GY120 Exam #3

Present Day Geography of Christianity

33% of people in the world identify as Christian. In Europe, 76.2% of the population identifies as Christian. Out of those 76.2%, 48% are Roman Catholic, 32% are Eastern Orthodox, and 19% are Protestant. In the United States,23% are Catholic, 4% are Baptist, 5% are Lutheran, and 2% are CLDS.

Khoisan Family

A distinctive characteristic of these languages is their use of the clicking sound, earning one of the languages its name "Hottentot".

Arabic

Afro - Asiatic Language Family. As Islam diffused across the North East, so did its language: arabic. Muslims are encouraged to learn arabic and read the quran in arabic. Arabic is one of the languages that affected English a little bit. Words that have the beginning al- or z-, algebra, zero, were invented by arabic speaking people. Science and math words are even more likely to have an arabic root because when math and science died in Europe, the studies were kept alive by Arabs.

Hebrew

Afro-Asiatic Language Family. Hebrew used to be a dead language. About 700 years ago, it was spoken in the Middle East during the Roman Empire by mostly people of Jewish descent. When the Roman Empire fell, Jews moved to other places in Europe and started speaking other European languages. In 1880, as part of a movement to try to create a homeland for the Jewish population, it was decided that the homeland should have a common language. This was because Jews were living all around the world speaking different languages. Isaiah Pearlman proposed that Hebrew should be the common language of Israel. But he picked a dead language, a language that has not evolved over time. We take it for granted that English has words like "internet", and "wifi" because our language has been able to evolve (it hasn't died). Ancient hebrew was composed of 10,000 words. Pearlman had to come up with all sorts of words, like "fork" and "electricity". Modern hebrew has 100,000 words. Pearlman modified Hebrew words to mean other things. Like the hebrew word for "oven" was altered to "little oven" in order to mean toaster oven. There is proof that Hebrew is growing because it is borrowing words. For example, the Hebrew word for video is "video". We do this too in the English language. Our word for burrito is "burrito".

Altaic Family

Altaic languages originated in the steppes bordering Qilian Shan and the Altai Mountains between Tibet and China. The country with the largest number of Uralic speaking people is Turkey. When the Soviet Union governed Altaic language speaking areas, the language was suppressed to create a homogenous culture. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the 1990s, many newly independent countries like Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan declared an Altaic language as their official language.

Incorrect Harvesting: Codfish

An example of incorrect harvesting is the Atlantic codfish. Originally, they were associated in huge numbers off the Eastern Coast of Canada. When the original explorers came, they wrote back and said that the ocean was silver because of how many fish their were. In the 1960s, the Canadians and non-Canadians were harvesting the fish at an unsustainable rate. The Canadian government banned non-Canadians from codfish. That did not work, so then they banned cod-fishing in general. Fishing is theoretically renewable if it is not practiced poorly. The population is still not recovering well.

Religious Conflict in Bosnia

Balkans (Bosnia,montenegro, ect) the landscape was very rugid bc of this there were many different ethnic groups and religions. There were 3 large populations 1st largest serbs ( Eastern Orthodox), 2nd slovenian ( Roman catholic) 3rd Bosnian muslims. There was a dictator over the land named Tito who practiced communism. There was an ethnic cleaning which is the removal of ethnic grps from particular areas. 1991-1997

Primary Sector

Basic production of goods (agriculture, forestry, mining, fishing); it is taking basic materials and making them more valuable. In the primary sector, there are two activities either called harvesting or extracting.

Second Generation Green Revolution Technology in Africa

Because of the dry climate, it was hard to farm in Africa. In the twenty first century, to help Africa with food issues, they started making GMOs (genetically motified organisms) and this minized the risk of crops being infiected by bugs. The crops now could withstand droughts.

1600s - English and Irish Planters/Farmers

Before the 1700s, most of Ireland was owned by Irish Catholics. By 1700, the English owned most of Ireland. Ireland used to primarily speak a celtic language called Irish Gaelic. In 1800, most of Ireland speaks Irish. Over time, English diffused from the East Side to the West because the Irish have more interaction with the English on the East Side of Ireland due to bigger cities and trade ports located there.

