HD Exam 2

is learning a word after one exposure. A. Logical extension B. Fast-mapping C. Word-connect D. Fast-cognition

Fast-mapping

Gender differences:

Differences in the roles and behavior of males and females that are prescribed by the culture.

Cognitive Theory

Experiences/ Observations

When children learn about a particular topic, it is easier to master new learning in that area. This occurs because of the child's _____. A. working (sensory) memory B. speed of thinking C. knowledge base D. metacognition

knowledge base

1. The benefits of physical activity during middle childhood include all the following except: A. less risk of injury B. improved emotional regulation and frustration tolerance C. improved social skills in showing respect to others D. enhanced opportunities for problem-solving

less risk of injury

authoritative parenting style

limits and rules are enforced, open and nurturing conversation occurs

Before Komal begins her homework, she thinks about the best way to approach all of the tasks before her. Komal is demonstrating _____ A. pragmatics B. selective attention C. metacognition D. knowledge base

metacognition

this process also improves memory, impulse control and overall 'thinking'.

myelination

Single-parent family

one parent and his or her children under age 18

How would Mildred Parten describe the play of children who play in similar ways but not together? A. solitary B. onlooker C. parallel D. associative

parallel

Anna is a single parent and very ill. Her oldest daughter, Kris, feels responsible for her younger siblings and acts as a caregiver to them. What is Kris's behavior known as? A. role model B. surrogate mother C. older sibling syndrome D. parentification

parentification

All of the following are necessary in the effort to stop bullying EXCEPT _____. A. intervention should start in younger grades B. parents of bullies should be held accountable for their children's actions C. programs should be carefully evaluated D. the entire school, and not just the bullies, should change

parents of bullies should be held accountable for their children's actions

As Mary's preschool teacher, you are concerned about the difficulty that she has getting along with other children and about her lack of self-control. What kind of parenting style would you suspect that her parents use? A. authoritative B. authoritarian C. permissive D. unpredictable

permissive

Increase growth in the WHAT allows improved impulse control, which improves attention .

prefrontal cortex

You have two balls of clay that are of equal size. You give one to Jeff and roll the other into a hotdog shape. Jeff cries, "That's not fair, you have more than me!" What stage of Piaget's developmental thinking is Jeff demonstrating? A. preoperational B. transitional C. concrete operational D. formal operational

preoperational

When 4-year-old Mary fell over while riding her tricycle, 3-year-old Johnny helped her get back up. This is an example of _____ behavior, which means that Johnny feels _____ for Mary. A. antisocial; antipathy B. prosocial; empathy C. prosocial; antipathy D. antisocial; empathy

prosocial; empathy

Develop a more complex self-concept

Self-criticism / self-consciousness

Which is the most common reason children have school absences? A. Influenza virus B. Diabetes C. Chicken Pox D. Asthma

Asthma

Implications

Beliefs about "right and wrong"• Adults and children may disagree

Playing the piano is a ___________, while throwing a ball is ___________? A. Fine motor skill, gross motor skill B. Cognitive skill, physical skill C.Sensorimotor skill, Preoperational skill D. Coordinated skill, simple skill

Fine motor skill, gross motor skill

Corporal punishment

Involves physical or bodily punishment

Effects on self-esteem

Positive = prosocial behavior Excessive high / low = potential for aggression

Psychological control

Punishment that involves emotional consequences

Scaffolding

temporary learning framework or structure

Children aged 6 years and up have an average vocabulary of _____ A. 100-2,000 B. 1,000-5,000 C. 3,000-10,000 D. 5,000-30,000

5,000-30,000

how much % of a 6 year olds brain weight is. like an adults

90 percent

Nene talks to herself as she ties her shoe laces, explaining the steps of tying the laces that would result in a neat bow. Nene is engaging in ______. A. private speech B. vocal thinking] C. silent speech D. personal talking

