Guiding Children's Social Development Final Studyguide

Which of the following behaviors is the most accepting of an approaching child?

The adult opens the arms toward the child.

What does it mean when a nine-month-old shifts his body away from the adult to look at a truck?

The baby is focusing attention on the truck.

Why is the goodness-of-fit between the caregiver and the infant or toddler an important dimension in the child's social development?

The pattern of interaction over time influences behavior.

How do adults convey their authority over children nonverbally in an appropriate manner?

by using a firm steady voice, maintaining eye contact, and staying in close proximity

In the preceding example, what term describes Carla's behavior?

instrumental aggression

What term describes Ryan's behavior in this incident? Carla and Ryan both want the Legos. Both children begin grabbing and pushing. As they struggle to take the Legos from each other, Ryan shoves Carla so hard she begins to cry.

instrumental aggression

"Stressors" include

change, overload, uncertainty, and fear

An IFSP

is a service support plan developed for the family of a child from birth to age three and is part of Public Law 99-457

Lizbet is a predictable, friendly baby, and adjusts in a few minutes when left with a caregiver, but cries when the vacuum is run. How would you describe her temperament?

easy

A child who hurts another child while struggling to gain possession of a toy is engaged in what type of aggression?

instrumental

Kirsten continues to flip the dials on the television after being told to turn them carefully. What would be a logical consequence?

turning the knobs only with adult assistance

Megan, who pushes Scott down, causing him to scrape his knee, is experiencing what type of consequence when told she will not watch TV later in the day?

unrelated

A child who has learned to hide her emotions is probably what age?

upper elementary age

What aspect of judgment making is the center director thinking about when she decides that although it is important for Winston to become more self-confident, this is not so critical for his sister?

values

Which of the following responses is not a necessary element of emotion?

verbal response

When is it appropriate to have an expressionless face?

when playing poker

Which boundaries are most difficult for children to recognize and maintain? Those made by

words

Why do childhood professionals need to understand the nature and function of play?

-Play offers opportunities to practice skills needed for social competence. -Play is the expressive outlet for thought and feeling. -Play is the predominant activity of early childhood. -Play is a common ground for social exchange in childhood.

Select the appropriate behavior reflection for the following situation. Selene shoveled the snow off the sidewalk in front of the building.

"Selene, you removed all the snow."

Randy, a 10-year-old, would respond best to which of the following reasons for not handling Jim's card collection?

"That's Jim's card collection. He doesn't want anyone else touching it."

To which of the following directions are very young children most likely to respond appropriately?

"Use your fork to eat your peas."

Choose the most effectively stated rule from the following list.

"When you finish using something, put it back where it belongs."

Ms. Lieberman is a new student teacher. She is guiding a kindergarten group through a typical day. Which of the following whole-group transition statements do you think would be most effective as the children get ready to go home?

"You have five minutes to finish your activity." Five minutes later: "Put all of your materials away now and return to your table. Five minutes later: "All of the green group are ready to get their wraps" and so on as each small group gets their things.

Select the appropriate paraphrase reflection for the following situation: Child, "Look, teacher, I painted everything the same color."

"You painted your whole picture purple."

Which of the following phrases illustrates the concept of verbal expansion? Child says: "Me want cookie." The adult says:

"You want another cookie."

When an adult intervenes in a conflict between two kindergarten children, what would be the most effective reflection?

"You're angry."

What would be the best response if a child asked you, "How many people tried out for the choir?"

"You're curious about the tryouts, fifteen."

Which of the following items is associated with children's expressive style?

**how many vocabulary words children use to describe their emotions to others

Pamela Johnson teaches in a church-sponsored program with upper-middle-class white children in a fairly culturally homogenous community. She is a responsible professional and wants to support cultural competence in the children. What can she do to support this?

-Focus on how the children are similar and select materials that reinforce their common experience. -Find out about the family cultural heritages within the group and add materials that will support each of these differing subgroups. -Purchase books and materials relevant to several population groups not represented by her class that also support her plan of instruction.

Which of the following is an example of a positive consequence?

-Say "You worked a long time on that project. I'm pleased you were so careful and thorough." -Give a star sticker on a spelling paper. Allow children to earn computer game tokens for reading 10 books. -Give a star sticker on a spelling paper and allow children to earn computer game tokens for reading 10 books.

