HCI (Human-Computer Interaction)

What are the three types of reasoning?

Abductive, Inductive, and Deductive.

The term human-computer interaction has only been in widespread use since the early

1980s

If five expert evaluators independently analyze an interface using a heuristic evaluation, what percentage of usability problems is likely to be uncovered?

75%

What is a semantic network?

A model of long-term memory.

Expert "slips" occur when:

A person is skilled at a task, and an element of the task changes.

Customizability refers to the modifiability of the interface by the user or the system. System-initiated modification is exemplified by

Adaptive help systems

ASCII stands for

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

PostScript is

An imaging model based on paths and boundaries.

PostScript is:

An imaging model based on paths and boundaries.

In computing, the "look and feel" is a reference to

An important characteristic of WIMP interfaces.

Which of these statements best describes the law of size constancy?

An object is perceived to be the same size no matter how far away it is.

Which of the following represent the four (4) main phases of the design process?

Analysis Design What is wanted? Implementation/deployment

When referring to human-computer interaction (HCI), the user is defined as

Any of these.

When referring to human-computer interaction (HCI), the word computer is best described as:

Any of these.

Windows

Are regions that behave as if they were independent terminals.

Statement 1 The X Window System is a device-dependent protocol. Statement 2 The read-evaluation loop programming paradigm naturally leads to non-modal dialog boxes.

Both statements are false

Statement 1 Graphical user interfaces have made computers more accessible to all users. Statement 2 The three types of human memory are sensory memory, short-term memory, and working memory.

Both statements are false.

Statement 1 The first system to use a VDU for abstracting, visualizing, and manipulating different representations of information was the Apple Lisa. Statement 2 You are driving down a busy one-way street and miss your turn. To correct this, you would make use of both backward error recovery and forward error recovery.

Both statements are false.

Statement 1 The fovea of the human eye is just behind the cornea. Statement 2 The blind spot of the eye is just under the lens.

Both statements are false.

A usability principle in the learnability category refers to a property that

Enables novice users to achieve maximal performance.

Statement 1 For users who read text from left to right, lists of text items should be aligned to the left. Statement 2 White space is not as important as the content that the overall space is holding.

Only Statement 1 is true.

Which of the following are important in the design focus of HCI?

Thinking of the user. Testing the HCI. Involving the users. Iteration.

One of the most misunderstood elements of the Seeheim Model is the lower box: the bypass or switch. Which of the following BEST describes the purpose of this switch?

To allow rapid semantic feedback to the intended application

ASCII codes are used

To represent letters, numbers, symbols, punctuation, and control characters.

For a product to be successful, it must be:

Useful, Usable, Used by humans.

For a product to be successful, it must be

Useful. Usable. Used by humans.

Why is immediacy a desirable characteristic of evaluation methods?

Users' recollection of events can be unreliable.

Which of the following situations would suggest the choice of a within-groups experimental design?

Very few representative users are available.

Which of the following navigation issues should be considered in the design of an HCI device?

Widgets. Local structure. Hierarchical organization. Style issues. Functional issues.

WYSIWYG is pronounced ___ and the letter's stand for

Wiz-ee-wig, what you see is what you get

The structure of memory consists of three types. In order, they are sensory buffers, short-term, and long-term. The first of these has within it three channels. They are iconic memory for visual stimuli, echoic memory for aural stimuli, and haptic memory for touch.

sensory buffers, short-term, long-term visual stimuli, aural stimuli, touch

There are several input channels when designing a HCI. Which of the following are central to HCI?

vision, hearing, touch.

WIMP stands for

windows, icons, menus, pointers

Statement 1 Humans are limited in their capacity to process information. Statement 2 Users share common capabilities and are individuals with differences, but these differences should be ignored.

Only Statement 1 is true.

Statement 1 Interactive features, safety features, and reliability are all examples of the non-functional requirements of a system. Statement 2 Storyboards are a prototyping technique that simulates parts of the functionality of a system.

Only Statement 1 is true.

Which are the most significant senses for the average person when it comes to interacting with a computer?

Sight, hearing, and touch.

Speed is important for interactive devices:

So that the devices can respond appropriately to a user's input.

The DVORAK keyboard differs from the QWERTY keyboard in that:

The DVORAK keyboard lays out the letters differently to achieve faster typing speeds.

Which statement best describes a co-operative evaluation?

The evaluator observes the user carrying out pre-determined tasks and interrupts when confused; the user describes what he/she is doing and says what he/she thinks of the system.

Over a short period of time, we find it easier to remember the string of numbers "404 894 6743" because:

The grouping of the numbers is significant.

Affordances are:

The implicit suggestions for use that an object possesses.

A computer can be defined as

The participant in an interaction that runs a program.

What is meant by task conformance?

