gws final (short answer)

In Anne-Marie Slaughter's article "Why Women Still Can't Have It All," she debunks three "half-truths" promoting the notion that women can have it all. What are these "half-truths" and how does she respond to each of them?

"it's possible if you are just committed enough" - make school schedules match with work schedules - women can't always work in the office, so they can't advance because offices need them to work there all the time "it's possible if you marry the right person" - society needs to value putting family over work just as much as putting work over family "it's possible if you sequence it right" - have to plan whether or not to have children, and if so when?

What did you learn about domestic violence and sexual assault from Judge Laycock's presentation?

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What are the some of the current birth trends mentioned by your authors?

- 1 in 10 babies born to teen mother - half of young women who have babies in teens do not earn diploma by age 22 - third of their children will become teen parents and are more likely to do poorly in school and drop out - largest increase in solo births for women age 25 and older

What is the LDS Church's policy on birth control? On abortion?

- Church has no policy on birth control - Church opposes elective abortion for personal convenience but allows for exceptions for rape, incest, mother's life in danger, or fetus most likely to not survive

What is the history of the ERA in America? What does it guarantee and cover? Why do you think it was defeated in the 1970s?

- Equal Rights Amendment - introduced to Congress in 1923 (both women and men hold equally all of the rights guaranteed by the US constitution) - 1940s: equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or any state on account of sex - passed in 1972 (failed to be ratified by states and suffered defeat in 1982) defeated because it would... - deny a woman's right to be supported by her husband and encourage women to desert motherhood - legislate abortion and gay and lesbian rights as well as send women into combat

As explained in Half the Sky, what is female genital mutilation (FGM)? Why is the practice so difficult to stop in many parts of Africa? What can be (and is being) done to curb this practice? What is the role of education in the campaign to eradicate FGM?

- FGM: female circumcision, cutting of external genitalia such as the clitoris and labia built into their culture: - cutting is a rite of passage - not cutting could harm daughter's marriage prospects curbing the practice: - focus on human rights and health issues - begin major educational program discussing democracy, human rights, problem solving, hygiene, health, and management skills

What did you learn in the article "Where Are the Mothers?" about the problems in retaining women (especially mothers) in the journalism field? How did the Women's Network at the New York Times successfully negotiate for better parental leave policies? Based on her research, author Katherine Goldstein suggests a four-point plan for helping women and men with young families to better manage work and parenthood. What is included in her plan and what do you think of these ideas?

- I love the idea that if men took a parental leave, then it makes women seem like less of a liability - 5 women in the network prepared a memo and presentation for the CEO with the NY Times own articles and evidence 4-point plan: - give paid maternity leave - give fathers and non-birth partners paid family leave - create official work-from-home and flex policies - prioritize work-life balance for everyone

What insights did you gain from watching the Pixar short "Purl"? What is the work's message?

- Purl had to change herself and become more masculine in order to be noticed - she was also able to be a bridge between the men and the women coming in to work there

What was the ruling in Roe vs. Wade (1973) and why was it so influential? On what "right" was the decision based?

- Texas anti-abortion statute was unconstitutional and overturned all states' bans on abortion - protects a woman's decision to terminate her pregnancy and allowed first-trimester abortions on demand - states can control abortion once fetus can survive outside of woman's body - a fetus is not a legal person with civil rights

What are some of the important issues in the family's interaction with societal institutions? (Think about maternity/paternity leave, childcare, and immigration policies.)

- US provides no paid parenting leave - US has no national funding of day care centers - immigration policies can lead to separation of children from parents at the border (can create toxic stress for children)

How is power typically distributed in a family?

- access to resources that allow certain family members to define the reality of others and have their needs met - distributed according to age and gender - men tend to have more power

What are the three categories of childcare associated with mothering? (See p. 414.) How would you explain these categories? How does gender influence parenting behaviors and expectations?

- activities to meet children's basic physical needs - work that attends to children's emotional, cognitive, and recreational needs - activities for maintaining children's general well-being - mothers tend to be more involved with children compared to fathers

How have divorce laws changed over time?

- before the 1970s partners had to sue for divorce - allowed a divorce based on spouse's cruelty, abandonment, adultery, or crime committal

According to the article "Immigration Politics Are Harming American Children," what are some of the negative effects of former President Trump's immigration policies on the children of undocumented immigrants? How might these policies negatively affect our nation as a whole?

