HAZARDS CASE STUDIES
what were the losses made by hotel operators due to the E15 eruption?
$10 million per day
what was the direct financial damage of the Japan earthquake?
$199 billion
What is the GNI per capita of Nepal?
$2,710 in 2016
what is the GDP of Nepal?
$27 billion in 2017
what was the global GDP loss due to the E15 eruption?
$4.7 billion
What is the GNI per capita of Japan?
$43,630 in 2016
What is the GDP of Japan?
$5.071 trillion in 2018
what was the economic damage of the Nepal quake and how much was this worth of their GDP
$7.8 billion worth of damage this was worth 33% of their GDP
what were the economic impacts on Nepal?
- $7.8 billion worth of damage - the damage equalled 33% of Nepal's GDP in 2013-2014 - 90% of tourist bookings were cancelled in the immediate aftermath as trekking routes and World Heritage sites in Kathmandu valley were damaged, e.g. the famous Taleju Temple and the 9 storey Dharahara Tower collapsed - loss of power meant closure of the International Airport - the economic cost of damage on different sectors was housing 50%, tourism 11%, environment, education, finance and agriculture all 5%.
what is the development HDI of Japan?
0.909
Impacts on people's experience due to the Japan earthquake?
- 22,626 people killed or missing (15,530 are confirmed deaths) - 2,000 died from the quake and 13530 died from the tsunami - 6,000 injured - more than 120,000 buildings destroyed. 300 hospitals damaged with 11 completely destroyed - 500,000 made homeless - people within a 20 km zone around the Fukushima nuclear plant were ordered to leave. Plus, damage to the nuclear plant caused radiation to show up in local milk and veg and even some of Tokyo's drinking water - 1.5 million homes lost electricity and water supplies
how many tonnes of debris did the tsunami carry out into the sea, what percentage of this sank and how much was left floating in the ocean?
- 5 million tonnes of debris swept into the ocean - about 70% of this debris sank - 1.5 million tonnes was left floating on the ocean
What were the impact on people's experience due to the Iceland volcanic eruption?
- 500 farmers and their families had to be evacuated - many roads surrounding the volcano where shut down, such as the main Route 1 road. - the ash contaminated local water supplies with high concentrations of fluoride which can be deadly so farmers near the volcano were warned to not let their livestock drink from streams and water sources
what were the impacts on people's experience of the Nepal quake?
- 9000 died and 20,000 injured - 2.8 million displaced - 8 million affected (according to WHO) - 700,000 pushed to poverty - 10,000 school buildings affected - 600,000 buildings in Kathmandu affected - more than 100,000 livestock lost - 14 HEP stations were damaged causing 25% loss of electricity capacity and workers in the mountains were trapped by landslides on the roads
Economic impacts of the E15 eruption?
- Global GDP losses estimated at $4.7 billion (includes airline industry, destinations and general productivity losses) - British Airways and Air France KLM reported a loss of £20 million per day during 5 most disruptive days - some hotel operators reported losses of approximately $10 million per day, while others described many customers wanting to pay higher rates - impact on European destinations is estimated at $867 million - losses of $11 million for flower industry in Africa - about 20 countries closed their airspace to commercial jet traffic which impacted 10 million travellers - Airspace closed across Europe with at least 17,000 flights per day being called with 6 flightless days - 20 farms were destroyed due to the flooding and ash
How did the volcanic eruption in Montserrat impact people's experience?
- More than half of the population left the island (9000 people) - The capital city Plymouth was covered in 12 metres of mud. - over 20 villages and 2/3 of homes on the island was destroyed - 2/3 of the country was closed off - A pyroclastic flow travelled down Mosquito Ghaut, killing 19 people (they were all farmers) - unemployment had risen from 7% to 50%
What were the environmental impacts of the quake?
- Mount Everest sank 3cm which caused avalanches which killed 17 climbers - mountain villages in the Langtang region, west of Kathmandu, were buried under landslides. Landslides were significant in Nepal because of the rugged terrain, unstable soils and heavy rains so the earthquake easily triggered them - there was a mudslide and avalanche at Ghodatabela killing 250 people - Laprak, a village of 2000 people, was completely destroyed by a landslide - much of the energy was transmitted 120km eastward towards Kathmandu which caused the Kathmandu valley to raise by 1m and Kathmandu itself is now 80cm higher - thousands of people were evacuated due to the threat of flash floods, e.g. a lake was created on the Kali Gandaki river, and all homes 1km around the area was flooded - Nepal's only storage dam, the Kulekhani Resevoir dam cracked and the lake lowered by 3m
Political Impacts on Nepal
- Nepal was politically unstable before the quake, however the quake and its economic aftermath undermined progress towards peace and greater democracy - International aid created tension with India, which was accused of trying to use its humanitarian aid as a way of self promotion within the region - immediately after the disaster, the government and opposition party agreed to create a new public body to oversee rebuilding. However, despite pressure from international donors and humanitarian agencies, prolonged political bickering meant it took almost 9 months to appoint someone to lead the new body. The chief executive then changed 3 times in only a year
Economic impacts of the Montserrat eruption?