Celtic

Branch of Indo European Family. Celtic languages are found in isolated parts of Western Europe: the British Isles (Wales, Ireland, Scotland) and France.

Indo Iranian (Indo-Aryan)

Branch of Indo European Family. The languages spoken are Hindi, Urdu, and Farsi (Persian), and they are commonly used in India, Pakistan, and Iran.

Slavic

Branch of Indo European Family. The languages spoken are Russian, Polish, Czech, and Slovak, and they are commonly used in Eastern Europe.

Romance

Branch of Indo European Family. These are former roman empire or latin based languages. The languages are Italian, French, Spanish, and Romanian and they are commonly used in Italy, France, Spain, and Romania.

Outliers

Branch of Indo European Family. These languages are more closely related to the languages of Asia because people from Asia, especially Northern Asia, migrated there. These languages are Romanian, FInnish, Hungarian, and Estonian.

Germanic

Branch of Indo European Family. These languages, german, dutch, english, nor/swis/danish, are spoken in Northern Europe.

Buddism

Buddhism started 400 BCE, it is not as old as Jainism. Unlike Jainism, it has a founding person: Buddha, aka Siddhartha Gautama. It is practiced today mostly in Eastern Asia even though it was founded in India. The Four Noble Truths are 1. to live is to suffer 2. suffering is caused by desire 3. suffering can be overcome 4. The Noble eightfold path Despite originating in the Middle East, most Buddhists are found in Asia.

Harvesting (Primary Sector)

By harvesting, we are taking something from the earth that is theoretically renewable (argiculture, forestry, fishing).

Location of Industrial Activities

By making products in the United States companies will loose money. So they go to other countries where they do not have to pay their workers as much and they can maximize profits.

Language Conflict in Canada

Canada has two official languages: English and French. Some of the citizens of Quebec wanted to secede from Canada because they did not speak the same language as everyone else, so they had a vote. 50.28% of the citizens wanted to stay as a part of Canada, 49.88 wanted to secede from Canada because of language differences. This big issue in Canada is about more than language because language is a major component of culture.

Religious Conflict in Northern Ireland

Conflict between Protestant and Roman Catholic Irish. There was a lot of crime committed because of this twenty thirty years ago. now it is more peaceful, but their are still walls separating them.

Copper Ore Processing Example

Copper comes from copper ore. The amount of copper in copper ore may not be very much. You use a smelter to melt copper out of the ore. The input is copper ore, the output is pure copper. The input weights more... For every 100 pounds of copper ore, you get a pound of copper. You'd locate towards the raw material.

Dialects

Dialect is a variation in language, it is more than pronunciation. It is also vocab (american english vs. british english), speed (people in new york speak faster than people in Michigan), rhythm (intonation), and spelling (color vs. colour). Dialects vary over space, but there are also social dialects as well.

American English

Dialects in the US are quite distinctive in three major areas. Southern, New England, and Midwestern. Now there are four dialects in the United states: Upper North, Lower North, Upper South, and Lower South. Ex: Car-mel vs Carra-mel. Ex: T-P-ing vs. Toilet papering Ex: Kitty corner vs. Catty corner Ex: Frosting vs Icing The Lower North dialect moves towards the west coast where eventually dialects start fading out because migration channels are blending.

Generalizations in Eastern Religons

Difficulty in Generalizations (literature, church structure, adherance) Generalizations Absolute vs. Physical Reality Humans and Nature

East West Schism and the Rise of Islam

East-West Schism: When the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Western Church split. Eastern Orthodox CHristians had to complete with Islam and the WEstern Church did not. Rise of Islam: Also around this time we see the influence of Islam in the Middle East. Roman was controlled by Roman Catholics. Constantinople was controlled by members of the Eastern Orthodox church Rome was able to maintain its influence, but Constantinople was not. It became a Muslim controlled city, now called Istanbul.