- bullying and racism towards Mexican children - may be separated from parents (stress and trauma / in critical development period) - children are easily susceptible to the emotions of their parents - children in unauthorized communities are underenrolled in public programs/systems (children don't get services they need) - could leave future economic power untapped - compromises economic security of immigrant families (children could go without nutrition, housing, or medicine)

In "Who Wants to Marry a Feminist?," how does the author defend marriage as compatible with feminism? What does she mean by this statement: "To reject marriage simply because of its history is to give in to that history; to argue against marriage by saying that a wife's identity is necessarily subsumed by her husband's is to do nothing more than second the notion. . . . Marriage, now, is potentially what we make it" (374)?

- by rejecting marriage because of its sexist gender roles, you are saying that those gender roles are necessary for a proper marriage - marriage is compatible with feminism as long as the marriage is based in love and companionship as opposed to the historical idea of it

According to the authors of Half the Sky (Chapter 10), what are some of the cost-effective things that can be done to keep girls in school in underdeveloped countries?

- deworm students - help girls manage menstruation - iodize salt (insufficient iodine in food can cause brain damage) - pay poor families to keep their children in school - school feeding programs

What are some of the "patterns" in today's families, particularly in reference to women?

- educated women are more likely to marry and less likely to divorce - solo women who get pregnant are more likely to live alone or in a cohabiting relationship (better-off pregnant women more likely to move into marriage) - women are having children later in life (with advancements in healthcare technology, birth control, education, and paid labor)

Who was Wilma Mankiller?

- elected as chief of Cherokee nation - first woman to serve as chief of a major Native American tribe in modern times - director of Native American Youth Center in Oakland, CA and of Cherokee Nation Community Development Department - addressed high unemployment and low education rates among Cherokee people, improving community healthcare, implementing housing initiatives and child and youth projects, and developing the economy of northeastern Oklahoma - created Institute for Cherokee Literacy

What are some indicators of incest?

- excessive crying - anxiety - night fears and sleep disturbances - depression and withdrawal - clinging behaviors - physical problems like urinary tract infections and trauma to the mouth and/or perineal area

How do family units, paradoxically, both "reinforce existing patterns of domination" and "provide support systems that challenge the inequities"

- families reinforce domination since the father/husband is told to preside and is the name on the insurance and is legally labeled as the head of the household - families are your first go-to for support because they understand what you go through and can help you

What do you think of Eva Witesman's talk "Women and Education"? What (if anything) in her talk resonated with you? What do you think about the value of a college degree for a woman?

- formal higher education provides an opportunity to see more as God sees ("depth of the riches both of wisdom and knowledge") - education is a commandment - education can help us gain and strengthen spiritual gifts - never question the value of your education!

Who is Dolores Huerta and what has she done for women farmworkers?

- founded United Farm Workers of America with Cesar Chavez in 1962 - first Chicana negotiator in labor history - led struggle for unemployment insurance, collective bargaining rights, and immigration rights for farmworkers under 1985 amnesty legalization program - first Latina inducted into National Women's Hall of Fame

What is the League of Women Voters? When was it started and for what purpose? What does it do today?

- founded by Carrie Chapman Catt in 1920 - advocated for collective bargaining, child labor laws, minimum wage, compulsory education, and equal opportunity for women in government and industry - today it works on Medicare reform, campaign finance reform, and environmental preservation

How is a "gender gap" in political attitudes and voting patterns apparent in the US? What do women generally care about in terms of policy?

- gender gap: differences between women and men in political attitudes and voting choices - apparent in voting behavior, party identification, evaluations of presidential performances, and attitudes toward public policy issues what do women care about? - a more activist role for government - programs to guarantee healthcare and basic social services - restrictions on firearms - marriage equality - legal abortion without restrictions

What is "vertical occupational segregation" and how does it affect women in the work force?

- gender segregation within the same job type - women are becoming physicians, yet they are predominantly in pediatrics, family medicine, gynecology, and public health work

What are some of the disturbing trends in cyberbullying? What are some of its consequences? What is different about the ways boys and girls typically "bully"?

- girls tend to be more emotionally scarred because of bullying - almost 60% of both girls and boys have experienced name-calling, spreading of false rumors, constant and repeated monitoring and policing, receiving explicit images they did not ask for, having explicit images of them shared without consent, and physical threats - false rumors and receiving explicit images are more common among girls

According to the author of "This is the Hidden Financial Cost," what are the three key ways LGBTQ workers face hidden and disproportionate financial and career costs in America?

- higher rates of joblessness - workplace discrimination - LGBTQ wage gap

What are some of the issues associated with abortion?

