39). Which type of research question would likely result in this type of statement? a. A comparison question b. A descriptive question c. A relationship question d. A hypothesis testing question

A comparison question

You are reading a research report, you read the following: "In advancing 80 articles to the coding process, 39 (k = 55; where k is the number of studies/comparisons) used waitlist comparisons, 12 (k = 14) placebo comparisons, and 7 (k = 10) TAU comparisons; 23 (k = 39) were single-sample pretest-posttest designs (one provided both placebo and waitlist comparisons)." Which type of research question would likely result in this type of statement? a. A comparison question b. A descriptive question c. A relationship question d. A hypothesis testing question

A descriptive question

Given the Ethnographic approach, which description of the report of findings is most appropriate? a. A detailed description of the context of how a group behaves, thinks, or talks b. An in-depth description of each case and themes that emerged c. A display of the interconnections among the themes and propositions suggested by these connections d. A simple report of the themes which emerged from the study e. A chronological retelling of the participant's story

A detailed description of the context of how a group behaves, thinks, or talks

In a research study, the researcher sits at a table on the side of the school's lunchroom while the children have their lunch break. The researcher records the interactions that he sees between the children and the school staff. What form of observation is the researcher engaged in? a. A changing observational role b. A "day-in-life" observational role c. A nonparticipant observational role d. A participant observational role

A nonparticipant observational role

You are reading a research report, you read the following: "Therefore, the similarity between the reading rate yielded by the underlining and the paper-and-pencil assessments supports the validity of underlining as a measure of silent reading fluency." Which type of research question would likely result in this type of statement? a. A comparison question b. A descriptive question c. A relationship question d. A hypothesis testing question

A relationship question

Which of the following represents an example of a summed score in quantitative data analysis? a. A score is calculated by adding several questions on the instrument b. A score is calculated for each question on the instrument c. A score is calculated summarizing differences in two scores d. A score is based on the total score for all individuals.

A score is calculated by adding several questions on the instrument

Given the General qualitative approach, which description of the report of findings is most appropriate? a. A detailed description of the context of how a group behaves, thinks, or talks b. An in-depth description of each case and themes that emerged c. A display of the interconnections among the themes and propositions suggested by these connections d. A simple report of the themes which emerged from the study e. A chronological retelling of the participant's story

A simple report of the themes which emerged from the study

Which of the following has at least one control variable? a. t test b. ANOVA c. ANCOVA d. MANOVA

ANCOVA

Which of the following is the maximum level of risk researchers are willing to take that they incorrectly conclude that they found a significant difference or relationship? a. Alpha b. Null hypothesis c. Alternative hypothesis d. p value

Alpha

Which of the following would probably be a sample size for an ethnographic study? a. One or two individuals b. One to five individuals or groups c. Twenty to thirty individuals d. An entire group.

An entire group.

Given the Case study approach, which description of the report of findings is most appropriate? a. A detailed description of the context of how a group behaves, thinks, or talks b. An in-depth description of each case and themes that emerged c. A display of the interconnections among the themes and propositions suggested by these connections d. A simple report of the themes which emerged from the study e. A chronological retelling of the participant's story

An in-depth description of each case and themes that emerged

Herbert starts reading a qualitative article. Which of the following is the first thing he should carefully examine? a. Do Findings relate to the Research Design? b. Are there detailed Descriptions of participants, settings, and/or happenings? c. Are appropriate Themes presented? d. Were understandable Tables and Images present?

Are there detailed Descriptions of participants, settings, and/or happenings?

Given the following item, which of the choices is the best label for the item? Cheating o test is a major problem in high school. Strongly agree, agree, disagree, strongly disagree a. Performance measure b. Attitudinal measure c. Factual information d. Behavioral observation

Attitudinal measure

Which of the following is one of the broad categories of data collection typically used in qualitative studies? a. Audiovisual materials b. Rating scales c. Projective techniques d. Tests

Audiovisual materials

Recording, reflecting on, and analyzing data about one's personal experiences within the larger cultural context are key procedures used in which type of qualitative research? a. Autoethnography b. Case study c. Discourse analysis d. Historical analysis

Autoethnography

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used for an article with the following title? "My life and time as a grade school janitor." a. Autoethnography design b. Narrative design c. Ethnographic design d. Grounded theory design

Autoethnography design

Why is some qualitative research so complicated? a. Because of the qualitative approach. b. Because of the measurement. c. Because of the statistics. d. Because of the design.

Because of the design.

Why do qualitative researchers use small samples? a. Because they are attempting to fully describe complexity. b. Because they are attempting to use their limited time wisely. c. Because they are attempting to finish and publish. d. Because they are attempting to avoid statistical analysis.

Because they are attempting to fully describe complexity.

Why do qualitative researchers create transcripts? a. Because it is easy b. So they can read them c. Because they can't remember everything d. To show participants what they said

Because they can't remember everything

A researcher conducts a study to compare two different teaching strategies for middle school mathematics. She collects time-on-task data for students during math class. This is an example of which kind of instrument? a. Performance measure b. Attitudinal measure c. Factual information d. Behavioral observation

Behavioral observation

What does the + mean? a. 1 plus 1 b. Both needed c. Embeddedness d. Sequential

Both needed

Which of the following is a process by which a researcher reflects on his or her own views and experiences related to the study's central phenomenon, describes these perspectives in writing, and then works to set them aside during the analysis process? a. Triangulation b. Auditing c. Bracketing d. Member checking

Bracketing

Data are collected from a system of people bound by space and time, are key features of which type of qualitative research? a. Autoethnography b. Case study c. Discourse analysis d. Historical analysis

Case study

Report description, themes, and lessons learned. Which qualitative research design best fits this description? a. Narrative design b. Ethnographic design c. Grounded theory design d. Case study design

Case study design

Study a system bounded in time and place. Which qualitative research design best fits this description? a. Case study design b. Grounded theory design c. Ethnographic design d. Narrative design

Case study design

Which qualitative research design typically collects interviews, observations, pictures, documents, videotapes, and/or e-mails? a. Ethnographic design b. Grounded theory design c. Case study design d. Narrative design

Case study design

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used for the study below? "Examination of a first grade class using a new reading curriculum in a rural school." a. Ethnographic design b. Grounded theory design c. Narrative theory design d. Case study design

Case study design

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used for the study below? "The purpose of this study is to describe the problems that counselors at one high school encounter as they make their high school into a "sacred place" for students." a. Ethnographic design b. Grounded theory design c. Narrative design d. Case study design

Case study design

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used for the study below? "The purpose of this study is to look at and interpret the behavior of 14 year old male hockey players with 14 year old female hockey players at a local ice rink." a. Ethnographic design b. Grounded theory design c. Narrative design d. Case study design

Case study design

What does "simultaneous" mean in the process of qualitative data analysis? a. Returning back and forth between collecting and coding data b. The processes of transcribing and analyzing data are coordinated c. Coding data, collecting data, and developing findings at the same time d. The data collection, analysis, and finding development are distinct phases

Coding data, collecting data, and developing findings at the same time

What is the last step that a researcher may use to code a transcript? a. Dividing the text into segments b. Labeling the segments of information with codes c. Collapsing codes into themes d. Reducing overlaps among the codes

Collapsing codes into themes

Gathering field notes, audio recordings, documents, etc. is which step in a bottom-up approach to the process of qualitative analysis? a. Collects data b. Prepare data for analysis c. Explore the data d. Code the data

Collects data

Which of the following is a key principle which qualitative researchers should follow? a. Concern for the welfare of their participants when collecting data. b. Concern about how much time it takes to collect data. c. Concern about the cost of collecting data. d. Concern about transportation issues when collecting data.

Concern for the welfare of their participants when collecting data.

Which of the following would provide you with the best evidence that the scores from an attitudinal measure used in a study can be used to draw meaningful and useful inferences? a. Construct validity b. Content validity c. Discriminant validity d. Face validity

Construct validity

Matilda goes to the local Youth Ice Hockey Association and asks for the names of all players. Some families agree to give her the names, while others do not. Which of the following sampling methods was used? a. Convenient Sampling b. Purposing Sampling c. Probability Sampling d. Systematic Random Sampling

Convenient Sampling

In which of the following designs is the collection of quantitative and qualitative data simultaneous? a. Explanatory b. Convergent c. Exploratory d. Sequential

Convergent

The purpose of this research design is to develop a complete and valid understanding of what is being studied. a. Convergent Parallel Design b. Sequential Explanatory Design c. Sequential Exploratory Design d. Embedded Experiment

Convergent Parallel Design

Which mixed methods design is best represented by this characteristic: The mixed methods researcher gives equal priority to both quantitative and qualitative data. a. Convergent parallel design b. Sequential explanatory design c. Sequential exploratory design d. Embedded design

Convergent parallel design

Which of the following designs can be represented with the following notation: ? a. Embedded mixed methods design b. Sequential exploratory mixed methods design c. Convergent parallel mixed methods design d. Sequential exploratory mixed methods design

Convergent parallel mixed methods design

A set of procedures that all researchers use to concurrently collect both quantitative and qualitative data, analyze the two datasets separately, compare and/or synthesize the two sets of separate results, and make an overall interpretation as to the extent to which the separate results confirm and/or compliments each other is called a. Sequential exploratory mixed methods design. b. Sequential explanatory mixed methods design. c. Embedded mixed methods design. d. Convergent parallel mixed methods design.