- between 1996 and 2000, Montserrat's GDP declined by 36.9% - tourism declined due to airport destroyed - docks were destroyed which reduced trade
Political impacts of the Montserrat eruption?
- citizens were frustrated with the lack of concern from the government - the government didn't provide new technology and research to monitor the volcano and to keep them safe.
Economic impacts on Japan after the quake?
- direct financial damage estimated at $199 billion - total economic cost could reach $235 billion making it the costliest natural disaster in world history - economic performance was impacted, e.g. the first recorded trade deficit in more than 40 years and exports which increased 24% in 2010, increased just by 0.02% in 2011 - the quake hit north east japan which is responsible for 6-8% of the country's total production - Toyota, Nissan, Honda, Mitsubishi, and Suzuki temporarily suspended production. Nissan considered moving production to the US. A total 22 plants in the area, including Sony, were shut
Political impacts on Japan due the quake?
- global supply chains were disrupted, currency and stock markets were shaken - low levels of radioactive chemicals that leaked from Fukushima have been detected along the North American coast offshore Canada and California, creates tension - damaged and closed down ports. Some airports shut briefly - Japan manufactures 20% of the world's semiconductor products, e.g. NAND flash and an electronic part of the Apple iPad. Plus Japan supplies the wings, landing gears and other major parts of Boeing's 787 Dreamliner - The ruling DPJ and opposition LDP parties had a major decline in public support and the Upper House of Parliament remains fragmented and contentious
Environmental impacts of the Montserrat eruption?
- it was once called the Emerald Island, but now its forest and vegetation is severely damaged - the eruption and pyroclastic flow released many toxic gases (carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide) which polluted the air. The pollution also made it hard for farmers to grow crops - the pyroclastic flow also killed a lot of animals and contaminated the beautiful clear sea and lakes
Political impacts of the E15 eruption
- world leaders and politicians had to postpone planned trips due to closure of airports and airspace - ban of flights disrupted UK general election campaign on 15th April
People per doctor in Nepal
0.3 per 1000 people
more detail on the quake in Japan
- shaking lasted 6 mins - the quake lifted the sea floor by 10m over an area the size of Connecticut - less than an hour after the quake, the first of many tsunami waves hit
Environmental impacts of the E15 eruption
- the eruption caused glaciers to melt which caused flooding. Around 1/5 of the ice in the crater is though to of melted - due to the ice melting there was local floods beside the Markarfljot river which caused roads beside the river to be washed away - eruption released gas such as sulphur dioxide which could lead to acid rain which could kill trees - mudslides and lahars fall into rivers raising channel beds and increases flooding risk
Environmental impacts on Japan due to the quake?
- tsunami flooded an estimated area of 561 square km which damaged vegetation - tsunami swept 5 million tonnes of debris out into the ocean, about 70% sank, leaving 1.5 million tonnes floating in the ocean - damage to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant caused radioactive material to leak into the Pacific, raising levels to 4,000 times over the legal limit. Japan classified the Fukushima breach at level 7 on the International Nuclear Event scale which meant it was a major release of radiation with widespread health and environmental effects - US Geological Survey reported that the quake shifted the earth on its axis and was powerful enough to shift the distribution of the earth's mass. This caused the earth to rotate a bit faster, shortening the day by 1.8 microseconds - Japan's coastline moved around 9 feet to the east and sank around 5 feet
Details about the tsunami caused by Japan's quake?
- tsunami waves reached run up heights of 39 metres at Miyako city - travelled inland as far as 10km to Sendai - tsunami flooded an area of around 561 square km - the massive wave over topped and destroyed protective tsunami sea walls at several locations - Near Oarai, the tsunami generated a huge whirlpool offshore
Some details on the volcanic eruption?
- volcano released 9.5 billion cubic feet of ash over the course of several months. - 750 tonnes if magma were ejected from the volcano every second
what is the development HDI of Nepal ?
0.574
what are the case studies in hazardous earth?