- if abortion was illegal, most women would still get it - heartbeat bans - some laws restrict access for poor and young women's access - can physicians choose not to perform an abortion? - pregnancy crisis centers that mislead women

In the excerpt from Lean In that you read, what does Sandberg mean by the "imposter syndrome"? Why is it more typical of women than men? What strategies does Sandberg suggest for overcoming the lack of confidence associated with this syndrome? What suggestions does she give for helping women to move forward as leaders—professionally, socially, and in the home? What do you think of her ideas?

- imposter syndrome: that self-doubt where you feel like you don't belong - women often judge their performance as worse than it is, while men judge their performance to be better - women need more support to feel confident - women need to work together

To what does the "gender wage gap" refer? Approximately how much do women earn on the dollar in contrast to men? According to the authors, why do women earn less money than men on average?

- index of the status of women's earnings relative to men's (expressed as a percentage) - women earn 81 cents for every dollar a man makes - horizontal occupational segregation (women and men are engaged in different kinds of work), vertical occupational segregation (ways women and men are in different specialties within the same occupation), overt and covert discrimination

How do you respond to this statement: "The family is where many individuals feel most empowered" (414). Do you think this is true? Why or why not?

- it can be true for some women, but The Feminine Mystique begs to differ in terms of women taking care of the household - companionship and children and love can be very healthy for some

Why, according to Slaughter, is the "work problem" not just a "women's problem"? What specific solutions does she propose (both in "Why Women" and "A Toxic Work World") to enable women to successfully combine careers and family life? What do you think of her ideas?

- it is a work problem because the workplace is giving into that stereotype of one partner doing all the earning and the other doing all of the care at home - men also feel this pressure and that they need time at home working too solutions: - good and affordable child care and elder care - paid family and medical leave for men and women - right to request part-time or flexible work - investment in early education - job protection for pregnant workers - higher wages and training for paid caregivers - community support structures to allow elders to live at home longer - reform of elementary and secondary school schedules to meet the needs of a digital rather than an agricultural economy

What are the opportunities as well as the problems and hardships that are part of mothering? How does motherhood both empower and limit women?

- justified women's lower pay - encouraged men being the ones in power - kept women out of military - set sights on babies instead of productive work - less likely to be hired - can cause pain for women who aren't able to have children

What is a "kinship system"? Is there a "normal" or "standard" kinship system in the US? To what does a "nuclear" family refer? What are the most frequently occurring family forms in the US?

- kinship system: patterns of relationships that define family forms - there is no normal family, but the nuclear family is a couple residing together with their dependent children - most frequent are single-parent families, blended families, gay parents, cohabiting families with children

Who was Margaret Sanger and what did she do?

- led voluntary motherhood movement which sought to give women access to birth control, reproduction, and parenting in safe and humane conditions - wrote My Fight for Birth Control in 1931

According to the authors of Half the Sky (Chapter 11), how is microfinancing helping women in underdeveloped countries to better themselves economically, socially, and politically? What are some reasons that microloans are almost always made to women rather than men? What is more likely to happen when a family's wealth is controlled by a woman?

- lets women have control over their lives and finances - microloans are made to women because women suffer more from poverty (poverty can be caused by unwise spending from men) - when women control family assets, money is more likely to be spent on nutrition, medicine, and housing

Where do you sometimes see sexism in family relationships, even in the church?

- marriage can be described as an economic transaction that binds women into subservience to men (through love and personal/sexual services) and society (through unpaid housework) - masculine power and privilege - sons are allowed more freedom and autonomy compared to daughters - boys spend about 1/3 less time doing chores - chores more likely to be done by women (dishwashing, cooking) are less likely to receive an allowance for doing so

How is violence against women a power issue related to masculine dominance in society generally?

- masculine entitlements produce power that manifests itself in harm and injury towards others - men have privilege and therefore they have control

How does the issue of equity affect women's health? How do socioeconomic factors affect health conditions and mortality rates among women?

- medical institutions continue to provide different levels of service based on health insurance status and general ability to pay - poor families are less healthy and have a lower mortality rate - uninsured women are more likely to be employed in part-time work or full-time work without health insurance benefits - more likely to be covered as a "dependent" by another adult's employer based insurance (women are more vulnerable to losing health coverage if widowed or divorced) - lower socioeconomic status can lead to greater risk of HIV/AIDS infection and late diagnosis (lack of condom use in power relations)

Why/how does androcentrism adversely affect women in terms of health issues?