South Africa Family

English Afrikanns - this language has dutch influence.

Origin of English

English started out as a germanic language in 400 CE originating from the Anglos, Saxons, and the Jutes. The name of the English language is a modified version of Angloish (sp?). English is influenced by German, Old English, the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.

Dravidian Family

From Sri Lanka and Southern India.

View of Time

Historical Linear View of Time (beginning to end): Western Asia (Middle East) religions have a linears view of time (Christianity, Island, Judaism) Ahistorical View of Time (no beginning or end): Eastern Asia (Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism)

Norman Influence on English

In 1066, William the conqueror and the Norman Army invade England. The word Norman comes from "norse-man". After a couple of hundred years, the Normans speak French. This invasion is about the diffusion of the French language and the replacement of English aristocracy with a bunch of French speaking Normans. The peasants still spoke English, unlike their rulers. We see the influence of the French language in some synoyms in the ENglish language today. We can sweat or perspire, be dead or deceased, stop or cease, and eat or dine. The nicer words come from French influence, the more guttural words have a germanic root that the peasants are still using. The English language has more complexity thanks to the Norman invasion. Also, the aristocrats mostly saw animals on their plates, not on the hoof like the peasants so we have words like: cow and beef, cattle and veal, lamb and mutton, deer and venison.

Sikh's struggle for independence

In 1984, Sikhs were the bodyguards for the Indian prime minister. At that time, there was an issue that Sikhs had been petitioning to have their own country. What happened was a group of protesters went to the capital city of Punjab and they occupied the Golden Temple. The Indian army invaded the Golden Temple and kicked the protesters out. After that happened, the prime minister's Sikh bodyguards assassinated her. Relative location of Punjab: The Sikh's want to be independent but they live in Punjab. India does not want to give up the Punjab, where the Sikh live, because it has alluvial soil due to water from the Himalayan Mountains which makes it one of the most productive agricultural regions in India.

Isolated Languages

In Northern Spain, there is a population called Basque. They are trying to become independent from Spain. They speak an isolated language, a language that does not relate to any other language family. It is it's own language family: Vasconic. The Basque language is a very old language. The language is also associated with a culture and ethnic group.

Rice (Intensive ArigicultureP

In South Asia rice is a staple crop, meaning it is the most common crop. There are so many people in this area, rice crops are perfect for feeding a large population because they yeild so much food and do not take a lot of land to grow.

Nomatic Herding (Extensive Argiculture)

In West Africa, in the summer when the sun is directly overhead the Sahara desert, which heats up the land, the air is rising because it is heated and it is replaced by air coming in from the Atlantic ocean, meaning that the wind blows from the south to the north. The air from the Atlantic ocean is warm and wet, coming into the Sahara. That is the wet season. The opposite occurs during the winter months because the air cools and descends. It moves from the North to the South. In the winter, it is the dry season. Nomatic herders follow the wet season.

Steel Manufacturing (Past versus Present)

In order to make steel, you need iron ore and coal. Iron ore can be processed and coal is very heavy. So a steel mill would locate by coal (the raw material) instead of the market place. Tenite is grinding up the iron ore and using a magnet to extract the iron. You would roll this into balls using wax and transport it to a facility with coal. Mini mills make steel not from iron ore or coal, but from scrap metal. Mini mills are have a market orientation because their inputs are found everywhere.

Language Conflict in Belgium

In the Southern part of Belgium, Wallonia, Belgians speak French and in the Northern part of Belgium, Flanders, Belgians speak Flemish, which affects the political scene. There are no "Belgian" politics because there is no unity; instead there are "Flemish" and "Walloon" politics. In 2007, the arguing had gotten so bad that politicians could not compromise and make decisions, so the Belgian government shut down for six months.