A. private speech

When Johnny hit Joey over the head with a toy truck for no apparent reason, he was demonstrating _____ aggression. A. instrumental B. bullying C. reactive D. relational

bullying

The most commonly diagnosed learning disorder is ______, that is, unusual difficulty with reading. A. dyscalculia B. dyslexia C. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) D. autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

dyslexia

A child's development from the ages of 2-5 years old is largely dependent on their ability to: A. Develop friendships with others their age B. Identify their theory of mind and emotions C. Expand their range of skills and competence D. Experience neurogenesis

Expand their range of skills and competence

Social comparisons

Aware of differences / prejudices

After seeing a news report about a war occurring in another country, 4 year old Tommy has been having nightmares about being in a war. The best way for his parents to address this fear is to: A. Tell him that war never occurs in this country B. Tell him a story about heroic war soldier that stopped a war by being strong and brave C. Take the child to his pediatrician for sleeping medication to help improve his sleep D. Ignore the fear as it will fade in time.

B. Tell him a story about heroic war soldier that stopped a war by being strong and brave

Reactive aggression

An impulsive retaliation for a hurt (intentional or accidental) that can be verbal or physical

What is the belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive, moving around, with sensations and abilities that are humanlike? A. Symbolic thought B. Animism C. Centration D. Irreversibility

Animism

The main factors affect the health of children around the world include all EXCEPT? A. Genetic inheritance B. Appetite C. Environment D. Health Habits

Appetite

Sex differences

Biological differences between males and females, in organs, hormones, and body types

Cognition in Middle Childhood

Concrete operational thought

A 3 year old, Joey, gets upset when his older brother gets his 8 oz bottled drink poured into taller glass versus Joey's shorter sippy cup because he feels his sibling is getting more juice than him. The challenge that Joey is having is based on his inability to understand the principle of A. centration B. egocentrism C. irreversibility D. conservation

D. conservation

The ability to control when and how emotions are expressed is called _____. A. social cognition B. emotional regulation C. immaturity D. antisocial behavior

emotional regulation

Jacob is 3 years old. His parent put him a car seat and have safety locks on their kitchen cabinet doors to prevent Jacob from getting into cleaning chemicals. Jacob's parents are practicing ____________. A. Preoperational thought B. First Aide Safety C. Harm Reduction D. Media Safety Precautions

Harm Reduction

Instrumental aggression

Hurtful behavior that is aimed at gaining something (such as a toy, a place in line, or a turn on the swing) that someone else

During Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority, all of the following occur EXCEPT: A. Increases in self-awareness always leads to increases in positive self-concept B. Children see themselves as either capable or incompetent C. Children who see themselves as competent tend to have more self-control D. Increase in self-comparisons to peers often leads to self-criticisms

Increases in self-awareness always leads to increases in positive self-concept

Mindy would often try to throw a frisbee in her backyard, despite often sending the frisbee in the wrong direction. She was very sensitive to any criticism she received from her older brother about this. In Erikson's theory, Mindy is in the stage of crisis known as: A. Self-esteem versus guilt B. Initiative versus guilt C. Trust versus mistrust D. Pride versus self-conflict

Initiative versus guilt

Which of these examples is considered instrumental aggression? A. Sydney pulls Haley's hair after Haley takes the blue marker that Sydney had been using. B.A mother spanks her child lightly for disobeying C. Jack grabs a ball from Christopher. D. Cassie tells Brad that another classmate smells like poop.

Jack grabs a ball from Christopher.