- medical research is geared towards men and their medical results (this is generalized for women) - more money is spent on diseases that are more likely to afflict men

What point is Gloria Steinem making in her humorous article "If Men Could Menstruate"?

- men are allowed to be loud and proud about their bodies while women are silenced and our problems are labeled as gross - menstruating would become a symbol of power

In "Toxic Masculinity," Stephanie Russell-Kraft talks about the "legitimacy he [Trump] has given to the inaccurate view that most rape allegations are false." Russell-Kraft quotes Carrie Baker, who writes: "There's a long history of the men's rights movement minimizing male violence against women and portraying men themselves, and particularly perpetrators, as victims of feminism and of women and of the court system." What do you think of this argument?

- men victimize themselves because they feel that power is being taken from them - men are so used to being in power that they can't fathom not controlling women - when men can't control women, they blame the women

What are some of the sociocultural factors discussed in "A Global Health Imperative" and Half the Sky that influence the health of a girl-child?

- poverty, low socioeconomic status, racism, sexism, heterosexism, exposure to toxins from physical and chemical environment, political stressors related to marginalization - parents prefer to have sons - some young girls may be used as prostitutes or become victims of trafficking - genital mutilation - girls exploited in labor through minimal pay, long working hours, and unequal power relations - early childbearing is associated with poverty - protein-energy malnutrition leads to greater risk of infection (can lead to pelvic developmental problems) - obstructed labor for young mothers can cause neurological complications for infants - low status women are more prone to HIV/AIDS - mental health, nervous system problems, chronic diseases, and injuries can affect reproductive ability

Why do men abuse women (or sometimes other men)? What are some of the reasons that women stay in abusive relationships?

- power relations and entitlement why do women stay in abusive relationships? - feelings of shame, guilt and low self-esteem (they believe that it is their fault) - victims become desensitized to it and see violence as a normal aspect of gender relationships - abusers tend to physically isolate their partners from others - victims worry what people will think - cannot afford to leave - victims believe that their children would be better off with a bad father than no father - nowhere to go - victims fear what might happen to abusive partners in the criminal system - believe that their partner will change - victims fear that their partner might kill them and/or their children if they leave

What is the difference between pro-choice and pro-life? Can you be a feminist and be pro-life? Can you be against abortion and be pro-choice?

- pro-choice: abortion is women's choice and women should not be forced to give birth - pro-life: human personhood begins at conception and therefore is murder - cannot be feminist and pro-life because you are putting a fetus's life above a mother's

What is the Violence Against Women Act (1994)? What does it include? (Note that the International Violence Against Women Act was adopted in 2010.)

- provides legal protection and rape shield laws - prevents victim's sexual history from being used by defense attorneys

How is rape used as an instrument of control in South Africa (and other countries)? (See Half the Sky Ch. 4.) What is being done to combat this? How is education key in fighting "rule by rape"?

- raping a girl made it easier to marry her (girls who have been raped are less desirable and lesser citizens) - Equality Now is an advocacy organization in New York that tackles abuses of women around the world (now a man is liable for rape even after the woman marries him) - giving both men and women a proper education could help them live together in harmony

According to the article "Complexities of Sexual Consent," how common is sexual assault among college students? What characteristics of college life increase women's risk of sexual assault? What are some of the complexities in determining what constitutes "consent"? What do studies show about how women typically communicate consent? What about non-consent (refusal)?

- roughly 20% of female university students in the US and Canada experience attempted or completed sexual assault characteristics of college life: - alcohol and drugs - time to experiment - limited knowledge about sex - pop culture teaches that sexual communication is unnecessary in the face of strong passion - girls are taught the risks and mixed messages in how to present themselves while men face pressure to be sexually active (enter college with different sexual agendas) consent: - is verbal (if nonverbal behaviors count as consent, then the affirmative consent standard becomes less distinguishable from the traditional sexual script) - must be given willingly and voluntarily (not valid if given in context of threats, pressure, or other types of coercion) women usually give consent by: - using nonverbal behaviors - not resisting their partners' advances women usually give nonconsent: - verbally - unless women's refusals are clear and direct, miscommunication is likely

What is "horizontal occupational segregation" and how does it affect women in the work force? What is meant by "pink-collar" jobs? In what types of jobs are working women clustered?

- segregation of women and men across different kinds of jobs pink-collar jobs: - jobs held by women - tend to reflect extensions of reproductive labor or unpaid work in the home women work with people, the aged, the young - replicates unpaid labor in the home - administrative assistants, office clerks, nursing, education, maids/housekeeping, waitstaff, personal care aides, social workers, sex workers

Who was Shirley Chisholm?