Why should infants be allowed to explore the environment when they are able to do so?

-contributes to the development of self-control -contributes to learning opportunities -allows them to leave the primary caregiver on their own)

What adult behaviors enable self-regulation in very young children?

-following predictable routines -allowing them to solve developmentally appropriate problems on their own -attending and talking to them about what is happening, step by step -breaking down difficult or complex tasks so the child can succeed in some parts

What skills that children learn through play contribute to self-regulation?

-follows game rules appropriately for age -shares or takes turns -maintains role in pretend play

You are some distance from a group of nine-year-old girls. You notice that four of them are in a huddle, and a fifth tries to join. The children turn their backs to her, and then someone turns and says something. She moves away but looks at the group. The one who spoke raises her hand, palm outward, and the child moves quickly away. What can you conclude from this observation?

-forced separation -possibly threats of violence -group cohesiveness of those in the huddle -leader identification

What is the function of planning?

-projecting potential outcomes -identifying resources needed -organizing information and procedures -avoiding time-consuming errors

Which of the following social skills is (are) learned during play?

-the ability to empathize and dramatize emotions -taking turns -the ability to affect events in a social context -the ability to initiate and terminate interaction

Kevin has just returned from a graveside ceremony for his grandfather and asks his mother why grandpa didn't come to the party since all the relatives are there except him. How old do you think Kevin is?

1 year old

Jeremy says, "I'm excited to play in the game on Saturday, but I'm also scared I might strike out." How old is Jeremy likely to be?

11 years old

A child who recognizes that people can have two very different feelings about the same thing is probably what age?

12 years

How many children are estimated to live in poverty and extreme poverty in the U.S.?

17 million

A child who describes herself in the following terms is probably what age? "I am a girl. I have black hair. I have a cat named Mittens."

3 years

How old are children when they first begin to manifest stress in reaction to the death of a significant other?

3 years

In what percentage of child sexual abuse cases does the child know the offender?

80 percent

Which of the following is least characteristic of internalization?

It happens spontaneously.

According to the research on how gender influences children's emotional expression, which of the following statements is true?

Adults tend to talk about their emotions with girls more often than with boys.

When should adults talk about bullying with children?

All of the above

What is a realistic expectation of peer relations in the first year?

Babies will show interest in each other and will initiate contact, but little prolonged play will result.

Mrs. Boef has a very limited budget for learning materials in the child care center. She can provide only the same number of play slots as the number of children with the materials that are there. Other than increasing the budget, what is the best alternative?

Borrow books from the library and bring materials from the natural environment or recycled materials into the classroom

Which of the following youngsters is most likely to help when he notices that Rachel is struggling with a heavy box?

Caleb, who is pleased that a field trip has been planned for later in the day

What qualities characterize friendships in level one—one-way assistance?

Children identify friends as those with whom they spend the most time.

What was the predominant outcome of Public Law 94-142?

Children with special needs are educated with their non-disabled peers as much as possible.

Which of the following is always the first priority when professionals are making a decision?

Children's safety is always the first consideration.

What is the first step in developing an intensive individualized intervention?

Create a positive behavior support team for the child.

David, a teenager, frequently exhibits hostile aggression toward others. His classmate Barry exhibits little. Based on your understanding of the research, which of the following statements is most likely to be accurate?

David has experienced more physical punishment than Barry.

Lalita, age four, has tried unsuccessfully to be the director of house play on several occasions. Ms. Kurzhals usually dismissed children to free choice activities for the story time by name. She has noticed Lalita's attempts and is considering what might be effective in supporting her. What do you think she should try first?

Dismiss Lalita ahead of her usual playmates for a few days so that she can arrive at the pretend play area first.

Sung Won and Jerome have been warned that if they continue to throw sand, they will have to go to another area to play. You observe them throwing sand again. As you approach them and say, "You're having fun. Remember I said. . ." the children say, "We didn't mean it." In this situation you should do which of the following things?

Escort the children to another area.