Convergent parallel mixed methods design.

Which of the following is one the main types of questions in which researchers are interested? a. Descriptive b. Interesting c. Pointed d. Research

Descriptive

Herbert is reading a qualitative article. Which of the following is the first thing he should carefully examine? a. Bracketing b. Detailed Descriptions c. Member checking d. Triangulation

Detailed Descriptions

Combining codes to develop major categories of information is which step in a bottom-up approach to the process of qualitative analysis? a. Develops themes b. Validate findings c. Explore the data d. Code the data

Develops themes

Which of the following is an argument for using mixed methods? a. Different methods represent different philosophies b. To avoid all of the work associated with quantitative and qualitative data c. To help avoid the use of complex statistics d. To reduce the need for an extensive literature review

Different methods represent different philosophies

Suppose you receive permission to use two of Ms. Hynee's English classes in your study. You have no guarantee that the two classes are equivalent. This type of threat to validity is a. Differential selection of participants b. Mortality c. Statistical regression d. Testing

Differential selection of participants

How individuals communicate about a topic are key features of which type of qualitative research? a. Autoethnography b. Case study c. Discourse analysis d. Historical analysis

Discourse analysis

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used for an article with the following title? "The special language preschool teachers use to communicate with each other in front of the children." a. Autoethnography design b. Discourse analysis c. Ethnographic design d. Grounded theory design

Discourse analysis

Researchers have recently developed the Big Bob Intelligence Test. As a part of validation studies, they correlated the Big Bob with measures that do not test intelligence, like self-esteem measures. The relationships with the self-esteem measures were low. The Big Bob Intelligence Test has good a. Construct validity. b. Content validity. c. Discriminant validity. d. Face validity.

Discriminant validity

Mary is completing her reading of a qualitative article. Which of the following is the last thing she should carefully examine? a. Do Findings relate to the Research Design? b. Are there detailed Descriptions of participants, settings, and/or happenings? c. Are appropriate Themes presented? d. Were understandable Tables and Images present?

Do Findings relate to the Research Design?

Which of the following is one of the broad categories of data collection typically used in qualitative studies? a. Documents b. Rating scales c. Projective techniques d. Tests

Documents

The purpose of this research design is to enhance a quantitative experimental design by including a secondary qualitative component to explore the procedures or processes of the experiment a. Convergent Parallel Design b. Sequential Explanatory Design c. Sequential Exploratory Design d. Embedded Experiment

Embedded Experiment

. Which mixed methods design is best represented by this characteristic: In the diagram of this design, the researcher places quantitative on the left and capitalizes the words, as in "QUAN"? a. Convergent ordinary design b. Sequential expository design c. Sequential exploratory design d. Embedded design

Embedded design

A set of procedures that researchers use to collect a secondary set of data (qualitative or quantitative) in a study that is guided by a traditional quantitative design (e.g., a true experiment) or a traditional qualitative design (e.g., a case study) where the secondary dataset addresses a different question than the primary dataset and is used to augment the implementation and/or interpretation of the primary method is called a. Convergent ordinary design b. Sequential expository design c. Sequential exploratory design d. Embedded design

Embedded design

Which mixed methods design is best represented by this characteristic: The mixed methods researcher uses a second data set in a supportive role to a primary data set. a. Convergent parallel design b. Embedded design c. Sequential explanatory design d. Sequential exploratory design

Embedded design

Which of the following designs can be represented with the following notation: ? a. Embedded mixed methods design b. Sequential exploratory mixed methods design c. Convergent parallel mixed methods design d. Sequential exploratory mixed methods design

Embedded mixed methods design

What does the ( ) mean? a. Embeddedness b. Sequential c. Both needed d. 1 within 1

Embeddedness

Conduct extensive fieldwork. Which qualitative research design best fits this description? a. Ethnographic design b. Grounded theory design c. Case study design d. Narrative design

Ethnographic design

Report a cultural portrait. Which qualitative research design best fits this description? a. Grounded theory design b. Narrative design c. Case study design d. Ethnographic design

Ethnographic design

Which of the following design types would a researcher use to describe a culture-sharing group? a. Ethnographic design b. Case study design c. Grounded theory design d. Narrative design

Ethnographic design

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used for an article with the following title? "The behaviors and beliefs of members of a secret female junior high school association." a. Autoethnography design b. Discourse theory analysis c. Ethnographic design d. Grounded theory design

Ethnographic design

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used for an article with the following title? "The code words, dress, and activities of social fraternity pledging rituals." a. Autoethnography theory design b. Discourse analysis c. Ethnographic design d. Grounded theory design

Ethnographic design

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used for an article with the following title? "The secret language, behaviors, and beliefs of members of a fifth grade boys club in rural Pennsylvania." a. Autoethnography design b. Discourse analysis c. Ethnographic design d. Grounded theory design

Ethnographic design

The language, behaviors, and beliefs of a group of people are key features of which type of qualitative research? a. Ethnography b. Grounded theory c. Discourse analysis d. Historical analysis

Ethnography

Obtaining a general sense of the material, recording impressions, etc. is which step in a bottom-up approach to the process of qualitative analysis? a. Develops themes b. Validate findings c. Explore the data d. Code the data

Explore the data

Which one of the following represents where Researcher Mable selects a Stop Bullying program which has received a nationwide award for outstanding success to describe program activities? a. Extreme case sampling b. Intensity sampling c. Opportunistic sampling d. Typical sampling

Extreme case sampling

Researchers have recently developed the Big Bob Intelligence Test. As a part of validation studies, they had scholars in intelligence examine the items to see if they assessed typical topics in the field of intelligence. All the correlations for the Big Bob were high. This was done in an effort to demonstrate which type of validity? a. Construct validity b. Content validity c. Discriminant validity d. Face validity

Face validity

Bert is very interested in the relationship between superstitious beliefs and goal scoring among male and female hockey players. He plans to look at both U14 and U16 age categories. He will watch the players for superstitious behaviors before each match in the team locker room. He plans to get goals scored by each player off of the box score after each match. U14 and U16 probably belong in which of the following categories? a. Attitudinal Measures b. Behavioral Observations c. Demographic Forms d. Factual Information e. Performance Measures

Factual Information

Which of the following best represents the qualitative analysis process with respect to subjects? a. Few to Many b. Few to Some c. Many to Few d. Many to Some

Few to Many

Which of the following is one of the necessary characteristics of a mixed methods study? a. Adding together quantitative and qualitative results. b. Finding some way of weaving together what is learned from the quantitative and qualitative parts. c. Putting what is learned from the qualitative findings before what is learned from the quantitative findings. d. Quantitative results first and qualitative results next.

Finding some way of weaving together what is learned from the quantitative and qualitative parts.

A researcher places a female clown at the entrance to a women's restroom who tells every one entering that there is a hidden camera behind a mirror which will record how they adjust their hair. Which of the following is the major problem? a. Ethical laws b. Following ethical guidelines c. Procedures that talk about participants' d. Steps to protect participants'

Following ethical guidelines

A researcher places a sign at the entrance to a women's restroom indicating that there is a hidden camera behind a mirror recording how they adjust their hair. Which of the following is the major problem? a. Ethical laws b. Following ethical guidelines c. Procedures that talk about participants' d. Steps to protect participants'

Following ethical guidelines

Which of the following is a label for the person who finds places for a study? a. Realestateagent b. Gatekeeper c. Placefinder d. Locationkeeper

Gatekeeper

Which of the following best describes the qualitative analysis process? a. Going from beginning to end b. Going along the path that seems best c. Going from the particular to the general d. Going from the general to the particular

Going from the particular to the general

A process, action, or interaction are key features of which type of qualitative research? a. Ethnography b. Grounded theory c. Discourse analysis d. Narrative research

Grounded theory

Analyze the data using open, axial, and selective coding. Which qualitative research design best fits this description? a. Ethnographic design b. Narrative design c. Case study design d. Grounded theory design

Grounded theory design

Report a model and propositions. Which qualitative research design best fits this description? a. Narrative design b. Case study design c. Grounded theory design d. Ethnographic design

Grounded theory design

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used for the study below? "The purpose of this study is to generate a theory about the process used by school counselors as they make their high school a "sacred place" in which to work." a. Case study design b. Grounded theory design c. Ethnographic design d. Narrative theory design

Grounded theory design

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used for the study below? "The purpose of this study is to try to develop an explanation for the interactions among high school counselors and Asian gay, lesbian, bisexual, and questioning adolescents." a. Case study theory design b. Grounded theory design c. Ethnographic design d. Narrative design

Grounded theory design

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used for the study below? "The purpose of this study is using a multi-stage analysis of High School Principal interviews to identify and relate categories of the response to bullying." a. Case study theory design b. Grounded theory design c. Ethnographic design d. Narrative design

Grounded theory design

Which is most important in a good qualitative research study? a. Having results that show cause and effect b. Having results that generalize c. Having results that are open-ended d. Having results that are credible

Having results that are credible

. At the Western Electric company in Chicago, studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between various working conditions and productivity. As part of their study, researchers increased the light intensity and production went up. They increased it more and production went up some more. As a check, the researchers decreased the light intensity, and production went up again. The researchers soon realized that it was the attention given to the workers, and not the illumination, that was affecting production. This is an example of the a. Hawthorne effect. b. John Henry effect. c. novelty effect. d. placebo effect.