- served in New York General Assembly - focused on issues of education and day care - first Black woman in House of Representatives - first woman considered for presidential nomination - addressed representation of women in US politics

What cultural attitudes underlie these problems?

- society is conservative in these countries - men can't have sex with their girlfriends so they instead have sex with prostitutes

Why is it difficult to keep girls from returning to brothels even after they're rescued?

- stigmas against them - they think it's all they can do or all they know how to do - meth

In "To Learn, Start with the Manosphere," the author claims that "anti-feminist rhetoric is a powerful gateway to violent white nationalism" calculated to appeal to "young white men." What three reasons does she cite to explain why anti-feminist ideas work as recruiting tools for the far right "manosphere"?

- these ideas are widely accepted in mainstream society and can be voiced with minimal pushback - anti-feminism offers to address a genuine sense of grievance (what starts as "why won't girls sleep with me?" becomes "why can't women be controlled?" within an echo chamber of men) - anti-feminist ideology has the capacity to become a 360-degree conspiracy theory

What are some of the disturbing facts and statistics about violence towards women?

- this kind of violence is condoned by the state in detention, incarceration, and police harassment (structural violence) - survivors of abuse are disproportionately represented among homeless and suicide victims - average of 24 people a minute are victims of physical and contact violence by an intimate partner in the US - individuals who experience rape or stalking were more likely to report frequent headaches, chronic pain, difficulty sleeping, activity limitations, and poor physical and mental health - nearly 3 in 10 women and 1 in 10 men in the US experienced contact violence and/or stalking by an intimate partner

What did you learn about women's involvement in politics in the US? Why are women so underrepresented?

- until mid-1920s: only men were able to pass citizenship to their children - until 1970s: women were prevented from service and/or exempted from jury duty because of their role as mothers and housewives - as political offices become more visible, higher level, better paid, and more authoritative, there are fewer women in these positions why are women underrepresented? - conflict between family and work roles - lack of political financing - discrimination and sexist attitudes toward women in politics

To what does "interpersonal gender violence" (IPV) refer? What does it include?

- violence in intimate relationships, more specifically in a gender power imbalance - acts of intimidation and harassment (stalking / voyeurism / bullying (online/chat room, street, school, and workplace harassment) / road rage / obscene phone calls) - forcing someone to watch or participate in pornography, prostitution, or other sex work - emotional/psychological, physical, and sexual abuse (rape or attempted rape) - any unwanted coercive act that harms and violates another person

What is "wealthfare"?

- welfare for the rich - aid to dependent corporations - corporate tax deductions and grants

How do you respond to this quote from your text: "The family is the social unit in which most people are raised, learn systems of belief, experience love and perhaps abuse and neglect, and generally grow to be a part of social communities" (408)? How are our experiences of and attitudes towards gender often shaped by the gender composition of our families?

- when you're with your family 24/7, you learn from them. they are the first people you should go to for questions about life basically - parents will decorate bedrooms to correspond with gender and dress them in "gender-appropriate" clothing

What did you learn from the article "Betrayed by the Angel"? Which of the rape myths does Davis's story address? Do you agree that females are taught to endure, be passive, and be polite? How does this affect her response to the stranger? How has she been affected by the experience, even 10 years later?

- women are most definitely taught to endure and be passive and polite - she doesn't try hard enough to stop him - she's become more careful of male come-ons and behavior - women are taught to feel bad and be sympathetic, so men get away with things

What are some of the long-term health problems for women throughout the world, particularly in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa?

- women with fistulas are shunned, may starve to death or die of an infection (depressed and suicidal) - poor women in rural areas are "expendable" - about 536,000 women died in labor in 2005 - Nigerian women have 1 in 7 chance of dying in childbirth

How is work in the home "gendered"? Which tasks are more likely to be done by women and which by men? Why is 2/3 of household work still done by women?

- work is coded as either feminine or masculine (feminine work is less valued) - women are more likely to do cleaning, cooking, yard work, and child-rearing (reproductive labor) - women feel a responsibility to do the housework

Briefly outline the progression and development of women in the work force, beginning in the 19th century up until the 1960s. (The article "A Brief History of Working Women" also covers this, beginning with colonial America up through the 1990s. It also addresses women of other races and ethnicities.)

- working-class women worked in factories while middle-class women worked in the home - turn of the century allowed privileged white women to attend university - WWII allowed women working in traditionally male roles (women were encouraged to return to the home afterwards)

What was the Boston Women's Health Collective and why was it important?