Mr. Martinez was supervising the snack table where children were allowed to come, eat, converse, and leave according to personal preference. Generally, the six chairs at the table provided adequate space; however, on this occasion there were only five chairs. Janet came up to Nanette and tried to push her off the chair where she was sitting and insisted that she, Janet, should have a turn. What should Mr. Martinez do?

Get another chair.

Three-year-old Fernando is becoming very loud and is jumping around in the block area. You realize that he speaks and understands very little English. As you approach him, what is the best way to begin an interaction?

Get down to his eye level and establish eye contact.

Which of the following incidents demonstrate rough-and-tumble play?

Girls are laughing and wrestling, with some chasing.

Which of the following questions is (are) open-ended?

How did you decide what color to make your car?

If Gretchen were in the second stage of prosocial behavior in question 5, how would you explain her behavior?

Gretchen had decided not to help.

Molly is struggling to open a heavy door. Gretchen, who is nearby, does nothing to help her. If you were told that Gretchen had not yet reached the first step in acting prosocially, what would you know?

Gretchen was not aware that Molly needed help.

If Ms. French had to choose only one strategy to encourage children to act prosocially, which of the following strategies would get the best results?

Have children practice prosocial behaviors through planned activities.

According to your textbook, which of the following questions would contribute most to the relationship-building process?

If you were building a house, what would it look like?

Children in Mrs. Wang's group of toddlers are having tantrums with some regularity. What strategies, if any, should she use to minimize this loss of self-control?

Increase the number of spaces for solitary play, provide duplicate materials, and try to ensure ample rest for the children.

When the reading area is overcrowded and noisy, which of the following structuring techniques would be most likely to promote social cooperation?

Increasing the space allocated to the area or placing a pictograph or sign in the area indicating the number of children who can play.

Ms. Ross tells Gustavo, "If you keep misbehaving during reading, you won't be allowed to go on the field trip next Tuesday." Why is this consequence ineffective?

It lacks immediacy.

Why should professionals refrain from using baby talk to children?

It may confuse the meaning of the communication.

What is the purpose of including a private area within the space of a program?

It provides a space for quiet, individual action and children, who are easily distracted, are more productive there.

To which of the following children might the adult reflect "You're curious"?1. Karen, smiling, tells you, "Today is my birthday."2. Tim yells, "I hate you!"3. James asks, "How do stars stay up in the sky?"4. Yoko inquires, "Teacher, do you think I'm pretty?"

James and Yoko

For which of the following children might an intensive individualized intervention be most appropriate?

Jonathan has developed a pattern of pinching other children when they are not looking.

How does Asperger Syndrome Disorder differ from Autism?

Language and intellectual development are not delayed in Asperger's.

Adult: "Why is Craig your friend?"Child: "He's my friend because he will play what I like to play." Which level of friendship is this child demonstrating?

Level 0

A child who announces that he is a member of the Royal Dragon Club, and that Henry isn't, is in what level of friendship?

Level 2

Which of the following is an example of displacement as defined in your textbook?

Maddie is angry so she hits a stuffed animal.

Which of the following gender differences have been documented by research?

Males are more aggressive, both physically and verbally.

Mr. Itsu wants to develop prosocial behavior in his class. If he could do only one of the following, which would be most effective?

Model helping behaviors himself.

In which of the following situations should you eliminate the reflection as part of your personal message?

None of the above

When must suspected child abuse be reported?

None of the above

Laura is a very shy child. Which of the following strategies would be best in helping her make friends?

Pair her with a younger child.

Which of the following statements is not typical of touching behavior?

People who are in subservient positions touch more.

Which of the following are the most frequently reported sources of children's extreme behavior?

Physiological factors, childhood fears, and childhood depression

Which of the following statements is true?

Poor children are more inclined to have developmental delays and behavioral and disciplinary problems than other children.

Which of the following is NOT an intended outcome of a good daily schedule in a formal program?

Program evaluation is easier.

What is the best approach to promoting friendships within a group of children?

Provide opportunities for children to relax together.

Mr. Zakhem was really exhausted at the end of the week. His Head Start class never seems to be able to clean up the room effectively after free play. He was ready to do something else. What is the best alternative for this group of four-year-olds?

Reduce the number of multiple-piece materials out at one time and provide clear plastic, marked containers to put them in.