Hawthorne effect.

Suppose you conducted a series of in-service workshops designed to increase the morale of teacher participants. Between the time you conducted the workshops and the time you administered a posttest measure of morale, the news media announced that, due to state-level budget problems, funding to the local school district was going to be significantly reduced and promised pay raises for teachers would likely be postponed. This problem represents which type of threat to validity? a. History b. Instrumentation c. Maturation d. Testing

History

Which one of the following represents where Dr. Susan selects male members of a local trout fishing club to describe their perspectives about limiting trout fishing locations? a. Confirming sampling b. Intensity sampling c. Homogenous sampling d. Opportunistic sampling

Homogenous sampling

Which is the first step in the process of testing a hypothesis in a quantitative study? a. Set the alpha level b. Compute the sample statistic c. Identify a null and alternative hypothesis d. Look up the critical value

Identify a null and alternative hypothesis

Which of the following is an argument for using mixed methods? a. In some cases one method is inadequate b. To avoid all of the work associated with quantitative and qualitative data c. To help avoid the use of complex statistics d. To reduce the need for an extensive literature review

In some cases one method is inadequate

Which of the following describes the major intention of using a case study design? a. Describe and interpret the story of one individual b. Address inequities in our society c. Describe characteristics of a population d. In-depth exploration of an event or activities

In-depth exploration of an event or activities

Sarah is interested in the relationship between superstitious beliefs and goal scoring among hockey players. She plans to use a superstitious rating scale and team records for a goal count. Specifically, she plans to use the Paranormal Belief Scale (Tobacyk & Milford, 1983) to assess superstitious beliefs and goals scored in one year based on team records. She will obtain superstitious scores during the pre-season and goals scored at the end of the season. Superstitious rating scale and counting goals scored belong in which of the following categories? a. Instrument b. Instrument Type c. Procedures d. Variables

Instrument Type

Which of the following is an alternate name for an Embedded design? a. Nested b. Two-phase c. Triangulation d. Instrument development

Instrument development

Sarah is interested in the relationship between superstitious beliefs and goal scoring among hockey players. She plans to use a superstitious rating scale and team records for a goal count. Specifically, she plans to use the Paranormal Belief Scale (Tobacyk & Milford, 1983) to assess superstitious beliefs and goals scored in one year based on team records. She will obtain superstitious scores during the pre-season and goals scored at the end of the season. The Paranormal Belief Scale (Tobacyk & Milford, 1983) and team records belong in which of the following categories? a. Instruments b. Instrument Types c. Procedures d. Variables

Instruments

Which one of the following represents where Dr. Fred selects a university campus where a professor died after being shot by a student to describe the campus reactions? a. Extreme case sampling b. Intensity sampling c. Opportunistic sampling d. Typical sampling

Intensity sampling

Which of the following data collection categories would most likely be used in a Grounded Theory design? a. Interviews b. Observation c. Documents d. Audiovisual materials

Interviews

Which of the following data collection categories would most likely used audio-recordings and text transcription? a. Interviews b. Observation c. Documents d. Audiovisual materials

Interviews

Which of the following is one of the broad categories of data collection typically used in qualitative studies? a. Interviews b. Rating scales c. Projective techniques d. Tests

Interviews

What is the purpose of an interview protocol in qualitative research? a. It helps determine the appropriate procedure b. It contains the major questions to be asked c. It forms the basis for conducting data collection d. It offers an international process for researchers

It contains the major questions to be asked

Why is it useful for a researcher to assess the effect size in addition to hypothesis testing? a. It helps decide whether a significant result will also be practically useful. b. It helps decide whether a difference is a statistically significant result. c. It helps decide whether a significant difference will also be found. d. It helps decide whether a statistical significant will result.

It helps decide whether a significant result will also be practically useful.

Which of the following has 2 or more Dependent variables? a. t test b. ANOVA c. ANCOVA d. MANOVA

MANOVA

Given the following figure: QUANT(qual). What do the capital letters mean? a. Major importance b. Minor importance c. Embeddedness d. Sequential

Major importance

In a study designed to test the effectiveness of a psychomotor training program on 3 year olds, which is likely to be a threat to internal validity? a. History b. Instrumentation c. Maturation d. Testing

Maturation

Which type of sampling does this describe: Individuals are selected to represent the diverse perspectives within a group? a. Purposive b. Maximal variation c. Snowball d. Homogenous

Maximal variation

Which of the following sampling strategies is a good choice, if a researcher wants to be sure to describe the different perspectives about a central phenomenon? a. Homogeneous sampling b. Random sampling c. Snowball sampling d. Maximal variation sampling

Maximal variation sampling

Percentile rank is an example of which kind of statistic? a. Measure of central tendency b. Measure of variability c. Measure of relative standing d. Inferential statistic

Measure of relative standing

If a researcher reports the middle score after ranking all of the scores, which statistic would you expect to find? a. Median b. Mode c. Mean d. Percentile rank

Median

In which part of an article might you find the following quote? "Article selection procedures are summarized in figure 1. For our purposes the definition of counseling or psychotherapy for anxiety was any treatment or intervention provided by a mental health professional or professional-in-training that was aimed at alleviating anxiety symptoms or disorders." a. Introduction b. Methods c. Results d. Conclusions

Methods

Given the following figure: QUANT(qual). What do the lower case letters mean? a. Major importance b. Minor importance c. Embeddedness d. Sequential

Minor importance

Carl is conducting a study about student culture on his college campus. For data, he sends out a survey to all of the students with a Likert scale from Strongly Disagree to Strongly Agree. He also picks students at random and interviews them about their views. This set of procedures is called a. Embedded mixed methods design b. Sequential exploratory mixed methods design c. Mixed method research design d. Convergent parallel mixed methods design

Mixed method research design

If a researcher reports the most common response given to an item, which statistic would you expect to find? a. Median b. Mode c. Mean d. Percentile rank

Mode

Which of the following approaches would be LEAST helpful when developing a qualitative research design? a. Involving the participants in designing the study b. Modeling procedures from scientific studies c. Developing procedures that are emergent and fluid d. Advancing the importance of studying views of participants

Modeling procedures from scientific studies

You are interested in comparing two different approaches to improving classroom behavior: behavior modification and corporal punishment. For two months, behavior modification techniques were systematically applied to the participants, and at the end of this period you found behavior to be better than when the study began. For the next two months, the same participants were physically punished whenever they misbehaved, and at the end of the tow months behavior was equally as good as after the behavior modification. This example demonstrates which threat to external validity? a. Experimenter effects b. Multi-treatment interference c. Specificity of variables d. Treatment diffusion

Multi-treatment interference

Which of the following has 2 or more Independent variables a. Pearson correlation b. Multiple regression c. Factor analysis d. Structural equation modeling

Multiple regression

Collect field texts to document an individual's story. Which qualitative research design best fits this description? a. Case study design b. Grounded theory design c. Narrative design d. Ethnographic design

Narrative design

Report a chronological retelling of a story. Which qualitative research design best fits this description? a. Ethnographic design b. Case study design c. Narrative design d. Grounded theory design

Narrative design

Story, biography, and autobiography indicate which of the following qualitative research designs? a. Narrative design b. Case study design c. Grounded theory design d. Ethnographic design

Narrative design

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used for the study below? "This study is about the history of the first African-American woman to be certified as a preschool teacher in Pennsylvania." a. Ethnographic design b. Grounded theory design c. Narrative design d. Case study design

Narrative design

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used to study this purpose? "The purpose of this study is to examine and interpret a bus drivers horror story of a student's tragic death." a. Case study design b. Narrative design c. Ethnographic design d. Grounded theory design

Narrative design

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used to study this purpose? "The purpose of this study is to explore the meaning of counselors' stories as they describe "sacred places" in their high school." a. Case study design b. Narrative design c. Ethnographic design d. Grounded theory design

Narrative design

Which of the following sampling strategies is considered to be the least rigorous in quantitative research? a. Probability sampling b. Nonprobability sampling c. High probability sampling d. Representative sampling

Nonprobability sampling

Which of the following data collection categories would most likely used field notes and drawings? a. Interviews b. Observation c. Documents d. Audiovisual materials

Observation

Which of the following is one of the broad categories of data collection typically used in qualitative studies? a. Observations b. Rating scales c. Projective techniques d. Tests

Observations

Gatekeepers can help qualitative researcher with which of the following qualitative data collection tasks? a. Completing IRB paperwork b. Obtaining permission to access participants at a site c. Developing interview protocols d. Transcribing data for analysis

Obtaining permission to access participants at a site

Which of the following would probably be a sample size for a narrative study? a. One or two individuals b. One to five individuals or groups c. Twenty to thirty individuals d. An entire group.