- workshop of Boston women who wrote Our Bodies, Ourselves and gave courses on women's bodies and health - women started to question doctors' authority - shaped agenda of National Women's Health Network

What are the three main steps in the cycle of violence? (See p. 550.) What are some of the health consequences of intimate partner violence?

1. buildup of tension when violence is brewing 2. violent episode 3. honeymoon phase when abusers tend to be especially remorseful

What are some of the poverty statistics in the US? What stereotypes are associated with women on welfare? What measures have been taken to provide assistance for the poor?

2018 poverty rate was 12.7% - 22% of African Americans - 19% of Latinx - 9% of whites - 13% of women (23% of African American and Native American women / 21% of Latinas / 12% of Asian American women / 32% of women with disabilities and 25% of men with disabilities) - 20% of children (African American children are 3x more likely to be in poverty than white children) - transgender people are twice as likely to be in poverty than general US population - 82% of wealth in 2017 went to top 1 percent stereotypes of women: - lazy - cheat the system - have babies to increase welfare check there is welfare but it promotes inequality a lot and doesn't really help

What is being done to combat trafficking and prostitution in various countries throughout the world?

American Assistance for Cambodia (aid group) providing medicine and guidance for former sex slaves

What are the three important pieces of legislation related to the work force that were passed in the 1960s? What does each guarantee?

Equal Pay Act of 1963: - protects men and women who perform substantially equal work in the same establishment from sex-based wage discrimination Civil Rights Act of 1964: - prohibits discrimination in employment based on race, color, religion, sex, and/or national origin in establishments with 15+ employees Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1968): - outlaws mandatory retirement and prohibits employers with 20+ employees from discriminating on basis of age, protecting individuals age 40+

What is the Federal Abortion Ban (2003)? What is the Unborn Victims of Violence Act (2004)? What rights does it give to a fetus and what implications does this have?

Federal Abortion Ban: - outlaws certain second-trimester abortions that may be necessary for woman's health Unborn Victims of Violence Act: - gives fetus same legal rights of a person - murdering a pregnant woman is double homicide

In "Reproductive Rights as Human Rights," what did you learn about nonconsensual sterilization in South Africa, sex-selective abortion in India, and restrictive reproductive rights policies in Brazil? How does the author argue that all of these situations are really "human rights" issues?

South Africa: - laws that protect women from this and allow access to safe and acceptable methods of fertility regulation exist, but they are not enforced - healthcare and decisional autonomy should be a human right - stigma and stereotypes get in the way of a routine hospital visit - no informed consent if client spoke a different language from doctors - this seems to lead to HIV positive status India: - abortions require opinion from a registered medical practitioner - patients are more likely to abort female fetuses after ultrasound which determines the sex of the fetus Brazil: - sterilization and fertility regulation are difficult to access legally - abortion permitted when pregnancy resulted from violence or nonconsensual sex - family planning is not centered on women - empowerment for women is discussed in relation to contraception

What limitations on abortion were put in place or upheld in Webster vs. Reproductive Health Services (1989) and Planned Parenthood vs. Casey (1992)?

Webster vs. Reproductive Health Services: - state can prevent public facilities from assisting with abortions, prevent counseling concerning abortion, and allow parental notification rights (young women need parental permission) Planned Parenthood vs. Casey: - state can have mandatory counseling, waiting periods, and limitations on public spending for abortion services

What comprises "stalking"? What kinds of emotional and psychological trauma can it cause?

act of a person who, on more than one occasion, follows, pursues, or harasses another person - causes victim to believe the stalker will cause physical harm or mental distress to the victim - unwanted phone calls/texts - following or spying on victim - showing up at places without a legitimate reason - waiting at places for victim - leaving unwanted items - posting information or spreading rumors about victim on the internet can cause ongoing fear and trauma

What "myths" associated with affirmative action do your authors debunk and how?

affirmative action is a form of reverse discrimination - does not mean giving preference to any group - hiring committee must make an effort to create a pool of candidates that reflects the number of women and minorities who possess proper training for the position affirmative action means establishing a "quota" system for women and minorities - goals and quotas are different - affirmative action is not a court assigned process to redress a pattern of discriminatory hiring once you hire an affirmative action candidate, you can never fire them - terms of employment are the same for everyone - standards of achievement, job requirements, and job expectations should be applied equally to all individuals to satisfy affirmative action responsibilities, all that needs to be done is to hire one or two women or minorities for dead-end jobs - this is tokenism - hiring women and minorities for terminal positions does not satisfy affirmative action affirmative action will result in lowering standards and reputation of a department - this will not happen if candidate is qualified affirmative action and equal employment opportunity are the same things - equal opportunity includes advancing while on the job and only evaluating a person based on merits - affirmative action deals with recruiting specifically women and minorities affirmative action means applying a double standard, one for white males and a somewhat lower one for women and minorities - one standard is applied to all candidates - myth implies that women and minorities are inherently less qualified than white males unqualified individuals are being hired and promoted for the sake of diversity - affirmative action intends to hire most qualified person