A teacher is in the midst of conflict mediation, and Godfrey suggests an idea that he had suggested earlier but which was rejected by the other child. What should the teacher do?

Repeat the idea.

When an 18-month-old ignores your request, what should you do?

Repeat the request and show him what you want him to do.

Don's father is raking leaves and putting them in a large bushel basket. In the first step of developing helping behavior, what might Don do?

Say, "There are too many leaves for you to rake yourself."

Which of the following statements about schedules is true?

Schedules that have large blocks of time and minimal whole group transitions are most effective.

Which of the following strategies would likely be effective to help a child experiencing developmental delays?

Simplify the ongoing activities so that this child can participate with classmates.

Which is the most accurate statement about the change of routines in the daily schedule?

Slight adjustment of routine behaviors that result from weather changes and increased efficiency due to learning are not disruptive to children.

Identify the best example of a child playing.

Steve is building with Tinkertoys.

What is the best choice for a parent who must leave a nine-month-old infant in someone else's care?

Tell the child that you must go, offer a toy, and leave quickly.

Which of the following is an example of social referencing?

The infant sees a rabbit, looks at her mother, who is smiling, then smiles.

"You're having fun, but I'm worried that the rest of the children are getting mad about waiting in line. Come down from there." This is an ineffective personal message for the following reason:

The reflection has been contradicted by the word 'but'.

Why do children tend to push and shove in a crowd?

Their personal space is being violated.

Which of the following is true about young children who care for themselves before and after school?

They are less socially competent and obtain lower scores on achievement tests.

Which of the following is a myth about how most children view their parents' divorce?

They are probably just as relieved to see the end of a bad marriage as their parents.

Which of the following is true of learning disabilities (LD), a major category of disabling conditions?

They are said not to be due to visual, hearing, or physical disabilities, mental retardation, or emotional disturbance.

What is true about ethical judgments?

They center only on which actions are right and which are wrong.

Why is sarcasm inappropriate for young children?

They consider it ridicule.

In which of the following situations might cool down time be something to consider?

Three-year old Arnold is throwing a tantrum.

Which of the following phrases is nonjudgmental?

Tod hit Mary with clenched fists.

Which statement is inaccurate regarding peer interaction in the first two years?

Toddlers are not capable of forming friendships.

Which question do children ask themselves in object play that they don't ask in exploration?

What can I do with this?

When is modeling most effective?

When the model's behavior is pointed out to children.

Which of the following is an affective reflection?

You seem upset that the cake fell.

Barbara entered the play area after Geraldine and Rachel were already playing house and asked if she could play. She listened to their dialogue, made role-appropriate comments as the neighbor, and contributed to the storyline the others suggested. She smiled and gestured as others also played out their roles, accepting and modifying and responding in her own play to coordinate with theirs. How would you describe this child's level of play?

a master player who knows the implicit rules

Which voice characteristics are you likely to hear when someone is very embarrassed?

a modest volume dwindling to a whisper

How is the adult obtaining compliance when she says, "Remember, whoever washes their hands properly gets a star on their chart?"

adherence

In which of the following circumstances would an affective reflection be appropriate?1. Karen, smiling, tells you, "I'm going to visit my grandma."2. Tim yells "Shut up!"3. James asks, "How do bats stay up in the sky?"4. Yoko inquires, "Teacher, do you think I'm pretty?"

all of these circumstances

Which of the following defines "risk"?

an elevated possibility of an undesirable outcome

What is the second primary emotion to appear?

anger

When should adults begin to converse with children?

as soon they are born

What type of social participation is the following? Claude is mixing soil and water near the area in which Todd and Justin have constructed a roadway and town in the dirt. Occasionally he delivers "cement" to them, but his activity is focused on the mixing process.

associative

Which of the following diseases now affects as many as 4.8 million children in the United States?

asthma

Preferences for same-sex playmates (gender segregation) emerge

between infancy and 2 1/2 years of age

What type of behavior is a child exhibiting in the following instance? Before leaving for school, Kendra checks her room to see that her dolls are lined up in a row and that she touches the head of the first one and the feet of the last one before leaving the room.