One or two individuals

Which of the following would probably be a sample size for a case study? a. One or two individuals b. One to five individuals or groups c. Twenty to thirty individuals d. An entire group.

One to five individuals or groups

Suppose you are reading a report about a sensitive topic, such as the experience of individuals learning that they have a sexually transmitted disease. Which of the following types of data collection would be best for the researcher to use to learn about this topic? a. Focus group interviews b. Participant observations c. One-on-one interviews d. Predetermined instruments

One-on-one interviews

If a mixed methods study emphasizes prediction in the purpose statement, which type of priority will it most likely use? a. Equal weight b. Quantitative data of greater weight c. Qualitative data of greater weight d. Only use quantitative data

Only use quantitative data

Which of the following indicates a higher quality in qualitative research? a. Participants clearly fit the study purpose. b. Participants are a weak fit for the study purpose. c. Participants provide limited information about the study purpose. d. Participants might fit the study purpose.

Participants clearly fit the study purpose.

Which of the following has 1 Independent variable? a. Pearson correlation b. Multiple regression c. Factor analysis d. Structural Equation Modeling

Pearson correlation

Which of the following might be used as an inferential statistic relating two continuous variables? a. t test b. percentile rank c. standard deviation d. Pearson correlation coefficient

Pearson correlation coefficient

Which of the following might be used as a measure of relative standing? a. Mean b. t test c. Percentile rank d. Standard deviation

Percentile rank

A researcher conducts a study to compare two different teaching strategies for middle school mathematics. She collects student scores on an in-class math test. This is an example of which kind of instrument? a. Performance measure b. Attitudinal measure c. Behavioral observation d. Factual information

Performance measure

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used for an article with the following title? "Non-religious single fathers with young children after the death of a wife, what does it all mean?" a. PhotoVoice design b. Discourse analysis c. Phenomenology design d. Portraiture design

Phenomenology design

Which of the following is where Mary takes and discuss photos about the central phenomenon? a. PictureCentral b. PicturePhen c. PhotoTalk d. PhotoVoice

PhotoVoice

Which of the following is where Petter share pictures which show important past events? a. PictureMoments b. PictureVoice c. PhotoMoments d. PhotoVoice

PhotoVoice

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used for an article with the following title? "Fifth graders with cameras, what will they shot and why?" a. PhotoVoice design b. Discourse analysis c. Ethnographic design d. Portraiture design

PhotoVoice design

Conrad wishes to make a statement which applies to all Principals of Elementary Schools. Which of the following would be the best label for the group Conrad wishes to talk about? a. Principals b. Population c. Sample d. Sub-sample

Population

Which of the following groups in a study typically has the largest number of members? a. Sample b. Target group c. Treatment group d. Population

Population

Which research design would you expect the researcher to have used for an article with the following title? "The art of everyday life issues in a middle school." a. Autoethnography design b. Discourse analysis c. Ethnographic design d. Portraiture design

Portraiture design

Transcribing field notes, scanning documents, etc. is which step in a bottom-up approach to the process of qualitative analysis? a. Collects data b. Prepare data for analysis c. Explore the data d. Code the data

Prepare data for analysis

What is the first step a researcher might use to analyze the qualitative data in a study? a. Prepare the data b. Code the data c. Explore the data d. Define themes from the data

Prepare the data

One group in a study views the anti-prejudice film Gentleman's Agreement right after taking a lengthy pretest dealing with anti-Semitism and another group views the movie without a pretest. Individuals not pre-tested could conceivably enjoy the movie as a good love story and be unaware that it deals with a social issue. Pre-tested individuals would be much more likely to see a connection between the pretest and the message of the film. This situation is an example of which type of threat to external validity? a. Experimenter effects b. Multiple-treatment interference c. Pretest-treatment interaction d. Selection-treatment interaction

Pretest-treatment interaction

Sarah is interested in the relationship between superstitious beliefs and goal scoring among hockey players. She plans to use a superstitious rating scale and team records for a goal count. Specifically, she plans to use the Paranormal Belief Scale (Tobacyk & Milford, 1983) to assess superstitious beliefs and goals scored in one year based on team records. She will obtain superstitious scores during the pre-season and goals scored at the end of the season. All of the above belongs in which of the following categories? a. Instruments b. Instrument Types c. Procedures d. Variables

Procedures

Which of the following indicates a higher quality in qualitative research? a. Procedures are thoughtfully discussed with the participants. b. Procedures safeguarding participants are questionable. c. Procedures show lack of respect for participants. d. Procedures are not thoughtfully considered.

Procedures are thoughtfully discussed with the participants.

A researcher asks men going into a restroom to urinate, if he can video record them from the back without using their names. Which of the following best describes what the researcher is doing? a. Ethical laws that protect things b. Following various ethical guidelines c. Procedures that respect participants' rights d. Protecting restroom rights

Procedures that respect participants' rights

Which of the following best describes one of the procedures you can use to recognize the qualitative research design used in a study? a. Procedures to supplant data in a study b. Procedures to introduce the data abstract of a study c. Procedures to discuss data findings in a study d. Procedures to collect data in a study

Procedures to collect data in a study

Which of the following best describes one of the procedures you can use to recognize the qualitative research design used in a study? a. Procedures to supplant data in a study b. Procedures to report data in a study c. Procedures to introduce the data abstract of a study d. Procedures to discuss data findings in a study

Procedures to report data in a study

Which type of sampling does this describe: Individuals are selected so that the researcher can develop a detailed understanding? a. Purposive b. Maximal variation c. Homogenous d. Snowball

Purposive

A researcher obtains a list of all children placed in foster care in the city, divides the list into groups (e.g., infants, toddlers, and preschoolers), and randomly selects participants from each group. Which of the following is the best term for the sampling process used? a. Convenience sampling b. Purposive sampling c. Selective sampling d. Care sampling

Purposive sampling

A researcher selects three children in foster care who are in need of an intervention to improve their behaviors. Which of the following is the best term for the sampling process used? a. Convenience sampling b. Purposive sampling c. Selective sampling d. Positive sampling

Purposive sampling

If a mixed methods study emphasizes exploration in the purpose statement, which type of sequence will it most likely use? a. Quantitative and qualitative data are concurrent b. Quantitative data first c. Qualitative data first d. Only use qualitative data

Qualitative data first

In the area of role of the researcher, objective is to Quantitative as subjective is to a. Quaditative. b. Qualitative. c. Quantitative. d. Quaritative.

Qualitative.

In the area of forms of data gathered, open-ended forms is to Qualitative as closed-ended forms is to a. Quaditative. b. Qualitative. c. Quantitative. d. Quaritative.

Quantitative.

In the area of measurement forms, broad and general is to Qualitative as narrow and specific is to a. Quantitative. b. Qualitative. c. narrow and specific. d. subjective and closed.

Quantitative.

In the area of types of research problems, exploration is to explanation as Qualitative is to a. Quaditative. b. Qualitative. c. Quantitative. d. Quaritative.

Quantitative.

Marth obtains a list of all teachers in the state and randomly selects participants from the list. Which of the following is the best term for the sampling process used? a. Convenience sampling b. Random sampling c. Systematic random sampling d. Stratified random sampling

Random sampling

Which of the following sampling strategies is typically NOT appropriate to use in a qualitative study? a. Homogeneous sampling b. Maximal variation sampling c. Random sampling d. Snowball sampling

Random sampling

Which of the following strategies will contribute to a study having better internal validity? a. Randomly selecting individuals to participate in the study b. Randomly assigning individuals to different treatment groups c. Obtaining permission from individuals before they participate in the research d. Using a correlational research design

Randomly assigning individuals to different treatment groups

Which of the following might be used as a measure of variability? a. Mean b. t test c. Percentile rank d. Range e. Pearson correlation coefficient

Range

Which data analysis procedures might be used with the following? "This study is about the history of the first African-American woman to be certified as a preschool teacher in Pennsylvania." a. Cross-case analysis b. Re-storying c. Axial coding d. Propositions

Re-storying

What is the first step a researcher may use to code a transcript? a. Dividing the text into segments b. Reading through the data c. Reducing overlaps among the codes d. Labeling the segments of information with codes

Reading through the data

Which of the following is the last step that researchers use when they analyze quantitative data? a. Draw conclusions b. Report the results c. Point out problems for future research d. Make recommendations

Report the results

In which part of an article might you find the following quote? "Fifty-five comparisons across 39 studies (n = 2,959) resulted in an average corrected effect size (d+) of .60 with a CI95 of .52—.68. The null hypothesis of d+ = 0 can be rejected because the entire CI95 range is greater than zero, so it can be concluded in these 55 comparisons that at termination counseling and psychotherapy are significantly more effective for school-aged children with anxiety." a. Introduction b. Methods c. Results d. Discussion

Results

Linda wishes to make a statement which applies to all Principals of Elementary Schools. However, she can only use principals in her state. Which of the following would be the best label for the group Linda can use? a. Principals b. Population c. Sample d. Sub-sample