What are some of the factors contributing to maternal mortality in Africa?

biology - pelvis shape lack of schooling - more educated women have better access to healthcare lack of rural health systems - shortage of doctors disregard for women - second-class citizens

What three factors have contributed to the worsening of sex slavery?

collapse of communism - capitalism created new markets for women to be sold globalization - easier and cheaper to move to a new country AIDS - there is a legend that AIDS can be cured by having sex with a virgin, so young girls are being kidnapped for this

What is "date rape"? What is "consensual sex" (as opposed to "compliant sex")? What is marital rape? (Marital rape became a crime in all states in 1993.)

date rape: - predatory drugs given to victim's in their drinks to make them incapable of resisting sexual advances - rape is most likely committed by someone the victim knows consensual sex: - negotiated through communication in which individuals express their feelings and desires and are able to listen to and respect others' feelings and desires compliant sex: - the consequences of not having sex are worse than doing it marital rape: - any unwanted intercourse or penetration obtained by force or threat of force or when a spouse is unable to consent

What was the goal of affirmative action policies begun by President Kennedy in the 1960s?

diversify the workplace and encourage the hiring of women and people of color

What is the difference between "equally shared" and "equally divided" tasks?

equally shared: - couples negotiate who does what to provide equity - can lead to gender stereotyping equally divided: - divide up all tasks and each do an equal amount

To what do "glass ceiling" and "glass escalator" refer?

glass ceiling: - barriers to advancement in the labor force glass escalator: - practices whereby men who go into traditionally female-dominated professions such as teaching/nursing/social work are disproportionately advanced into management and administrative positions

What are the 3 different marriage/domestic partnership models outlined in your text? How does each work? What are the advantages and disadvantages of each model?

head-complement: - traditional marriage contract - head makes money, complement takes care of house/children - power relations junior partner / senior partner: - both members of the couple work outside the home, but junior partner's job is considered secondary to the senior partner's job - junior partner still has some domestic role equal partners: - neither partner is more likely to perform provider or domestic roles - neither role is more valued than the other

What social customs in our culture (especially those associated with weddings) reinforce traditional husband/wife relationships?

husband is the head of household and has a job while wife takes care of the house - her identity is over shadowed by her husband (Dr. and Mrs. John Smith) weddings: - "man and wife" (men continue to be men and women become wives) - father "gives away" the daughter - white symbolizes purity and virginity - taking the name of the husband

What changes have taken place in the economy that have affected women's roles in the work force?

lack of childcare centers cause women to only take on part-time jobs

What is the Campus Security Act (passed 1990, amended 1998)? What does it require colleges and universities to do?

mandates that colleges and universities participating in federal student aid programs complete and distribute security reports on campus practices and crime statistics

Think about some of the issues on balancing work/family and on advancing in male-dominated careers raised by Annette Jarvis (during her visit and in her articles).

many in the Church add onto this already hard issue of balancing work/family by judging the women for it

The US has the highest marriage and divorce rates of any industrialized country. Why do you think that is the case?

marriage traditionally has been based on gender relations that prescribe authority of husbands over wives and entail certain norms

How do medicalization and stereotyping adversely affect women in terms of access to adequate health care?

medicalization: - because some women have more episodic changes in their bodies as a result of childbearing, they are more at risk for medical personnel interpreting these natural processes as problematic - business and medical technologies work against preventive medicine stereotypes: - people assume men are doctors and women are nurses - provider bias: concerns the way stereotypes about people influence how providers and clinicians interpret identical behaviors and clinical findings (physicians are more likely to consider emotional factors when diagnosing women's problems)

In "Gender Aspects of Human Trafficking," what three factors cited by the author help to explain the high number of women and girls involved in trafficking throughout the world?

migration - cheaper and easier for women than for men - increased demand for female labor in caregiving, household, or other low-wage jobs poverty - gender pay gaps - single mother households gender norms - unequal access to education - limited opportunities to access/own land and property - women are weak and unpowered - easier to manipulate and less likely to rebel

