HBS

Sensory neuron

*Afferent Neuron - Moving away from a central organ or point *Relays messages from receptors to the brain or spinal cord *conduct impulse to spinal cord

Motor neuron

*Efferent Neuron - Moving toward a central organ or point *Relays messages from the brain or spinal cord to the muscles and organs * conduct impulse to a effector (muscle or gland)

How can biomedical professionals help treat, cure and improve the quality of life of those suffering from nervous system disorders

Can provide a plan, medications and surgeries for the patient.

Describe one way in which neurons are similar to other cells in the body and one way in which they are different.

Neurons are similar to other cells in that they have a cell body with a nucleus and a cell membrane, they contain cytoplasm, mitochondria, and other organelles, they perform metabolic processes just like any other cell, they make proteins from the genes in the cell's DNA. Neurons are different from other cells in that they have dendrites and axons, which are specialized extensions of the cell made for transmitting an electrical impulse. They also have other cells that protect the axons and causes signal to conduct faster through the neuron. They also have specialized structures like synapses and chemicals like neurotransmitters.

What is the basic structure and function of a neuron?

Neurons are the basic building blocks of the nervous system. These specialized cells are the information-processing units of the brain responsible for receiving and transmitting information. Each part of the neuron plays a role in the communication of information throughout the body.

Interneuron

*Relays message from sensory neurone to motor neurone *Make up the brain and spinal cord *Interconnect the sensory neuron with appropriate motor neuron

Nodes of ranvier

Allows electrical impulses to bounce across axons instead of traveling smoothly through it, increasing effiency

Axon terminal

Carries nerve impulse towards the next nerve

How do errors in communication impact homeostasis in the human body?

Electrical impulse travels down the axon and reach the axon terminal alerting the vesicles to the receptors of the receiving cell which releases the second messangers

What factors impact a person's reaction time?

Forces that alter or interfere with perception- including states of attention, muscle tension, age, practice, distractions, and physical fitness affect reaction time because the reaction time depends on the ability to percieve stimulus and respond.

Nucleus

Holds all info needed for protein synthesis

Cell body

Holds cytoplasm and the nucleus

Suggest two ways that reflex reactions help maintain homoeostasis in the human body

Homeostasis is just the stable state of your body. So you can say that reflexes such as pain/temperature sensing etc allows your body to feel discomfort, and thus 'suggests' to the brain to move from that uncomfortable environment.

4. You need to have a cavity filled so the dentist injects a local anesthetic into your gums. Local anesthetics reversibly bind to Na+ channels and block the movement of sodium ions. Using what you know about signals, explain why this action can keep you from feeling pain.

Look on 2.2.2 student response sheet

Explain how neurons convey information using both electrical and chemical signals.

Look on 2.2.2 student response sheet

When you learn something new, you grow new neurons. What would you say to disprove this statement? Use information from the videos and animations to support your answer

Look on 2.2.2 student response sheet

How does the structure of each type of neuron relate to its function in the nervous system?

Motor neurons - relay messages to the muscles or organs from the brain or spinal cord. The axons on motor neurons are long, since the signal mostly needs to travel long distances to reach the muscle its stimulating. a motor neuron is myelinated, since the signal needs to travel long distances as quickly as possible. Sensory neurons - have sensory receptors that respond to stimuli and convert that stimuli into an electrical signal that travels to the brain or spinal cord. Other than the sensory receptors, they are very similar in structure to the motor neurons (long dendrites / axons, myelinated). The cell bodies of sensory neurons are normally located in the middle of the neuron. These cell bodies can form large groups called ganglia that come together in the spinal cord and assist with involuntary reflexes. Interneurons - are typically much shorter than motor or sensory neurons, contain many more branches (both of axons and dendrites) off the cell body, and about half are not myelinated. When considering the function of most interneurons (which are found in the spinal cord or brain), these differences are fairly obvious. The interneurons are usually found in large clusters of neurons, so the signal does not need to pass very far (therefore, myelination is often not needed to speed up the signal because it has less far to travel). Also, it is advantageous to have multiple branches in the dendrites and axons so that multiple simultaneous connections can be made between neurons.

How do the different types of neurons work together to send and receive signals?

One neuron sends a signal, sending positve ions imto the other neuron, which is known as action potential. The neuron the releases neurotransmitters into the synapse, and connects to receptors

Cell membrane

Protects cell body

Other than transporting materials, what are two other important functions of the cell membrane?

Protects the comtents present in the cell and regulates the traffic of molecules into and out of cell

How do you think a person would be affected if myelin on his/her neurons was damaged or destroyed? Explain.

Since the myelin helps to insulate the electrical signal and speed conduction (especially in long axons or dendrites), damage to the myelin would greatly slow the speed of the electrical signals traveling in the body, or even cause the signals to not be transmitted.

How do neurons convey information using both electrical and chemical signals?

The electrical signal travels down the axon to the axon terminals where it tells the vesicles to release the neurotansmitters into the synaptic cleft which travel to the receptors of receiving cell which releases the second messengers

How are electrical impulses created in the human body?

The have to be activated by stimuli such as light, sound, heat, pressure, or chemicals released by other neurons.

Describe the path of an electrical impulse as it moves through a neuron.

The nerve impulses start in the dendrites then moves down the axon starting in the axon. Nerve impulses speed up the myelin sheath. Then through the nodes of ranvier speeding up action potential then at the axon terminal the electrical impulse goes through the synapse through electrical then chemical with neurotransmitters and electrical again back to a dendrite.

What factors impact our ability to react to a stimulus?

Things that directly influence our activity

How and why does reaction time differ in reflex and voluntary actions?

Voluntary- message sent to brain Invokuntary- reflex arc

Suggest and then support a reason why the body needs so many neurons.

billions of neurons are needed because of the vast array of functions that they help perform. neurons are needed because this system is vast and complicated, and all these signals must be able to travel to all parts of the body so the entire body is under the control of the brain. a huge majority of these neurons are brain cells. And the brain needs this many neurons in order to process quickly and constantly make connections between neurons.