compulsion

between infancy and 2 1/2 years of age

consider safety at all times

Authoritative and authoritarian adults both score high on which of the following guidance dimensions? 1. Control2. Maturity demands3. Communication4. Nurturance

control and maturity demands

What aspect(s) of the environment do (does) NOT influence sex role differences in play?

demographic characteristics of the neighborhood

According to the chapter, which of the following is NOT a possible basis for friendship?

dependability

What is the individuation process?

development of a personal identity

When do human beings begin to have sexual feelings?

during infancy

Which of the following behaviors contribute to positive self-identity during play?

establishes social status in the play group

Marla is three years old. What cues will she rely on to help her figure out what someone else is feeling?

facial expressions

Kyoko entered a child care center in which another child, Rob, who was blind was enrolled. She asked her mother how children catch blindness. What process was she most likely using to understand this situation?

fear about her own intactness

Which of the following is the leading known cause of mental retardation in the nation's children?

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Mr. Ramirez is stationed at the game table and notices that the children playing Candy Land are arguing about how to use the playing pieces. He chooses a playing piece. Next, he asks the children if it is his turn to spin the spinner. He has decided to help the children in what way?

from inside the playframe

Which of the following materials should be stored where kindergarten children can get and replace them daily?

glue and paste

Mrs. Kashmir has been teaching the children to learn uppercase letters. Once they accomplish this, she turns her attention to teaching them to recognize the lowercase matches. What facet of judgment making has she been thinking about?

goals

When a young infant is overstimulated, what behavior would you be likely to see?

head lowered or body limp

Tracy is growing up in a household that can be described as permissive. Over time, what does the research say she will probably be like?

hostile

A child who purposefully goads another child into tears is exhibiting which type of aggression?

hostile aggression

For the past several days you have noticed Larry making various attempts to get in with a particular group of his classmates. Today, you are pleased to see that he is in their midst, laughing and smiling. As you get closer, you see that unbeknownst to him, someone in the group has put a sign on his back that says, "Kick me." What term describes this behavior?

hostile aggression

What is self-esteem?

how you assess your self

When Mrs. Myers says, "I like it when children help clean up," she is expecting the children to follow the rule at which level of compliance?

identification

Mrs. Schmidt wants to teach the children kindness. She is careful to say "thank you" when Greg gives her a valentine. Greg then says "thank you" when Erika gives him one. What is Greg's behavior an example of?

imitation

Peeping and voyeurism by children

is considered to be in a category of sexual disturbance, occurs when children's natural curiosity about sexual differences has been seriously stifled, and may result when children have had no natural way to learn about sex differences

Which of the following attributes does NOT fit the behavior pattern of an authoritarian adult? The adult

is flexible

Shyness in children

is often characterized by poor eye contact, hiding, crying, or shutting down in unfamiliar contexts

Lindsey pushes Neil down, causing him to scrape his knee. What type of consequence does she experience when told to get a wet towel to help clean the cut?

logical

When compared with younger children, older children show a ____ proportion of instrumental aggression and a ____ proportion of hostile aggression.

lower, higher

A child who ignores peer suggestions while playing a game with them is having difficulty in which skill phase of the friendship-making process?

maintaining positive relationships

In planning storage of materials that children use regularly, what should the adult consider?

materials placed so that they are easy to see and get

In the preceding example, what is Mrs. Schmidt's behavior an example of?

modeling

What does the following episode demonstrate? A boy watched his father curse and punch his fist through a wall when confronted with a frustrating situation. Later, the boy found that he couldn't fix a flat tire on his bicycle, and he then pounded on his garage wall.

modeling

Which of the following is not an example of an emblem?

moving the feet

A child who avoids an argument by suggesting an agreeable solution is demonstrating skill in what phase of the friendship-making process?

negotiating conflict

At what age do children begin to convey emotional content in their communication?

newborn

What is the name given to persistent, recurring thoughts that children cannot get out of their heads?

obsessions

Which of the following is NOT an appropriate definition of handicapped?

odd, peculiar, or difficult behavior outside the bounds of normal development

Robin continues to click the iPod on and off after being told not to do so. The teacher considers the following consequences.1. The iPod becomes jammed.2. Robin is denied recess when the other children go out.3. Robin can only touch the iPod with adult assistance.4. The teacher has Robin sit apart.5. The iPod is put out of Robin's reach for the rest of free-choice time. According to what you learned in Chapter 11, which consequence(s) would be the most effective?