Common Origin Theory of Indo European Languages

Indo-European, the most widely used language family, is predominant in Europe, South Asia, and North America and Latin America. The common origin theory of Indo-European languages is that all of the languages in this family originated from one "proto-european" language, spoken 15,000 years ago (at the end of the last Ice Age) across modern day Turkey and Iraq. Researcher Mark Pagel and his team discovered that a common word that people use to refer to themselves, like "I" in English, "Ich" in German, "Yo" in Spanish, "Je" in French, and "Io" in Italian, all have a common root in the proto-european language.

Spatial Dialects

International (British English vs US English) /regional (MI vs NY) / local dialects (New York has 5 different dialects).

Relative Growth Of religions

Islam and Hinduism are religions that are growing faster than others. Roman Catholic "growing, but not as fast as Islam and Hinduism" Protestant "" Eastern Orthodox "" Judaism "" Buddhism (unknown)

Adherants, Believers, and Followers

It is difficult to define if someone is a member of a religion. For some religions you sign up and other religious members depend on attendence at church, mosque, temple, etc. We'll use the term adherent, meaning one who follows the belief.

Niger-Congo Family

It is the largest speaking family tree in Africa. It diffused across West Africa, Central Africa, and South Africa. The language that we have to know is found on the East Coast of Central Africa: Swahili. It was a language that was developed because of interaction with the Middle East. It is a combo of Bantu and Arabic. Swahili is also one of the few African languages with extensive literature. Swahili is alingoutfranca, a language developed so that two parties can speak to each other. For people along the Ivory Coast, French is alingoutfranca. For people in Nigeria, English is alingoutfranca. In India, english is alinofranca. In international airfare, all international pilots use English.

Jainism

Jainism was founded in 800 BCE, practiced in the western parts of india. It is not associated with a founder or creator. It is very much an eastern religion because it is cyclical in its view of time. The two symbols of Jainism are the swastika and a palm with a wheel in the center of it. This religion has compassion for all living things, not just human beings. As part of that belief, Jainism is non-violent. They believe that all living things have souls and should not be killed. This is an important part of how Ghandi came up with his peaceful protest ideas. All Jains are vegetarian, some Jains will not eat food that kills the plant. Jains are often one of the most wealthiest people in India. They are teachers, doctors, and phantrophiants, they practice jobs that do not kill. They have the highest level of literacy in India; they are the most educated. Differences from Hinduism: There is no caste system in Jainism.

Judaism: Timeline of Major Events

Jewish Population in the 1930s: 18 million Jews, 12 million in Europe WWII: Nazi Germany Genocide killed 6 million Jews which is ½ of the jews in Europe and ⅓ of the Jews in the world 1947 Movement: there is a movement to make Israel a national state for Jews so that they can be the majority in a country. The British relinquished their control over Palestine which ensued a power struggle. The Jewish settlers wanted it to become a Jewish state, the Palestinian Muslims wanted it to be an Arab state. The United Nations split Palestine into two countries, but it didn't work out because it was split into two separated sections. A civil war broke out between the two groups. In 1949-1967 the Jews governed the Gaza strip and West Bank. The rest was controlled by Palestinians. In 1967, Egypt, Jordan, and Syria attacked Israel. Israel won and gained the Sinai Peninsula and the golan heights. These areas became known as the occupied territory.

Language Conflict in Switzerland

Language conflict is not always a problem. Switzerland are four official languages: french is spoken in the West, dutch is spoken in the Central, italian is spoken in the South, and rumantsch is spoken in isolated places. Language is not a divisive issue in Switzerland because most of the residents are multi-lingual and level of education is very high.

Why do differences in language drive people apart?

Language drives people apart because it is more than a system of communication; it is a part of cultural transmission. Culture is the sum of a group of people's beliefs, customs, and attitudes. An example of how language is an important factor in cultural transmission is a comparison between Russia, a country, and Islam, a religion. Russia is made up of different ethnic groups that speak different languages. This divides the country because cultural cannot effectively transmit. However Islam contributes transmitting the culture of the Middle East by encouraging its adherents to read the Quran in Arabic. By doing this, Arabic spread and played a factor in uniting the people of the Middle East. In conclusion, language causes conflict in countries because it prevents cultural transmission, which unites people.