1) impacts of volcanic eruptions (Montserrat and Iceland E15) 2) impacts of earthquake activity (Japan and Nepal) 3) managing volcanic activity 4) managing earthquakes
how many homes lost electricity and water supplies due to the Japan earthquake?
1.5 million
how many school buildings were affected due to the Nepal quake?
10,000
how much livestock was lost due to the Nepal earthquake?
100,000
how many hospitals were destroyed due to the Japan earthquake?
11 completely destroyed with 300 damaged
When was the earthquake in Japan?
11th March 2011
how many buildings were destroyed due to the Japan earthquake?
120,000
how many HEP stations were damaged due to the Nepal quake and how did this influence electricity?
14 were damaged caused a 25% loss of electricity capacity
People per doctor in Japan
2 per 1000 people
how many people specifically died from the quake and the tsunami in Japan?
2,000 died from the actual quake 13,500 died from the tsunami
how many people were displaced due to the Nepal quake?
2.8 million
what fraction of Montserrat was closed off due to the eruption?
2/3
how many villages were destroyed due to the Montserrat eruption?
20 villages
how many production plants closed in the area due to the Japan quake?
22, including Sony
how many people died due to the Japan earthquake?
22,600 are either killed or missing (15,500 are confirmed deaths)
when was the Nepal earthquake?
25th April 2015
how many people were made homeless due to the Japan earthquake?
500,000
what was the estimated area of damaged vegetation due to the Tsunami in Japan?
561 square km
how many buidlings in Kathmandu were effected?
600,000
Literacy rate of Nepal
66%
what was the magnitude of the Nepal quake?
7.8 on the Richter scale
how many people were pushed to poverty in Nepal due to the quake?
700,000
where did the Japan earthquake occur?
72 km east of Tohoku, at a depth of 24 km below the surface, in the north west of the Pacific ocean
What was the magnitude of the Japan earthquake?
9.0 on the Richter scale
what % of tourist bookings were cancelled and why did they cancel?
90% of booking were cancelled in the immediate aftermath this is because trekking routes and World Heritage sites in Kathmandu valley were damaged (e.g. the Taleju Temple and the 9 storey Dharahara Tower collapsed). Plus loss of power meant the closure of the International Airport
how many people died due to the Nepal quake?
9000
Literacy rate of Japan
99%
When did the Iceland volcano erupt?
Eyjafjallajökull began to erupt on 14th April 2010 and was declared officially over in October
What plates were involved in the Japan earthquake?
The Pacific oceanic Plate and the North American continental plate met at a destructive plate boundary with the Pacific oceanic plate subducting under the continental plate
When did the volcano in Montserrat erupt?
The Soufriere Hills volcano began erupting in 1995
What plates were involved in the Icelandic volcanic eruption?
a constructive plate boundary between the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates. As the 2 plates pulled apart, magma rises to the surface through the gap to form several active volcanoes as layers build up creating new sea floor
how was Mount Everest impacted by the quake and what did this cause?
sank by 3cm and caused an avalanche which killed 17 climbers
Where was the volcanic eruption in Iceland?
situated in the eastern volcanic zone beneath an ice cap in southern Iceland. it is 125km south of the capital city Reykjavik
due to the damage to the nuclear plant in Japan due to the quake, what happen to the radioactive material levels?
the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant leaked radioactive material into the pacific raising levels to 4,000 times over the legal limit This breach was level 7 on the international nuclear event scale so it was a major release
What plates were involved in the Nepal quake?
the Indian plate subducted under the Eurasian plate at a destructive plate boundary
due to the earthquake in Japan, how did this impact the coastline?
the Japan's coastline moved around 9 feet to the east and sank around 5 feet
What were the plates involved in the Montserrat eruption?
the North American plate subducting under to Caribbean plate forming the Antilles volcanic island arc. The Soufriere Hills volcano is situated above a destructive plate boundary/subduction zone which forms the Puerto Rico Trench
where was the quake in Nepal?
the epicentre was in Barpak, Gorkha at a 15 km depth
where did the quake hit in Japan and why was this influential for their economy?
the quake hit north east japan which is responsible for 6-8% of the country's total production
how was Japan's economic performance impacted due to the quake?
the was the first recorded trade deficit in 40 years. plus exports which increased by 24% in 2010, increased by only 0.02% in 2011
what heights did the Japanese tsunami waves reach to and how far inland did they travel?
tsunami waves reached to heights up to 39m at Miyako city they travelled inland as far as 10km to Sendai
how did unemployment change due to the Montserrat eruption?
unemployment rose from 7% to 50%
how much money did British Airways and Air France KLM lose per day during the flightless days?
£20 million