Evolutionary Theory

Sexual attraction

n theory, Aptitude Tests measure: A. Learning and Creative potential B. Creative potential only C. Practical intelligence D. What learning a child has accomplished

Learning and Creative potential

Humanism

Love / belonging

Achievement test

Measures achieved learning Can be "high stakes"- SAT, ACT, MAT, GRE

Aptitude test

Measures learning potential• Stanford-Binet / Wechsler Intelligence Scale

Neglectful / uninvolved:

Minimal guidelines, communication or nurturance

Relational aggression

Nonphysical acts, such as insults or social rejection, aimed at harming the social connections between the victim and others

Phallic stage

Oedipus complex- boys jealous of Dad

Kohlberg's Levels / Stages

Preconventional (seeking pleasure) Conventional (following rules) Postconventional (What's right or wrong)

Danny, age 4, is currently in Piaget's ___________ stage of development. This means that he is not able to ____________. A. Operational; use animism while playing with objects B. Sensorimotor; use ideas and symbols to explain concepts C. Preoperational; think of his mother as a little girl D. Postformal; think about gaining his mothers love.

Preoperational; think of his mother as a little girl

Two factors that most often assist children in coping with multiple stressors are: A. Social support and good nutrition B. Counseling referrals and structure C. Religious faith and social support D. After-school study groups and frequent check-ins with the school counselor

Religious faith and social support

Bryan is working on a math problem at his desk, while his teacher is talking to a student in the front of the classroom, and two of his classmates near him are talking about their soccer practice from the night before. Bryan is using _________________ to choose which stimulus he wants to focus on during class A. Sensory Monitoring B. Selective Attention C. Multi-tasking D. Behavioral Conditioning

Selective Attention

Which of the following indicates maturation of the prefrontal cortex by age 6? A. sleep becomes more irregular B. emotions become more nuanced and regulated C. temper tantrums increase D. uncontrollable laughter and tears are more common

emotions become more nuanced and regulated

Dynamic Systems Theory

Values & attitudes shape behaviors

Permissive parenting style

Very few rules and expectations set, much communication and nurturance offered

Social comparison

The tendency to assess one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one's peers.

Stress levels and increases in cortisol in low- income children can impact a child. The impact of stressful events is not dependent upon: A. Effects on the child's routine B. The type of family structure where the child lives C. The child's interpretation of the stressor D. Whether the child is experiencing several stressors

The type of family structure where the child lives

According to Vygotsky, which statement does NOT describe a characteristic of a mentor? A. They present challenges. B. They offer assistance. C. They encourage motivation. D. They direct all actions.

They direct all actions.

What is a disciplinary technique in which a person is separated from other people and activities for a specified time? A. Induction B. Spanking C. Time-out D. Psychological control

Time-out

Aggressive-rejected children are often _____ while withdrawn-rejected children are often _____. A. misinterpret social situations/ loud in social situations B. well-cared for at home/ mistreated at home C. challenged in regulating their emotions/ happy D. antagonistic/ timid and anxious and shy

antagonistic/ timid and anxious and shy

This chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways makes breathing difficult and can affect learning in children. A. bronchitis B. pneumonia C. asthma D. whooping cough

asthma

Bullying aggression

Unprovoked, repeated physical or verbal attack, especially on victims who are unlikely to defend themselves

Harm reduction/ Injury Control is ___________?

Where dangerous or risky activities are anticipated, managed and controlled.

registers emotions, especially fear and anxiety (arousing signals ...vprocesses memory (fragile during these early years, thus we 'forget' these memories easily)

amygdala

What age does appetite decrease

between ages 2 and 6

The customs, rules, and rituals that are passed down to younger children from slightly older ones are known as _____. A. child norms B. friendship norms C. generational culture D. child culture

child culture

Intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under the age of 18 is called _______. A. child maltreatment B. psychological control C. corporal punishment Juan thinks he is a great athlete because he has realized that he can run faster, jump higher, and swim farther than all of the other boys in his class. He has engaged in ______.A. social comparison B. self-conceptC. resilienceD. perseveranceD. neglect

child maltreatment

Carly is given grapes and strawberries. When asked if she has more grapes or fruit, she responds, "I have more fruits." Carly is using the logical concept of ____. A. seriation B. concreteness C. reversibility D. classification

classification

According to Piaget, the stage of thinking characteristic of middle childhood is _____. ' A. concrete operational B. information processing C. formal operational D. logical operational

concrete operational

The type of moral reasoning that focuses on both social standards and laws is called _____. A. preconventional B. conventional C. postconventional D. universal

conventional

a brain structure that connects the left and right brain hemispheres.