Role of Church and State

Organic - no separation of church and state (hinduism/islam) Church based - the religion is not the same as the larger society. there is separation between church and state

The Effect of Religion

Religion can be implemented by a government; for example, in many places in the Middle East, religious leaders are also part of the government. They make laws which determine how society acts; many of these laws are associated with religion. Certain foods may be consumed or not consumed depending on religious belief (Catholics fast during Lent). Many people dress according to their religion. Religion even sometimes dictates the rhythm of work, what day is your sabbath on?

Language Conflict in Russia

Russian is made up of ethnic groups that speak different languages, which divides the country. The Russian government is authoritative because they are afraid of falling apart due to language conflict.

Sikhism

Sikhism originated 500 years ago in the western parts of India. It is a combination of the beliefs of Hinduism and Islam. Geographically speaking, the Sikhs are also in the middle of where the Hindu and Muslim population is. The majority of Sikhs started from and live in Chandigarh. They are the minority in this area. Sikhism has been associated with military service because they have always had the defend themselves as minorities. The Sikhs wear ceremonial knives with their dress.

What language family tree do the most popular languages in the world belong to and why are they so popular?

The Indo-European language family is the most widely used language family; it accounts for the majority of the most popular languages in the world: English, Hindi, Spanish, Russian, Bengali, and Portuguese. Other popular languages that are not part of the Indo-European family are Mandarin Chinese (Sino-Tibetan family), Malay-Indonesian (Austronesian family), and Japanese (Japonic family). English (colonized most of North America), Spanish (colonized most of Latin America), and Portuguese (colonized Brazil) are popular because people speaking the language colonized many areas. Mandarin Chinese, Hindi, Russian, Bengali, Japanese and Malay-Indonesian are popular because of the high population of people living in countries that the languages are spoken in.

Fulani Political Issues

The Phalati were traditionally pastoral nomadic herders, meaning that they are people who depend on livestock; they move around to find pasturage for their animals. They moved mostly cattle around the Sahel. In the summer season, they moved north to the wetlands. In the winter season, they would move south, following the precipitation. The Hausa farmers stayed in one place and would allow the Fulani to graze on a plot of land that they were rotating; they practiced shifiting agriculture. The British wanted the Fulani to stay in one spot inorder to collect taxes and have more control.

Kurgan Hypthesis

The Proto-Indo-European language diffused from modern day Ukraine through conquest.

Anatolian Hypothesis

The Proto-Indo-European language peaceful spread through the innovation of agriculture. This diffused East to West through the Neolithic Era.

Viking Influence on English

The Viking invaded England and influenced the language by bringing the -sh and -sk sound. Words like skull or scrape came from the Vikings. They also brought with them a simpler way of making a plural. For example, in original English, the word for egg was "ey" and they made the eggs plural by adding a "-ren" to the end, forming "eyren". The Vikings simply added an "s" at the end. There are a couple of words that still follow old english, like child and children, and ox and oxen. On a sidenote, Vikings influence can still be seen in today's culture (they were obsessed with the number 12... a dozen doughnuts).

Judaism

The first major western religion is Judaism; it is monotheistic, meaning one God. Jewish Diaspora is the forceful removal of Jews from one place to another. The forced removal of Jews from the Middle East to other areas was caused by ? Ashkenazim: The movement of the jews into Europe was called ashkenazim. Sephardic: The movement of the jews into North Africa and other parts of the Middle East are known as sephardic. Treatment by Christians and Muslims during the Middle Ages: Not good at all. As a matter of fact, in general, I'd say that Jews are the most persecuted religious group in history. They were enslaved by the Egyptians, ruled by the Romans. When they had control over Jerusalem, they were kicked out by the Muslims and Christians. Then fast forward to the 1900s, they faced genocide.

World Composition of Religions

The four largest religions are Christianity 33%, Islam 22%, Hinduism 15%, (Nonreligious 14%) and Buddhism 6%

Soft Drink Production

The main ingreditent in coke is water, which is eubicious in most countries. So Coke Cola locates their facility near the market place.