Sample

Which of the following is the first step that researchers use to analyze quantitative data? a. Calculate inferential statistics b. Calculate descriptive statistics c. Prepare the data in a software program d. Score the data

Score the data

A researcher might conduct a study on the effectiveness of microcomputer-assisted instruction on the math achievement of junior high students. Classes available to the researcher may represent an overall ability level at the lower end of the ability spectrum for all junior high students. In a positive effect is found, it may be that it would not have been found if the subjects were truly representative of the target population. This example demonstrates which type of threat to external validity? a. Multiple-treatment interference b. Pretest-treatment interaction c. Selection-treatment interaction d. Specificity of variables

Selection-treatment interaction

What does the -> mean? a. Embeddedness b. Sequential c. Both needed d. 1 goes to 1

Sequential

The purpose of this research design is to explain the mechanisms or reasons behind qualitative results. a. Convergent Parallel Design b. Sequential Explanatory Design c. Sequential Exploratory Design d. Embedded Experiment

Sequential Explanatory Design

The purpose of this research design is to test or generalize qualitative findings. a. Convergent Parallel Design b. Sequential Explanatory Design c. Sequential Exploratory Design d. Embedded Experiment

Sequential Exploratory Design

Which mixed methods design is best represented by this characteristic: "The mixed methods researcher collects qualitative data second."? a. Convergent parallel design b. Embedded design c. Sequential explanatory design d. Sequential exploratory design

Sequential explanatory desig

Which mixed methods design is best represented by this characteristic: "The mixed methods researcher collects quantitative data first."? a. Convergent parallel design b. Sequential explanatory design c. Sequential exploratory design d. Embedded design

Sequential explanatory design

After sending a survey about school climate, where students rate different aspects from very good to very poor, Dr. Dorian asked students individually some questions about the school climate. While these questions were useful, Dr. Dorian paid more attention to the survey responses. This is an example of a(n) a. Convergent parallel design. b. Embedded design. c. Sequential explanatory design. d. Sequential exploratory design.

Sequential explanatory design.

Which of the following designs can be represented with the following notation: ? a. Embedded mixed methods design b. Sequential exploratory mixed methods design c. Convergent parallel mixed methods design d. Sequential exploratory mixed methods design

Sequential exploratory mixed methods design

Which of the following designs can be represented with the following notation: QUAL quan? a. Embedded mixed methods design b. Sequential exploratory mixed methods design c. Convergent parallel mixed methods design d. Sequential exploratory mixed methods design

Sequential exploratory mixed methods design

A set of procedures that researchers use to collect and analyze qualitative data to explore a topic in the first place, plan a second phase based on the qualitative findings, and then collect and analyze quantitative data in the second phase to help extend or generalize the qualitative findings is called a. Sequential exploratory mixed methods design. b. Convergent parallel mixed methods design. c. Sequential explanatory mixed methods design. d. Mixed methods research design.

Sequential exploratory mixed methods design.

Principal Kinkade has had to talk to and interview four 3rd grade cases of bullying (2 male and 2 female) in the last two weeks. Based on the interviews she has decided to use a rating scale survey of all 3rd grade to determine the seriousness and extent of the problem. Which of the following would be an appropriate label for her research? a. Sequential exploratory mixed methods design. b. Convergent parallel mixed methods design. c. Sequential explanatory mixed methods design. d. Mixed methods research design.

Sequential exploratory mixed methods design.

In which of the following categories might you find the following? "The researchers performed an analysis of variance (ANOVA) on all 13 questions related to school counselors' perceptions of data pratices and uses to determine if there were any significant differences by school level." a. Scored data b. Single-item score c. Summed score d. Totals

Single-item score

Which of the following sampling strategies occurs after data collection has started? a. Homogeneous sampling b. Maximal variation sampling c. Random sampling d. Snowball sampling

Snowball sampling

A researcher randomly assigns participants into four groups. Only two of the groups are given a pretest. Then the researcher assigns a treatment to one of the pretested groups and one of the groups not pretested. At the end of the treatment, all four groups are given a posttest. This is an example of a/an a. one-group pretest-posttest design. b. pretest-posttest group design. c. posttest-only group design. d. Solomon four-group design.

Solomon four-group design

Which of the following best represents the qualitative analysis process? a. Broad -> Specific b. Broad -> Themes c. Specific -> Findings d. Specific -> Broad

Specific -> Broad

Which is the first step in quantitative data collection? a. Implement data collection procedures b. Determine the type of instrument c. Specify variables d. Select an instrument

Specify variables

Suppose a researcher wished to determine the effectiveness of a new method of instruction on the spelling ability of poor spellers. The researcher might administer a 100-item, 4-alternative, multiple-choice spelling pretest. The researcher might then select for the study the 30 students who scored lowest. Now suppose none of the pre-tested students knew any of the words and guessed on every single question. Due to the fact that the participants are being selected on the basis of their extremely low performance, which choice is a threat to internal validity? a. History b. Instrumentation c. Mortality d. Statistical regression

Statistical regression

A researcher obtains a list of all children placed in foster care in the city, divides the list into groups (e.g., infants, toddlers, and preschoolers), and randomly selects participants from each group. Which of the following is the best term for the sampling process used? a. Convenience sampling b. Random sampling c. Systematic random sampling d. Stratified random sampling

Stratified random sampling

Hanssenia has the names of all 5th graders in a large county. She divides the list into sub-samples of male and female, and randomly selects participants from each group. Which of the following is the best term for the sampling process used? a. Convenience sampling b. Random sampling c. Systematic random sampling d. Stratified random sampling

Stratified random sampling

Which of the following uses correlation data to test a causal model? a. Pearson correlation b. Multiple regression c. Factor analysis d. Structural equation modeling

Structural equation modeling

Manfreed wishes to make a statement which applies to all female Principals of Elementary Schools. He has permission to use all principals in his large urban district. Which of the following would be the best label for the group Manfred wants to talk about? a. Principals b. Population c. Sample d. Sub-sample

Sub-sample

In which of the following categories might you find the following? "Grade Point Average data were available for 580 of the survey respondents, and a multiple regression was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). " a. Scored data b. Single-item score c. Summed score d. Total

Summed score

A researcher obtains a list of all adults who provide foster care in a county, randomly picks a starting point on the list, and then selects every 5th name on the list to be a participant. Which of the following is the best term for the sampling process used? a. Convenience sampling b. Random sampling c. Systematic random sampling d. Stratified random sampling

Systematic random sampling

Which of the following distinguishes from each other the various kinds of qualitative research designs? a. The central phenomenon of interest. b. The size of the sample. c. The population of interest. d. The number of researchers required

The central phenomenon of interest.

Which of the following is a good qualitative data analysis process? a. The data analysis was inductive. b. The data analysis was deductive. c. The data analysis was objective. d. The data analysis was linear.

The data analysis was inductive.

Which of the following indicates a higher quality in qualitative research? a. The data are collected by researchers using rigorous procedures. b. The data are collected by researchers who convey their expectations about participants' perspectives. c. The data are collected by researchers using procedures that lead to a superficial understanding. d. The data are collected by researchers who only create summaries of the information.

The data are collected by researchers using rigorous procedures.

Which of the following distinguishes from each other the various kinds of qualitative research designs? a. The intent. b. The size of the sample. c. The population of interest. d. The number of researchers required.

The intent.

Which of the following distinguishes from each other the various kinds of qualitative research designs? a. The procedures. b. The size of the sample. c. The population of interest. d. The number of researchers required.

The procedures.

Which of the following should shape all the decisions about the data collection and analysis procedures used in a study? a. The research problem. b. The research literature. c. The research purpose. d. The research design.

The research design.

Which of the following is a good criteria for evaluating data analysis and findings? a. The researcher developed codes based on the meaning of the data. b. The researcher started coding without first reading through the data. c. The researcher used predetermined codes. d. The description of the context provides little detail.

The researcher developed codes based on the meaning of the data.

Which of the following is a good strategy for evaluating data analysis and findings? a. The researcher used at least three strategies to ensure the accuracy. b. The researcher used one strategy to ensure the credibility. c. The researcher description of the context provides little detail. d. The researcher include only the common perspectives.

The researcher used at least three strategies to ensure the accuracy.

Which of the following indicates a higher quality in qualitative research? a. The sample size is consistent with the design. b. The sample size is large for the design. c. The sample size has a weak rational for the design. d. The sample size has a poor description for the design.

The sample size is consistent with the design.

Which of the following indicates a higher quality in qualitative research? a. The sampling strategy is appropriate. b. The sampling strategy is convenient. c. The sampling strategy is random. d. The sampling strategy is unclear.

The sampling strategy is appropriate.

