H5P Chapter 3 Practice

In the film "56 Up," shown in class, the character Neil Hughes talked primarily about the struggles he's faced over his life in the area of:

psychological health

The element missing from a quasi-experimental design that makes it impossible to draw cause-and-effect conclusions is:

random assignment

One of the fundamental problems involved in the typical longitudinal (i.e. single-factor) study is that all participants come from the same:

cohort

When a sample of people are followed over time, the less able ones tend to drop out of the sample, a problem known as:

selective attrition.

Which species of animal does not get cancer, and is therefore being studied to understand genetic causes of the disease?

shark

examining large amounts of information from previously established sources.

studying intensively one or a small number of individuals using many measures.

In the Health and Retirement Study, researchers used logistic regression to analyze data from a large sample of older adults as they were about to retire. Such a method would permit them to answer which research question:

Who is most likely to choose early retirement?

In a study examining the relationship between health and well-being, a researcher chooses to use three indexes that will become the measure of health rather than ask participants to rate their own health. In this case, health is considered a(n) ___________ variable.

latent

In selective attrition, a problem in longitudinal research, the ______ are most likely to drop out of the study prior to the end?

least healthy

In selective attrition, the researcher's concern is that the _______ participants tend to drop out before the study is complete

less able

Researchers who try to understand the causes of disease may group participants into those who develop the disease and those who don't, and test statistical models to understand which factors place an individual at risk. This approach of predicting disease outcomes from a set of risk factors uses which statistical approach?

logistic regression

In a study testing the relationship between age and life satisfaction, a researcher introduces a third possible variable of meaning in life that might intervene by influencing the extent to which age alone predicts life satisfaction. In this case, the researcher would be testing meaning in life as having what type of effect?

mediation

In order to evaluate the effects of a particular type of therapy on depression in older adults, a researcher examines the results of 155 studies that included 19,000 individuals. The examination through statistical methods of such a large number of investigations is known as what type of method?

meta-analysis

In a study comparing adults from ages 25 through 85 on a test of vocabulary, researchers observe a positive correlation between age and vocabulary test scores. What can the researchers conclude from this finding?

The older the adult, the better the vocabulary scores

In a study on job performance and age, an occupational psychologist asks workers at a large international company to complete online measures in which employees and their supervisors both complete their own versions of tests of the employee's performance on a set of rating scales. The correspondence between the two measures could be considered an indication of the test's:

validity

Which type of statistical analysis permits researchers to evaluate the extent to which various measures predict an outcome variable?

multiple regression

Many researchers in the field of aging are turning to multivariate techniques, such as ____________, to overcome the problems of correlational methods.

path analyses

In a correlational design, the strength of the relationship between two variables is indicated by:

A mathematical score ranging from +1.0 to -1.0.

People in the year 1999 were concerned about the "Y2K" effect and how it would affect their businesses. If scores on measures of anxiety among 40-year-old business executives taken at this time were unusually high, this might indicate which type of effect in developmental research?

time of measurement

A latent variable in structural equation modeling is one that the researcher:

constructs.

Epidemiological research uses data on the emergence of new cases of a disease to estimate which statistic?

incidence

Cross-sectional studies of development compare people of different _________ at one point in time.

historical periods

A researcher wishes to study the impact of sidewalk width on how often older adults accidentally bump into other people, comparing rush hours with quieter times of day. The best method for completing this study would be:

observational

The method researchers use when they wish to study the impact of a set of variables on each other to see if they can be explained by a single model is known as:

path analysis

An epidemiological researcher is interested in understanding the origins of chronic disease in early adulthood. To establish a baseline of the percentage of people who ever had the disease up through adolescence, the researcher would use which type of statistic?

prevalence

In the ____________ Design, researchers attempt to investigate which three factors related to development?

Most Efficient Design

Which ethical requirement states that researchers should not associate names of participants with their responses?

anonymity

As shown in the example of a study linking health to well-being, the three variables of blood pressure, weight, and mobility limitations formed what is known as a(n) __________ variable.

latent

As stated in AgeFeed, the _______________ Study of the Gifted and Talented was started almost 100 years ago and is still running.

Terman

In addition to age, a cohort-sequential study manipulates:

cohort

In addition to age, a time-sequential study manipulates:

time of measurement

The number of supercentenarians being tracked by the Gerontology Research Group is:

36

In which type of research method would the data produced involve having participants complete a set of 1-7 point rating scales in which they respond to items about themselves?

survey

In a prospective study of the effect of downsizing on workers in their 50s, what approach would the researcher take?

survey a large sample of workers in their early 50s and follow them yearly so that those who lose their jobs can be compared to those who remain employed

Measures with high ___________ reliability provide similar results over a brief period of time among the same participants.

test-retest

In addition to cohort, a cross-sequential study manipulates:

time of measurement

Because age can never be manipulated, studies on aging can never be considered:

experimental

A political consultant is working for a candidate to determine what will influence the candidate's popularity in the voting district. Rather than using a poll, the consultant brings together sets of voters in groups of 10-12 to hear their concerns. This type of method is known as a(n):

focus group

A diary study would be particularly useful for researchers who wish to:

follow the daily exercise habits of their participants

In a longitudinal study, a researcher uses which type of approach?

follows a group composed of the same people over time

A researcher discovers that the lifetime prevalence of diabetes in middle adulthood is approximately 13%. This means that for people in this age group:

13% of the population already has a diagnosis of diabetes.

An outpatient medical office switches to a new system of scheduling appointments that involves using a smartphone app. The healthcare professionals who run the office decide to submit a research paper on the new system to a national conference for which they will use patient satisfaction date. To ensure that the study is conducted ethically, what step must the researchers follow?

Ask patients to provide their informed consent.

The ethical requirement of debriefing means that researchers are required to take what step with their participants?

Provide them with general feedback about the nature of the study.

Higher self-acceptance caused higher meaning in life.

The two variables are related but one did not cause the other.

In a meta-analysis, researchers analyze data from which sources?

multiple studies on the same topic

What is the primary objective of research using multiple regression?

predicting an outcome from a set of variables

A pharmaceutical company conducted an experimental study to investigate the effectiveness of a new medication to treat Alzheimer's Disease. The people in the group receiving the strongest dose of the drug also had the lowest genetic vulnerability for the disease. Based on this information, which is a reasonable criticism of this study?

There was no random assignment of participants to groups

In a cross-sectional design comparing adults of different ages, researchers need to attempt to control for which possible factor that can complicate interpretation of the findings?

cohort differences

Which of the following is likely to be considered a "cohort" or "time of birth" effect on psychological performance?

improvement in prenatal care through advances in medicine

The CDC reported in 2019 that 380 new cases of vaping-related lung disease were reported in 38 states of the U.S. This number represents what type of epidemiological statistic?

incidence

Which type of research method in the study of aging would be most appropriate for understanding the impact of speed of presenting stimuli on the accuracy of remembering that information?

laboratory