corpus callosum

what happens if there is too much stress in childhood

destroy neurons of the hippocampus, affecting memories, and may result in emotional and cognitive impairments that affect future learning and reactions to situations

Jane, an 11 year old, is more likely to quit school, use drugs, become delinquent, and have a child before age 20 if her mother _____. A. is divorced B. is young and poor C. is involved in a series of romances D. experiences a combination of the above

experiences a combination of the above

Sam lives in a single house with her parents and grandparents. What is Sam's family structure known as? A. nuclear family B. multi-parent family C. extended family D. polygamous family

extended family

Children cope better and are psychosocially healthier if their family has more income, even if there is significant discord between the parents. A. True B. False

false

Nuclear family

father, mother and their children under the age of 18

Which of the following is NOT something that children need from their families during middle childhood? A. Basic physical necessities B. self-respect and pride in their education C. harmony and stabile routines D. financial allowance

financial allowance

What style of language pragmatics is MOST likely used by a child when participating in a class presentation in front of a large audience? A. formal code B. informal code C. strict code D. casual code

formal code

What term describes a cognitive concept or an understanding of male-female differences? A. gender role B. gender identity C. gender schema D. gender category

gender schema

Electra complex-

girls jealous of Mom

Authoritarian Parenting style

high expectations, minimal communication, high consequences

processes memory (fragile during these early years, thus we 'forget' these memories easily)

hippocampus

produces hormones that regulate the body

hypothalamus

The ability to postpone or deny the immediate response to an idea with an action/ behavior is called A. impulse control B. emotion regulation C. preservation D. lateralization

impulse control

During which stage of psychosocial development do children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either competent or incompetent? A. trust versus mistrust B. initiative versus guilt C. industry versus inferiority D. identity versus role confusion

industry versus inferiority

Information processing

is the ability of children to receive, store, analyze and interpret data.

Juan thinks he is a great athlete because he has realized that he can run faster, jump higher, and swim farther than all of the other boys in his class. He has engaged in ______. A. social comparison B. self-concept C. resilience D. perseverance

social comparison

Sally's 8-year-old son is 30 percent over his ideal weight. Sally can BEST help her son by _____. A. having her son watch TV shows on dieting B. putting her son on a strict diet C. signing her son up to play on a soccer team D. taking walks and going swimming with her son on a regular basis

taking walks and going swimming with her son on a regular basis

Which of the following is NOT a moral imperative of child culture in middle childhood? A. defend your friends B. don't tell adults about children's misbehavior C. conform to peer standards of dress, talk, and behavior D. tell adults all the details of their lives

tell adults all the details of their lives

Margie and her new husband want their new blended family to run smoothly. Which of the following is related to the success of blended families? A. the emotional and economic security of the adults in the home B. the parents both remarrying within six months of their divorce C. making sure that each child knows that his or her parent (not the stepparent) is still the rule maker in the home D. forcing blended relationships to thrive quickly rather than develop slowly

the emotional and economic security of the adults in the home

Extended family

three or more generations living in one household

True or False: Child Centered preschool programs that provide early education in a safe and appropriate environment leads to positive results for children.

true

True or False? Dynamic Systems Theory states that children learn gender roles from a variety of sources, including culture, parenting and peers.

true

Although Piaget constructed a valid picture of cognitive development in childhood, he _____ the influence of culture and _____ the variability from one child to another. A. overestimated; underestimated B. underestimated; underestimated C. overestimated; overestimated D. underestimated; overestimated

underestimated; underestimated

If a child having high fever is sent to school, what parenting style do the child's parents typically fall under? A. authoritarian B. permissive C. authoritative D. uninvolved

uninvolved