For a study, which of the following should be FEWEST in number? a. Text segments b. Codes c. Words d. Themes

Themes

Which of the following should be examined to learn the larger ideas found about the study's central phenomenon? a. Themes b. Data c. Codes d. Percipients

Themes

Which one of the following represents where Researcher Mohammad is developing a theory about coping strategies of adolescents who have been bullied and identifies 4th graders who have experienced bullying who can help refine his theory? a. Confirming sampling b. Intensity sampling c. Opportunistic sampling d. Theory sampling

Theory sampling

Which one of the following is a good justification for using mixed methods research? a. To best address the research problem b. To help avoid the use of complex statistics c. To avoid all of the work associated with quantitative and qualitative data d. To reduce the need for an extensive literature review

To best address the research problem

Researchers choose to use a general thematic approach for which of the following purposes? a. To tell an individual's story b. To describe a culture-sharing group *c. To describe multiple perspectives about a topic d. To generate a theory about a topic

To describe multiple perspectives about a topic

Which of the following best describes the major intention of using a grounded theory design? a. To develop a theory about a process b. To test a published theory using qualitative data c. To create a theory of a cultural viewpoint d. To explain individual's views about a particular theory

To develop a theory about a process

Why do qualitative researchers engage in memoing? a. To have a record of what happens during the study b. To keep records of their thoughts and ideas c. To communicate with other researchers on the team d. To keep a record of ideas about the themes

To keep records of their thoughts and ideas

Mr. Darth's and Ms. Vader's classes were trying out two different treatments to improve spelling. Mr. Darth's class received videos, new and colorful spelling texts, and prizes for improved spelling. Ms. Vader's class received the traditional approach to spelling. Ms. Vader heard about Mr. Darth's spelling treatment and asked if she could try out the videos in her class. Her students liked them so well that she incorporated them into her spelling program. This situation demonstrates which threat to external validity? a. Experimenter effects b. Placebo effect c. Reactive effects d. Treatment diffusion

Treatment diffusion

Which of the following is an alternate name for an Exploratory design? a. Nested b. Two-phase c. Triangulation d. Instrument development

Triangulation

Which of the following would probably be a sample size for a grounded theory study? a. One or two individuals b. One to five individuals or groups c. Twenty to thirty individuals d. An entire group.

Twenty to thirty individuals

Which of the following is one of the necessary characteristics of a mixed methods study? a. One dataset(quantitative) and one written (qualitative). b. Two datasets (one quantitative and one qualitative). c. Two datasets (one numbers and one notes). d. Three datasets (one numbers, transcribed interviews, and one observation

Two datasets (one quantitative and one qualitative).

Which of the following is one of the necessary characteristics of a mixed methods study? a. One type numbers and one type transcribed. b. Two types of analyses (statistical and thematic). c. Two types of analyses (parametric and non-parametric). d. Three types of analysis (numeric, thematic, and problematic).

Two types of analyses (statistical and thematic).

Which of the following is an alternate name for a Convergent design? a. Nested b. Two-phase c. Triangulation d. Instrument development

Two-phase

Which of the following is an alternate name for an Explanatory design? a. Nested b. Two-phase c. Triangulation d. Development

Two-phase

Using strategies which emphasize the nature of qualitative data and the qualitative data analysis process is which step in a bottom-up approach to the process of qualitative analysis? a. Develops findings b. Validate findings c. Explore the data d. Code the data

Validate findings

What is the last step a researcher might use to analyze the qualitative data in a study? a. Define themes from the data b. Explore the data c. Code the data d. Validate the findings

Validate the findings

Sarah is interested in the relationship between superstitious beliefs and goal scoring among hockey players. She plans to use a superstitious rating scale and team records for a goal count. Specifically, she plans to use the Paranormal Belief Scale (Tobacyk & Milford, 1983) to assess superstitious beliefs and goals scored in one year based on team records. She will obtain superstitious scores during the pre-season and goals scored at the end of the season. Superstitious beliefs and number of goals scored belong in which of the following categories? a. Instrument b. Instrument Type c. Procedures d. Variables

Variables

The literature usually involves. a. exploration and understanding. b. a dynamic and informative role. c. broad open-ended research questions. d. a design.

a dynamic and informative role.

In the area of measurement forms, Quantitative is to Qualitative as narrow and specific is to *a. broad and general. b. closed and ended. c. narrow and specific. d. subjective and closed.

broad and general.

The research purpose usually involves a. exploration and understanding. b. mostly a dynamic and informative role. c. broad open-ended research questions. d. a design.

broad open-ended research questions.

In the area of forms of data gathered, Qualitative is to open-ended forms as Quantitative is to a. closed-ended forms. b. narrow and specific forms. c. objective-forms. d. opened-ended forms

closed-ended forms.

When conducting mixed methods studies where one result type is inadequate, researchers should a. ignore them. b. change their study. c. collect a second database that builds on the initial results. d. state this in their findings.

collect a second database that builds on the initial results

In a study of reading instruction, one group of participants is instructed using a new method and another group continues to use the current method. In this example, the group that continues to use the current method of instruction is known as the a. control group. b. experimental group. c. reactive arrangements. d. Hawthorne effect

control group.

Suppose you conducted a study to compare the effectiveness of student tutors versus parent tutors in teaching first graders to read. Suppose also that student tutors helped each member or their group for 1 hour per day for a month, whereas the parent tutors helped each member of their group for 2 hours per week for a month. Due to the fact that participants with the student tutors would have received 2 and a half times as much help as that provided to the parents' group, the variable, amount of tutoring, should be a. controlled. b. matched. c. researched. d. tested.

controlled.

A researched conducts a study where all the groups receive all the treatments, but in a different order. This is an example of a. nonequivalent groups design. b. time-series design. c. counterbalanced design. d. multiple-series design.

counterbalanced design.

Qualitative data analysis is considered to be an inductive process because the researcher starts with a. data. b. segments. c. codes. d. themes.

data.

Shelley wants to conduct a study to find a cause for improved test taking skills. She receives permission from a middle school in the area to use three classes of eighth grade History for her study. Each class has 20 students and is taught by different teachers. She gives a pretest to all the students in the study and assigns each class to different conditions: test taking skills training, test taking skills pamphlets, and no treatment. The results of the posttest at the end of the study found that the group that received no treatment had the highest improvement of positive studying habits. Shelley's study may have been threatened by a. differential selection of participants. b. instrumentation. c. mortality. d. statistical regression.

differential selection of participants.

When qualitative researchers engage in identifying text, segmenting text, assigning a code label, and combining similar codes, they are a. analyzing a transcript. b. using a computer software program. c. building description about a setting. d. engaging in the coding process.

engaging in the coding process.

Suppose you conducted a study to compare the effectiveness of student tutors versus parent tutors in teaching first graders to read. Suppose also that student tutors helped each member or their group for 1 hour per day for a month, whereas the parent tutors helped each member of their group for 2 hours per week for a month. In order to compare the effectiveness of the tutors, the researcher must control for differences in learning materials. Learning materials is a type of a. environmental variable. b. external validity. c. history. d. participant variable.

environmental variable

In a study of reading instruction, one group of participants is instructed using a new method and another group continues to use the current method. In this example, the group that receives the new method of instruction is known as the a. control group. b. experimental group. c. reactive arrangements. d. treatment diffusion.

experimental group.

Suppose a researcher hypothesizes that a new reading approach will improve reading skills. If the researcher knows that Suzy Shiningstar is in the experimental group and that Suzy is a good student, she may give Suzy's reading skills a higher rating than they actually warrant. This example demonstrates the a. experimenter bias effect. b. John Henry effect. c. reactive arrangements. d. treatment diffusion.

experimenter bias effect.

Sebastian is interested in studying the self-concept of sophomore females on his campus. He hands out his survey to sophomore females in groups of 15, where he is the only male in the room. The females' responses on the survey may be influenced by a. experimenter effects. b. selection-treatment interaction. c. treatment diffusion. d. unobtrusive measures

experimenter effects.

In the area of types of research problems, Qualitative is to exploration as Quantitative is to a. broad and general b. explanation. c. open-ended. d. subjective

explanation.

The research problem usually involves. a. exploration and understanding. b. mostly a dynamic and informative role. c. broad open-ended research questions. d. a design.

exploration and understanding.

In the area of types of research problems, Quantitative is to explanation as Qualitative is to a. closed-ended. b. exploration. c. narrow and specific. d. objective.

exploration.

If a study is conducted with groups of gifted ninth graders and produces results that are not applicable to other groups of ninth graders then this is a problem with a. external validity. b. internal validity. c. mortality. d. statistical regression.

external validity.

Professor Smith is interested in the cause of reading achievement in fifth graders. She randomly assigns students from an urban school district in Michigan into one of three groups: a tutor group, an after school group, and a group that receives no treatment. When her study wraps, she concludes that tutors will help increase reading achievement scores for students across the country. In Professor Smith's study, there may be a threat to a. external validity. b. history. c. internal validity. d. testing.

external validity.

A researcher uses a design that involves two or more independent variables. This is a a. factorial design. b. block design. c. single-variable design. d. descriptive design.

factorial design.

Agnes is interested in the effects of the amount of math instruction on math achievement, and in which setting is most effective in accomplishing the task. She randomly samples 100 participants and randomly assigns each participant into one of four settings. The first group receives one hour of instruction in the classroom. The second group receives four hours of instruction in the classroom. The third group receives one hour of instruction outside the classroom. Finally, the fourth group receives four hours of instruction outside the classroom. Agnes is using a/an a. factorial design. b. one-shot case study. c. single-variable design. d. static-group comparison.

factorial design.