Incorrect Harvesting: Timber

The most efficient way is to harvest timber is clearcutting. Clearcutting is when every single tree is cut down. There are environmental consequences to clear cutting, the soil can rot away and the fish population in nearby bodies of water can be damaged. In the 1980s, in the Pacific Northwest, the spotted owl population was found to be very low because they required a large amount of first growth forest to stay alive. Because of the endangered species act, a large number of first growth forests were protected. In the 1980s, the timber industry was affected by the government holding first growth forest land for the spotted owl. It costed a lot of jobs.

Sino-Tibetan Family

The reason that this family tree has lots of recognition is because Mandarin Chinese is spoken by the Chinese, who have the largest population in the world.

Christianity

The second major religion is Christianity, which diffused with the diffusion of european colonies. It started 2000 years ago. In the beginning it was not recognized as a religion (100 CE). Early Christian Cities: Alexandria, Jerusalem, Antioch, Constantinople, and Rome were centers of Christianity. Slow Diffiusion - Roman Empire: In 200 CE, it diffusional into Egypt, parts of the Mediterranean, and Rome. In 400 CE Christianity spread and adherants could be located all across the Mediterranean because it became an official religion of the Rome Empire. It also became accepted in Southern Europe and parts of the Middle East. By 1300 CE, Europe became the stronghold of Christianity.

Islam

The third major religion is Islam. Muhammad, born in 570, translated the Quran. Origins: Byzantine Empire spoke Greek and followed a religion called Arosianism. and the Persian Empire spoke Persian. The two empires fought over an area for hundreds of years and when the fighting ended, there was a power vacuum. What ended up happening is that Arabic speaking people, including Muhammad, used Islam to unite the people in that land. It became a force to unite people in the Middle East. Schism: 90% of the world's muslims consider themselves Shea. 10% consider themselves Sunni. The differences are in their beliefs.

Hinduism

The word Hindu is derived from the name of the River Indus, which flows through Northern India. It is a combination of Aryan and Harappan culture. Caste System: From highest ranking to lowest ranking: Brahims (priests), Kshatriya (warriors, kings), Vaishya (merchants, landowners), Sudra (commoners, peasants, servants), and Dalits (untouchables, out of the caste; street sweepers, latrine cleaners). Pilgrimage and Festivals: They have different ways of celebrating, but it is normal to them. Role of the British: The British used the caste system to decided if someone was qualified for a position or not. By allowing people to serve in the British military, the British made it possible for people to move up in the caste system.

Austronesian Family

There is a current in Australia that carries people on boats to Madagascar so their culture and language is different.

Right-to-Work States

These are laws that prohibit labor unions and employers from entering into contracts that only employ unionized workers for the jobs in the contract.

Eastern Religions defined and compared to Western Religions

These are religions that originated in South and Western Asia Eastern Religions vs. Western Religions Eastern Religions have a circular view of time and they believe that humans are part of a bigger whole. These religions are and if they are, they are polytheistic. Western Religions have a linear view of time, they focus on another an otherworldly power, and they are monotheistic.

Slash and Burn/Swidden

This arigicultural practice occurs in very wet areas around the equator. There is very little light in the rainforest because the trees are so dense. This was not sustainable because the the soil is not very rich in nutrients. The soil was laterite; a soil found in that is rocky and rich in iron and aluminium and rusty red in coloration because of the iron oxide content. These soils are very susceptible to erosion and leaching.

Nilo-Saharan Family

This family tree tells you its location because it is spoken by people around the Nilo River and the Sahara desert.

1803 - Union Act

This made the Irish speak English if they wanted to have an education or participant in the government. It also united Ireland and the United Kingdom. Under this act, Ireland and Britain had one united parliament and church.