The system should allow the user to achieve any desired task in the application domain

What does Fitt's Law describe?

The time taken to hit a target.

The gulf of execution refers to:

The user's difficulty in formulating and articulating an intention to the system.

Why is a stable response time important in a system?

The user's motor skills anticipate a consistent responsivity.

Why are people less able to distinguish fine detail in blue?

There are fewer cones in the center of the retina that are sensitive to blue light.

Prototyping is closest to which waterfall design activity?

Requirements specification.

Which of the following is a long-term individual difference?

Sex.

The mouse was invented around [1] by [2], who worked for [3] at the time.

1. 1964 2. Douglas Engelbart 3. Bootstrap Institute

A major issue in the area of research is one of separation between the semantics of the application and the interface provided for the user to make use of those semantics. In alphabetical order, here are four good arguments that support this separation of concerns: In alphabetical order, the logical components of a UIMS are: From the intended user to the intended application, the logical components of the Seeheim Model are:

1. Customization 2. Multiple interfaces 3. Portability 4. Reusability 5. Application interface 6. Dialog control 7. Presentation 8. Lexical 9. Syntactic 10. Semantic

Design can be defined as achieving [1] within [2] with [3] woven throughout to achieve the desired results. The design process begins with [4] and then proceeds through the [5] step. This is followed by the [6] phase with [7] following it, then finally achieving [8].

1. goals 2. constraints 3. trade-offs 4. requirements 5. analysis 6. design 7. iteration 8. implementation

The HCI term IBIS was coined by H. Rittel in 1970. IBIS stands for [1] - [2] [3] [4]. In 1991, Conklin and Yakemovic added a letter g to the term (gIBIS) where the g stands for [5].

1. issue 2. based 3. information 4. system 5. graphical

Just as vision begins with light, hearing begins with [1]. The ear is comprised of three sections, which are the (in alphabetical order) [2], [3], and [4]. The last of these three is comprised of two parts (in alphabetical order): the [5] and the [6]. The eardrum is technically called the [7]. It works with the [8] to connect the inner workings of the ear with the exposed part of the ear. This middle section of the ear has [9], which are the body's smallest bones.

1. sound waves 2. inner ear 3. middle ear 4. outer ear 5. auditory canal 6. pinna 7. tympanic membrane 8. cochlea 9. ossicles

UIMS stands for [1] [2] [3] [4] while UIDS stands for [5] [6] [7] [8]. Watch your spelling!

1. user 2. interface 3. management 4. system 5. user 6. interface 7. development 8. systems

Statement 1 CLI (Command Line Interface) is often used because it is powerful and flexible. Statement 2 Natural language systems are not used because of the computational complexities involved in understanding speech.

Both statements are true.

Statement 1 Design can be defined as achieving a goal within set constraints. Statement 2 Constraints can include required materials, required standards, and budget.

Both statements are true.

Statement 1 Design rationale is the information that explains why a computer system is the way it is. Statement 2 One example of a generative usability technique is to apply standards and guidelines to kick-start a design exercise

Both statements are true.

Statement 1 Fitts' Law uses the formula movement time = a + b log2 (distance/size + 1) where a and b are empirically determined constants. Statement 2 Studies of keyboard operators have shown that, although the faster operators were up to twice as fast as the others, the slower ones made 10 times the errors.

Both statements are true.

Statement 1 In typography, a counter is the area of typeface anatomy that is entirely or partially enclosed by a letter form or a symbol. Statement 2 Letters containing closed counters include A, B, D, O, P, Q, R, a, b, d, e, g, o, p, and q.

Both statements are true.

Statement 1 Interactive use involves a user. Statement 2 Batch data entry is used when there is a large amount of data to be entered into a system.

Both statements are true.

Statement 1 Speech technology is a small area of commercial interest. Statement 2 Courier is a fixed-pitch font.

Both statements are true.

____ derives the logically necessary conclusion from the given premises. ____ is generalizing from cases we have seen to infer information about cases we have not seen. ____ is the method we use to derive explanations for the events we observe. ____ is the process by which we use the knowledge we have to draw conclusions or infer something new about the domain of interest.

Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Abductive reasoning Reasoning

Which statement most accurately portrays the moral behind the myth of the infinitely fast machine?

Designers must consider the consequences of time delays.

Why is it important to narrow the formality gap for effective validation of interactive properties of systems?

Domain experts validating the system may not understand design notations.

Learnability, flexibility, and robustness are three main usability principles that can be considered as general headings for standards and guidelines generation. Which of the following are also high-level usability categories that can guide standards?

Effectiveness Efficiency Satisfaction

Requirements specification involves

Eliciting information about the work domain from the customer.

What might cause us to forget a piece of information?