If a researcher sets the alpha level at .01 and obtains a p value of .04, this means that a null hypothesis would a. be slightly higher than alpha. b. fail to be rejected. c. be very close to the alpha level. d. be rejected.

fail to be rejected.

One of the goals of qualitative researchers is to a. give voice to those who not be heard. b. make claims about a population. c. test theories that explain a population. d. generalize from a sample.

give voice to those who not be heard.

One of the goals of qualitative researchers is to a. help people learn about a phenomenon. b. make claims about a population. c. test theories that explain a population. d. generalize from a sample.

help people learn about a phenomenon.

The researchers randomly select individuals from a list of the population to participate will probably lead to a. higher Internal Validity. b. lower Internal Validity. c. higher External Validity. d. lower External Validity.

higher External Validity.

Using a participant response rate of 82% will probably lead to a. higher Internal Validity. b. lower Internal Validity. c. higher External Validity. d. lower External

higher External Validity.

Using a sample similar to a larger population will probably lead to a. higher Internal Validity. b. lower Internal Validity. c. higher External Validity. d. lower External Validity

higher External Validity.

Using procedures that encourage as many participants as possible to respond to the measurement instruments will probably lead to a. higher Internal Validity. b. lower Internal Validity. c. higher External Validity. d. lower External Validity.

higher External Validity.

Conditions as similar as possible between groups and across time, except for the treatments, will probably lead to a. higher Internal Validity. b. lower Internal Validity. c. higher External Validity. d. lower External Validity.

higher Internal Validity.

Measuring other variables that should be controlled will probably lead to a. higher Internal Validity. b. lower Internal Validity. c. higher External Validity. d. lower External Validity.

higher Internal Validity.

Randomly assigning individuals to treatment groups will probably lead to a. higher Internal Validity. b. lower Internal Validity. c. higher External Validity. d. lower External Validity.

higher Internal Validity.

Theresa is conducting a survey on customer satisfaction of a casual dining chain. Midway through her study, the casual dining chain is suddenly plagued with bad publicity after their salad product is found to be contaminated with bacteria, which was served to a customer at a particular franchise. Satisfaction scores after this event took a nosedive, prior to which were quite positive. Theresa's study was threatened by a. history. b. instrumentation. c. maturation. d. testing.

history.

A reason to use mixed methods is a. one method isn't sufficient. b. both are useful. c. it is required in all studies. d. if there are two different, but related questions.

if there are two different, but related questions.

Dylan is interested in the causes of math achievement in third graders. He randomly assigns students into two groups: after school sessions and no treatment. After randomly assigning the groups and prior to the treatments, Dylan assesses the participants' math abilities by given out a 200 question math achievement exam. Six months later, at the end of the study, Dylan assesses the participants again, this time using a 40 item math achievement scale. Dylan's study may be threatened by a. history. b. instrumentation. c. maturation. d. testing.

instrumentation

If a researcher gives a posttest that is more difficult than the pretest, it may mask improvement that is actually present. This type of threat to internal validity is called a. history. b. instrumentation. c. maturation. d. testing.

instrumentation.

Michael is interested in the effects of student tutors versus parent tutors in math achievement in second graders. He randomly assigns students into two groups: the first group is assigned a student tutor from the high school while the second group works with a parent. The student tutors meet with the children 3 days a week for an hour a day to work on math, while the parents work with their children everyday after school for at least an hour a sitting. In Michael's study, there may be a threat to a. external validity. b. history. c. internal validity. d. testing.

internal validity.

Suppose you conducted a study to compare the effectiveness of student tutors versus parent tutors in teaching first graders to read. Suppose also that student tutors helped each member or their group for 1 hour per day for a month, whereas the parent tutors helped each member of their group for 2 hours per week for a month. Due to the fact that participants with the student tutors would have received 2 and a half times as much help as that provided to the parents' group this difference could be a threat to a. external validity. b. history. c. interaction. d. internal validity.

internal validity.

A good strategy for reading a Findings section is to a. determine what was learned. b. look at the last paragraph for a summary. c. look at the details understanding. d. look at the opening paragraph for an overview.

look at the opening paragraph for an overview.

When qualitative researchers engage in identifying and developing descriptions, they are a. analyzing a transcript. b. using a computer software program. c. building description about a setting. d. looking for larger patterns or ideas.

looking for larger patterns or ideas.

A random sample which is poorly described will probably lead to a. higher Internal Validity. b. lower Internal Validity. c. higher External Validity. d. lower External Validity.

lower External Validity.

Having a low rate of response for some of the variables will probably lead to a. higher Internal Validity. b. lower Internal Validity. c. higher External Validity. d. lower External Validity.

lower External Validity.

Using a convenience sample somewhat similar to a population will probably lead to a. higher Internal Validity. b. lower Internal Validity. c. higher External Validity. d. lower External Validity.

lower External Validity.

Using a participant response rate of 55% will probably lead to a. higher Internal Validity. b. lower Internal Validity. c. higher External Validity. d. lower External Validity.

lower External Validity.

Using a Correlational approach will probably lead to a. higher Internal Validity. b. lower Internal Validity. c. higher External Validity. d. lower External Validity.

lower Internal Validity.

Using a Quasi-experimental design will probably lead to a. higher Internal Validity. b. lower Internal Validity. c. higher External Validity. d. lower External Validity.

lower Internal Validity.

Cole is interested in the physical development of two-year-olds, particularly the effect of gross motor coordination on interaction with others. He observes a preschool class of 25 for one school year. He tests all the participants in the beginning of the year for gross motor coordination development and again at the end of the year while observing interactions with other students through out the year. He finds that all the students in his study improved their gross motor coordination during the school year, which had a positive effect of increased interactions among the students. Cole's study was threatened by a. history. b. instrumentation. c. maturation. d. statistical regression.

maturation.

Which of the following might be used as a measure of central tendency? a. mean b. t test c. Percentile rank d. Standard deviation e. Pearson correlation coefficient

mean

Professor White is interested in the effects of different quitting options for sophomores who bite their nails. He finds 200 sophomore nail biters and randomly assigns them to four conditions: band-aid method, distraction method, support group method, and no treatment. Each condition contains 50 people at the beginning of the study. At the end of the year-long study, the band-aid method condition had 35 participants, the distraction condition 32 participants, the support group 28 participants, and the no treatment condition 42 participants. Professor White's study may be threatened by a. differential selection of participants. b. instrumentation. c. mortality. d. statistical regression.

mortality.

Suppose Suzy Shinningstar (a high IQ student) got the measles and dropped out of your control group. Before Suzy dropped out, she managed to infect her friends in the control group. Since birds of a feather often flock together, Suzy's control group friends might also be the "high IQ" type students. The experimental group might end up looking pretty good when compared to the control group simply because many of the good students dropped out of the control group. This type of threat to internal validity is called a. differential selection of participants. b. history. c. mortality. d. selection-maturation interaction.

mortality.

Good qualitative findings include a. multiple perspectives. b. emphasizes on average trends. c. development of multiple points. d. a broad overview.

multiple perspectives.

A researcher repeatedly pretests participants two groups until scores are stable. He then administers treatment to one group, while the other acts as a control group. After the treatment, both groups are repeatedly posttested. This is an example of a. nonequivalent groups design. b. time-series design. c. counterbalanced design. d. multiple-series design.

multiple-series design

In the area of measurement forms, Qualitative is to broad and general as Quantitative is to a. broad and general. b. closed and ended. c. narrow and specific. d. subjective and closed.

narrow and specific.

Title: 49-Design: nonequivalent control group 49. Mr. Potter is interested in the effects of teaching methods on history achievement in seventh graders. He randomly assigns four of his classes to two conditions. His first and third period classes are taught using the alpha method. His fifth and seventh period classes are taught using the beta method. Each class is given a pretest in September and a posttest in November. Mr. Potter's study is a a. counterbalanced design b. nonequivalent control group design. c. Solomon four-group design d. time-series design.

nonequivalent control group design.

A school volunteers six intact classrooms for a study. Three of six classrooms are randomly assigned to the experimental group and the three remaining are assigned to a control group. This is an example of a. nonequivalent groups design. b. time-series design. c. counterbalanced design. d. multiple-series design.

nonequivalent groups design.

In the area of role of the researcher, Qualitative is to Quantitative as subjective is to a. monojective. b. multijective. c. objective. d. subjective

objective.

In the area of role of the researcher, Qualitative is to subjective as Quantitative is to a. monojective. b. multijective. c. objective. d. subjective.

objective.

A researcher conducts a study by giving one group of participants a pretest. He then exposes the group to a treatment follow by a posttest. This is an example of a/an a. one-shot case study. b. one-group pretest-posttest design. c. static group comparison. d. pretest-posttest group design.

one-group pretest-posttest design.