According to the article "Why Sexual Assault Survivors Do Not Report to Universities," what are some of the physical and mental health problems experienced by sexual assault survivors? What are some of the reasons sexual assault survivors typically do not report to the police? According to the surveys, what are the eight main reasons survivors do not report to university officials? How might universities use this information to improve their rates of reporting? What can universities do better to support survivors and engender trust?

physical/mental health problems: - anxiety - depression - weight change - sleep problems - host of other traumatic reactions why do they not report to police? - did not think assault was serious enough - blamed themselves or felt guilty - ashamed or embarrassed - feared retribution from perpetrator or others - afraid they would not be believed - lacked confidence in justice system - lacked evidence - did not want family members or others to know what happened why do they not report to the university? - it was not a big enough deal - I didn't know who to report to or that I could report - it wasn't related to the university - I was afraid - because I was drunk - too ashamed to report - I didn't want to get him in trouble - felt as if I would be blamed for putting myself in the situation universities should provide training in sexual assault prevention

What is the difference between quid pro quo harassment and hostile work environment harassment?

quid pro quo: - sexual favors are required in return for various conditions of employment hostile work environment: - no explicit demand for an exchange of sexual acts for work-related conditions but being subjected to a pattern of harassment as part of the work environment

What are some of the false social "myths" about rape and how can they be debunked?

rape happens less frequently than women believe. feminists in particular blow this out of proportion by focusing on women's victimization, and women make up rape charges as a way to get attention. - rape is a crime and rape survivors are witnesses - credibility of witness is challenged in rape cases, and women are often retraumatized as a result of rape trials women are at least partly responsible for their victimization in terms of their appearance and behavior. - encourages women to feel guilty when raped - rape is the only crime in which the victim is not automatically perceived as innocent perpetrators are not totally responsible for their actions. especially if a woman comes on to a man sexually, it is impossible for him to stop. - people are not driven by uncontrollable biological urges - everyone has the right to stop sexual behaviors at any time

What was the Supreme Court ruling in June 2015 on same-sex marriage?

same-sex couples have the rights and responsibilities to marry on the same terms as heterosexual couples

What areas are included in the notion of "reproductive justice/choice"? Do all women have access to control over their reproductive choices? Why not? How are reproductive rights agendas shaped by the dynamics of race and class?

sterilization (tubes tied, hysterectomy) - women on welfare and women of color are more likely to be sterilized parenting options and contraceptive technologies - controlling fertility to prevent constant pregnancy, control overpopulation, save money, prevent stress of constant child-rearing, and allow to go out and do other things besides raising children - birth control (only the "fit" should be encouraged to reproduce so the "unfit" are given birth control) - abortion some have different amounts of access to contraceptives or are forced to choose a certain procedure

How does the state simultaneously work to "maintain sources of inequality" and function as an "avenue for social justice" (585)?

the state attempts to regulate and control social order, but not nearly enough

What is meant by a "dual labor market"?

there is a primary market (workers earn high wages, employee benefits, and protections) and a secondary market (workers receive lower wages, fewer benefits and less opportunity for advancement; disproportionately women and people of color)

What insights did you gain from watching Period. End of Sentence.?

there is too much of a stigma around menstruation that men don't even know it exists!

How does corporate responsibility (particularly in relation to the environment) affect and figure into women's health?

toxic chemicals can increase risk of breast cancer

How has rape been used as an instrument of war in some parts of the world?

used as ethnic cleansing

What insights did you gain from reading Benjamin Ogles's address "Agency, Accountability, and Atonement: Application to Sexual Assault"?

we need to use our agency properly and healthily

According to "The Lost Girls," why and how do young girls end up working as sex slaves in human trafficking rings? Why can't they get out?

why/how do they end up as sex slaves? - they have a large debt to pay - they wanted to get out of their bad situations at home - they were tricked into joining, thinking that the job was working in a factory or somewhere similar why can't they get out? - they could get deported and shunned by their families back home - the boss could kill their family if the girl doesn't comply

What did you learn about sex trafficking and prostitution in India (and other countries) in Half the Sky (Chs. 1 and 2)?

women and girls are enslaved

What are some of the reasons women choose to have children? What are some of the reasons women want to limit the number of children they have?

yes children: - insurance in old age - personal and marital fulfillment - carrying on family name - fulfilling religious mandates no children: - prevent constant pregnancy, control overpopulation - save money - prevent stress of constant child-rearing - allow to go out and do other things besides raising children