only with adult assistance

Robin continues to click the iPod on and off after being told not to do so. The teacher considers the following consequences.1. The iPod becomes jammed.2. Robin is denied recess when the other children go out.3. Robin can only touch the iPod with adult assistance.4. The teacher has Robin sit apart.5. The iPod is put out of Robin's reach for the rest of free-choice time. In the preceding situation, which of the consequences is (are) logical?

only with adult assistance

What experience is most important in fostering a sense of initiative?

opportunities to put plans and ideas into action

Mrs. Robinson is sick. Her son, Jonathan, offers her his pacifier for comfort. What aspect of prosocial behavior would Jonathan benefit from knowing more about?

perspective taking

To whom is baby talk most commonly addressed?

pets, people with mental disabilities, sick people and children, especially young ones

Robin continues to click the iPod on and off after being told not to do so. The teacher considers the following consequences.1. The iPod becomes jammed.2. Robin is denied recess when the other children go out.3. Robin can only touch the iPod with adult assistance.4. The teacher has Robin sit apart.5. The iPod is put out of Robin's reach for the rest of free-choice time. In the preceding situation, which of the consequences is (are) natural?

player jams

What adult actions that occur in response to children's misbehavior communicate the personal power of the adult?

punishments

Which of the following uses of silence does not carry any particular effective message?

quiet listening in a conversation

Human created social traumas that stress children include

rape, robbery, and assault in neighborhoods

What has occurred when Zach grabs the spinner and Beckie gives way?

reinforcement

What does recasting involve?

rephrasing the child's sentence using a different grammatical structure

What is your internalized description of the self?

self-concept

What behavior is NOT a component of self-regulation?

self-identification

In the preceding example, Ben's sister taunts him, saying, "You're too little to carry that. Baby, baby, baby." Her actions might contribute to Ben's sense of what?

shame and doubt

Which of the following behaviors would be considered aggressive?

spitting, gossiping, and hitting

The development of ethnicity or cultural awareness and sensitivity are

stage specific and age specific

What aspect of judgment making is Ms. Myers thinking about when she considers whether or not blocks must be put away in the correct baskets?

standards

What aspect of judgment making is in question when two adults on the playground disagree about whether or not children should be allowed to climb back up the slide after coming down.

standards

What aspect of judgment making is Mr. Prawat thinking about when he decides that the best way to teach Eammon to help clean up is to limit the kinds of materials he is allowed to use?

strategies

Which of the following is not an indicator that a toddler is developing self-awareness?

takes the feelings of others into account

How old are friends who spend much of their time forming social clubs that are short-lived but intense?

ten years

Resilience is defined as

the capacity to rise above difficult circumstances

Fundamental adaptive coping systems are

the ecological systems that surround children - family, peer groups, schools, communities and societies

The most important factor in predicting whether a child will recover from risk factors is

the number of risk factors

IDEA is

the renaming in 1990 of P. L. 94-142

You have observed that over the last few weeks Cassy has become very lethargic and often falls asleep in class. Neither resting nor eating makes a difference in her behavior. To whom would you recommend her parents go with this problem?

their family doctor

The most damaging thing about children living in abusive homes is

they learn that the behavior is the way you solve problems

Neglectful parents who fail to meet children's needs are typically

those who do not have access to models who could demonstrate appropriate caring for children

What is the function of a metacommunication?

to communicate about the message

Danny expresses reluctance to put his hands in the plaster of Paris which Mr. Gibson has made available at the craft table. What would be the most appropriate response?

{"I know it's hard to try something new." "That looks pretty slimy, doesn't it?" "Don't worry, your hands will come clean. It washes right off, see?" "You're feeling pretty uncooperative right now. Maybe later you'll want to try."} None of the above

Select the appropriate behavior reflection for the following situation: Hal is watering the plants on the windowsill.

{"That looks like fun." "Do you have enough water to do them all?" "You're being very careful, right?" "I like the way you're watering each plant, one at a time."} None of the above