Green Revolution

This refers to improvements in agriculture (see pic): hybrid seed, irrigation pumps, tractors... but they all cost money! Many people did not benefits from it because they could not afford these innovations. A commercial farmers goal is to make money, so they will make decisions to maximize their profits. They would do a monocrop to make as much profit as possible. They could take the risk of the entire crop failing. A subsistence farmers goal is to survive, so they will make decisions to minimize risks. The SF would do things like multi cropping, incase one crop failed, another would hopefully survive. Mechanization makes it possible for farmers to produce more, but it takes away jobs. The number one form of migration was from rural to urban and one of the reasons for this is mechanization.

Social Dialects

This shows class differences. Professors sometimes say "pro-cesses" instead of "pra-cesses"

Alluvial Soil

This soil is very good for arigculture; it is a fine-grained fertile soil deposited by water flowing over flood plains or in river beds. This is one of the reasons that India will not give up Pujab, because most of India is not suitiable for farming, but Pujab has a lot of alluvial soil due to water from the Himilayian Mountains.

Maquilla/Maquiladoras

This term comes from the special arrangement with the border between Mexico (labor intensive) and the United States (capital intensive) The idea was to take material made in the United States and assemble it somewhere else. The plant in the United States sends cloth across the border to Mexico where the labor intensive activity takes place; it crosses the border with no or little taxation. Then the clothing is send back to the United States and is sold. This is used a lot for clothing. It is also used for electronics and automobiles

Classical (Weberian) Location Theory (inputs and Outputs)

This theory determines where companies locate their facility. If the input (raw material) is eubicious, meaning it can be found almost anywhere, then the input does not determine how companies locate. If the input is heavy and the output is lighter, then the company would want to locate their facility near the input and vice versa. The company can their locate throws the raw material or towards the marketplace.

Subsistence Agriculture (Primary Sector)

This type of farming comes in two types: extensive and intensive. If the farmer uses a lot of land to grow a small amount of food, that means the land is being used extensively. There are a two types of extensive subsistence agriculture: nomadic herding and shifting cultivation. Nomadic herders move around when they herd because the land does not provide a great deal of resources. Shifting cultivation when farmers rotate different plots of land each season. That would be an example of extensive subsistence agriculture. Intensive agriculture is when the farmer uses a small amount of land to grow a lot of food (the Irish farmers).

Classification of Religion

Universal: They appeal to everyone (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism) Ethnic/National: They appeal to a particular group of people (Judaism/Hinduism) Traditional/Tribal: They appeal to a small group or band of people (local tribal beliefs)

Uralic Family

Uralic languages are spoken in Estonia, Finland, and Hungary. Uralic languages have been traced back to Proto-Uralic, used 7,000 years ago in the Ural Mountains in present day Russia. Migrants carried their language with them into Europe while maintain their cultural identity amidst Germanic and Slavic speaking people.

Automoble Manufacturing

We ship parts to a place and then assemble the car. Then the car is taken a short distance to a dealership.

Potato Blight and Famine

When the potato famine hit, the severity of the famine occurred on the West Side the hardest. The people who still speak Irish are more likely to be impacted by the famine because most of the Irish speakers live on the West Side. By 1880, most of Ireland speaks English because many of the Irish speakers died or migrated away after the famine because Irish speakers are the more impoverished. Children were taught English in order to survive in the land that was controlled by the English. In Irish schools, they had something called a tally stick. It was a piece of wood that was tallied by the parents whenever a kid spoke Irish. At the end of the week, the parents would count the notches on the tally stick and whip their kids that number of times, because they wanted their kid to learn English in order to survive in an English dominated society.

Latin Influence on English

Words that have prefixes like pre-, anti-, post, and suffixes like -ist, -ism come from latin. The educated, clerical class kept latin alive. Latin comes into English during the Renaissance because it is considered an educated language. People during the Renaissance were encouraged to learn more so they knew more latin.

Partitioning of India

in 1947. The Hindu population made up 67% of colonial India, the muslims made up 20% of india. Gandhi wanted one India, but it still split into India, West Pakistan, and East Pakistan. This caused mass migration of Muslims to Pakistan and Hindus moving to India.