Emotional factors, Acquiring new information

claims that problem solving is a matter of reproducing known responses or trial and error. claims that problem solving involves generating these states using legal state transition operators. concerns itself with how people solve novel problems.

Gestalt Theory Problem space Theory Analogy

Consider the following fragment from a marriage service: Minister: Do you, name, take this woman... Man: I do. Minister: Do you, name, take this man... Woman: I do. Minister: I now pronounce you man and wife. In HCI parlance, this is an example of what?

HCI dialog

Book Used (Answers with 'wrong' are not right)

Human-Computer Interaction Third Edition by Alan Dix, Janet Finlay, Gregory D. Abowd, and Russell Beale

An example of generalizability is

In all applications, shift-clicking extends existing selections rather than selecting new items.

The widgets in many toolkits are structured in an object-oriented manner. This is because:

It allows the construction of complex interaction objects based on simpler ones.

Which statement best describes the benefit of a field study?

It allows the interaction to be studied in context.

IBIS is a process-oriented design rationale. This means

It provides a historical record of design decisions and is tailored for use during design discussions.

Why is haptic perception important in Virtual Reality?

It provides feedback when an object is picked up.

Examples of programming toolkits include:

Java AWT. XView.

The isometric joystick:

Moves the cursor according to how fast the joystick is moved.

A system that uses multiple human communication channels is called

Multi-modal.

A keyboard accelerator is

Offered as shortcuts to items offered on menus

Statement 1 Pregnant women should avoid using computers for extended periods of time because there have been suggested health risks. Statement 2 The use of color in displays is not important because humans differ in their ability to perceive color.

Only Statement 1 is true.

Statement 1 Recognition is easier than recall. Statement 2 The main strength of the Problem Space Framework as a model of human problem solving is that it allows ill-defined problems to be solved.

Only Statement 1 is true.

Statement 1 What differentiates a window from a dialog box is the ability to minimize/maximize. Statement 2 Menus offer a choice of operations that are context sensitive.

Only Statement 1 is true.

Statement 1 Usability paradigms derive from theoretical knowledge of the psychological, computational, and sociological aspects of the interaction. Statement 2 If a computer is not running TCP/IP, it will not be able to connect to the Internet.

Only Statement 2 is true

Statement 1 It is easier to recall information than to recognize it, which is why visible menus are preferable to typed commands. Statement 2 When tracing the history of interactive computing, the windowing concept became popular when humans needed the ability to perform more than one task at a time.

Only Statement 2 is true.

Statement 1 Models of interaction are useful because they allow us to compare different users for efficiency. Statement 2 Models of interaction provide a framework to compare different interaction styles to examine interaction problems.

Only Statement 2 is true.

Statement 1 The main purpose of a toolkit is to allow the programmer to design custom interaction widgets. Statement 2 Low-level programming on the Macintosh uses a read-evaluation loop.

Only Statement 2 is true.

Statement 1 The printer is the most common output device. Statement 2 LCD screens are more popular than cathode ray tubes because they take up less space and emit less radiation.

Only Statement 2 is true.

The Muller-Lyer and Ponzo illusions are examples of what HCI design concern?

Perceiving optical illusions.

You receive an email message, and a flag immediately appears in your electronic mailbox to indicate that you have a new message. This is an example of:

Persistence

Which of the following are examples of paradigms for interaction?

Personal computing. Hypertext.

Callbacks are:

Procedures written by the application programmer but called by the windowing system.

A script represents default or stereotypical information, allowing us to fully interpret partial descriptions or cues. A script comprises a number of elements, which, like slots, can be filled with appropriate information:

Props - Objects involved in the events described in the script. Tracks - A variation on the general pattern representing an alternative scenario. Result - Conditions that will be true after the script is terminated. Entry conditions - Conditions that must be satisfied for the script to be activated. Roles - Actions performed by particular participants. Scenes - The sequences of events that occur.

Handwriting technology is not widely used because:

Recognition is neither fast nor accurate for a wide range of users.

The transitions on the Interaction Framework

Represent the translations required from one component to the next.

The transitions on the Interaction Framework:

Represent the translations required from one component to the next.

Questions in a design space analysis give structure to the space. Options for solving the questions are assessed according to a set of

criteria

The term ____ is used primarily in the United Kingdom whereas ____ is used for the same term in the English-speaking parts of North America.

ergonomics, human factors

Think about a stock control system. The warehouse manager queries the system to find out how many six-inch nails are in stock. Why did he do this? Perhaps a salesperson has been asked to deliver 100,000 six-inch nails within a fortnight and wants to know if the company is able to fulfill the order in time. So the act of looking at the stock control system involves what three stakeholders?

the client the warehouse manager the salesperson

A ___ is an example of a "direct device"

touchscreen