Professor Basilisk is interested in the effects of her personal course manual on students' interest in her physics course. At the beginning of the semester, she gives her class an interest rating scale and then gives them her course manual. One month later, she gives the interest rating scale again, and finds that students' interest levels went up after receiving the manual. Professor Basilisk's study was a/an a. one-group pretest-posttest design. b. one-shot case study. c. posttest-only control group design. d. static group comparison.

one-group pretest-posttest design.

A researcher conducts a study by giving one group of participants a posttest after exposing them to a treatment. This is an example of a/an a. one-shot case study. b. one-group pretest-posttest design. c. static group comparison. d. pretest-posttest group design.

one-shot case study.

In the area forms of data gathered, Quantitative is to Qualitative as closed-ended forms is to a. closed-ended forms. b. narrow and specific forms. c. objective-forms. d. opened-ended forms.

opened-ended forms

Which of the following comparisons represents the final step in hypothesis testing? a. p value vs. alpha b. Null hypothesis vs. Alternative hypothesis c. Significant vs. Non-significant d. Calculated value vs. observed value

p value vs. alpha

Suppose you conducted a study to compare the effectiveness of student tutors versus parent tutors in teaching first graders to read. Suppose also that student tutors helped each member or their group for 1 hour per day for a month, whereas the parent tutors helped each member of their group for 2 hours per week for a month. In order to compare the effectiveness of the tutors, the researcher must control for differences in reading readiness. Reading readiness is a type of a. environmental variable. b. history. c. instrumentation. d. participant variable.

participant variable.

Dr. Roberts is conducting a study on the effect of a new brand of ibuprofen on backaches. She randomly assigns participants to one of two groups: new ibuprofen group and sugar pill group. She finds that participants taking the new ibuprofen reported faster backache relief than the sugar pill group. However, participants taking the sugar pill also reported backache relief. Dr. Roberts's study is experiencing the a. Hawthorne effect. b. John Henry effect. c. novelty effect. d. placebo effect.

placebo effect.

Suppose you have four groups of ninth graders, two experimental and two control, and the treatment is a film designed to promote a positive attitude toward a vocational career. If the experimental participants are to be excused from several of their classes to view a film, then the control participants should also be excused and shown another film who content is unrelated to the purpose of the study. This measure could protect against the a. Hawthorne effect. b. placebo effect. c. selection-treatment interaction. d. treatment diffusion.

placebo effect.

Professor Calvin is interested in the effects of progressive muscle relaxation techniques on test achievement in college juniors. She randomly assigns participants into one of two groups. The first group is given a 20 minute progressive muscle relaxation session prior to administering a general education achievement test. The second group is administered the same test without the progressive muscle relaxation techniques. Professor Calvin finds that the test scores from the progressive muscle relaxation group are significantly higher than the scores in the other group. Professor Calvin's study is a a. posttest-only control group design. b. pretest-posttest control group design. c. Solomon four-group design. d. static group comparison.

posttest-only control group design.

A researcher randomly assigns participants into two groups. One group receives treatment while the other group is used as a control. At the end of the treatments, the groups are given a posttest. This is an example of a/an a. one-group pretest-posttest design. b. pretest-posttest group design. c. posttest-only group design. d. Soloman four-group design.

posttest-only group design.

In which of the following steps in the quantative data analysis might you find the following? "The predictors were all moderately correlated with the dependent variable, but since there were no correlations greater than 0.50, multicollinarity was not a problem." a. scored the data b. prepared the data for analysis c. analyzed the data to answer descriptive research questions d. analyzed the data to test comparison and relationship hypotheses

prepared the data for analysis

A researcher gives three groups of randomly assigned participants a pretest. Two of the groups receive a different treatment while the third is used for a control group. At the end of the treatments, the groups are given a posttest. This is an example of a/an a. one-group pretest-posttest design. b. pretest-posttest control group design. c. posttest-only group design. d. Solomon four-group design.

pretest-posttest control group

Professor Olson is interested in the effects of jazz music on test achievement in college sophomores. She randomly assigns college sophomores into one of two groups. She gives each group a general education achievement test. Two weeks later, she has one of the groups take a similar test again while jazz music is playing in the background. The second group has no music playing in the background while they again take an achievement test. Professor Olson finds the scores from the music group to have significantly increased from the first time to the second, while the group with no music had no significance in their achievement scores. Professor Olson's study is a a. posttest-only control group design. b. pretest-posttest control group design. c. Solomon four-group design. d. static group comparison.

pretest-posttest control group design.

Professor Jones is interested in his students' opinions on sexism. He shows two of her Advance Psychology sections a pretest on sexual discrimination. He follows the pretest by showing a movie on women's suffrage movement and then has them fill out rating scales following the film on their opinions on women's suffrage in the US. Professors Jones's study may be threatened by a. multiple-treatment interference. b. pretest-treatment interaction. c. selection-treatment interaction. d. treatment diffusion.

pretest-treatment interaction.

One of the goals of qualitative researchers is to a. provide useful information. b. make claims about a population. c. test theories that explain a population. d. generalize from a sample.

provide useful information.

A preliminary exploration of a qualitative database means that the researcher is a. searching for early code words to use in the analysis. b. reading through it to obtain a general sense of the data. c. checking to see if the transcriptionist typed it accurately. d. exploring the data for a detailed description of codes.

reading through it to obtain a general sense of the data.

In which of the following steps in the quantative data analysis might you find the following? "The participants were asked to check all the items that apply to them and each checked item received one point. For some items that were reversely coded, checked items received zero points. The total scores were the sum of all the points received for each checked item." a. scored the data b. prepared the data for analysis c. analyzed the data to answer descriptive research questions d. analyzed the data to test comparison and relationship hypotheses

scored the data

M. Reynolds is interested in the effects of computer technology on math achievement in ninth graders. He assesses the math achievement of all three of his algebra classes and finds a mean score of 48. He then implements an algebra computer training program for his students, and after 2 months gives the achievement test again. This time his students have a mean achievement score of 81. Mr. Reynolds study may be threatened by a. pretest-treatment interaction. b. multiple-treatment interference. c. selection-treatment interaction. d. treatment diffusion.

selection-treatment interaction.

A researcher uses an experimental research design that involves one independent variable is a a. factorial design. b. block design. c. single-variable design. d. descriptive design.

single-variable design.

The purpose of combining qualitative and quantitative data is a. so the study can develop a more complete picture. b. to fill a requirement in all research. c. researchers don't rely too much on one or the other. d. the audience can see both.

so the study can develop a more complete picture.

Which of the following might be used as a measure of variability? a. mean b. t test c. percentile rank d. standard deviation

standard deviation

A group of teachers may receive some type of in-service education while the comparison group of teachers does not. This is an example of a/an a. one-shot case study. b. one-group pretest-posttest c. static group comparison. d. pretest-posttest group design.

static group comparison.

Professor Bingley and Professor Darcy are interested in which teaching method is best for achievement in biology in college sophomores. Professor Bingley uses a progressive method of teaching statistics in his class while Professor Darcy uses the traditional teaching approach. They proceed to give the same midterm examination. Professor Bingley and Professor Darcy's study is a/an a. one-group pretest-posttest design. b. one-shot case study. c. posttest-only control group design. d. static group comparison.

static group comparison.

Shelia is interested in the best instruction methods in reading for exceptionally poor reading students. She gave a pretest to 100 randomly assigned students, and used the 25 lowest scores for her study. She implemented a progressive reading instruction method for a three month period, and then retested the students. She found that the scores of the 25 participants went up on the second assessment, and were closer to the mean score of the first assessment of all 100 students. Shelia's study may be threatened by a. differential selection of participants. b. instrumentation. c. mortality. d. statistical regression.

statistical regression.

Which of the following might be used as an inferential statistic that compares the scores for two groups? a. t test b. percentile rank c. standard deviation d. Pearson correlation coefficient

t test

Jacob is interested in reading achievement in middle school. He randomly assigns fifth graders into two groups: one group receives a progressive teaching procedure while the other receives the more traditional approach. Each student is given a pretest in September and then retested in October. Jacob's study may be threatened by a. history. b. instrumentation. c. maturation. d. testing.

testing.

The number of themes is typically not less than a. three. b. five. c. eight. d. ten.

three.

A researcher repeatedly pretests a group until scores are consistent, then administers treatment. After the treatment, the group is repeatedly posttested. This is an example of a. nonequivalent groups design. b. time-series design. c. counterbalanced design. d. multiple-series design.

time-series design.

James is interested in the effects of study manuals on test anxiety in college sophomores taking Biology 101. He administers an anxiety rating scale to college sophomores in Biology 101 three times, when scores are stable. He then hands out the "Guide to Biology" manual to the participants. Six weeks later, he posttests the participants three times. James's study is a a. counterbalanced design. b. nonequivalent control group design. c. pretest-posttest control group design. d. time-series design.

time-series design.

. Amy is interested in the causes of developmental delay of her participants. After collecting a random sample, she collects information from the participants' parents concerning socioeconomic status and health records. Amy is collecting a. controls. b. dependent variables. c. independent variables. d. unobtrusive measures.

unobtrusive measures.

Which of the following describes the relative standing of a score in units of standard deviations in relation to all the other scores? a. z score b. v score c. Percentile rank d. Standard deviation rank

z score