HDFS 2000 CH 11

Summary Point

A variety of indicators point to increases in men's share of housework and decreases in the amount of time women spend on housework.

Summary Point

Among the problems women encounter in the labor force are economic discrimination and sexual harassment. Families suffer from lack of adequate child care and an inflexible work environment.

emotion work

Confiding innermost feelings Trying to bring our partner out of a bad mood Praising our partner Suggesting solutions to relationship problems Raising relationship problems for consideration and discussion Taking initiative to begin the process of "talking things over" Monitoring the relationship and sensing when our partner is disturbed about something

Summary Point

Families are economic units bound together by emotional ties. Families are involved in two types of work: paid work at the workplace and unpaid family work in the household.

Summary Point

Family policy is a set of objectives concerning family well-being and the specific government measures designed to achieve those objectives.

role overload

Finally, when the various roles we play require us to do more than we can comfortably or adequately handle or when we feel that we have so much to do that we will never "catch up" or have enough time for ourselves,

Summary Point

Men's involvement in routine housework is less af- fected by their gender-role attitudes than by the more immediate circumstances in which they find themselves. Their involvement is also influenced by their upbringing, their experiences and status at work, and their age.

Summary Point

Mothers' caregiving responsibilities include doing more of the mental labor of child care, including worrying about, gathering information, and managing fathers' involvement as well as monitoring where their children go, who they are with, and what they do. Fathers' involvement in caregiving is influenced by the age and gender of children, age and gender attitudes of fathers, and fathers' occupations and earnings.

Summary Point

Nonstandard shift work has increased because of changes in the economy, demographic changes, and technological changes. It affects family experiences in both negative and positive ways.

Summary Point

Role strain refers to difficulties that individuals have in carrying out the multiple responsibilities attached to a particular role; role overload occurs when the total prescribed activities for one or more roles are greater than an individual can handle; and role conflict occurs when roles conflict with one another. Crossover refers to when one's feelings about work affect one's spouse's or partner's feelings.

Summary Point

Supplementary child care outside the home is a ne- cessity for many families. Most children who receive outside care are in child care centers. Overall, child care is safe, and center-based care is safer than "family day care" or paid care by others in the child's home

Summary Point

The bifurcation of work time refers to the fact that although many feel overworked, others are underemployed or lacking work.

Summary Point

The division of paid and unpaid labor and the al- location of housework affect marital power, marital satisfaction, sexual intimacy, and marital stability (i.e., the risk of divorce).

Summary Point

The level of women's participation in the paid labor force increased as a result of social and economic changes. Individual women enter the workforce for economic, social, and psychological reasons. Em- ployed women tend to have better physical and emotional health than do nonemployed women.

Summary Point

The traditional division of familial labor is comple- mentary: Husbands work outside the home for wages, and wives work inside the home without wages. A minority of U.S. families display a traditional allocation of paid work and family roles.

Summary Point

There are approximately 1.4 million fathers of chil- dren under 15 years who stay home full-time. In such households, we can identify marital, parental, economic, and social consequences that follow from this arrangement.

Summary Point

Unemployment can cause both economic and emotional distress. Unemployment most often af- fects female-headed single-parent families, African American and Latino families, and young families.

role conflict

When the multiple social statuses or positions that we occupy (e.g., spouse, parent, and worker) pres- ent us with competing, contradictory, or simultane- ous role expectations,

role strain

When the role demands attached to any particular status (e.g., mother, husband, or employee) are contradictory or incompatible,

Summary Point

Women perform a majority of the daily housework and carry more responsibility for managing the divi- sion of housework. Women's household tasks tend to include the daily chores (such as cooking, shopping, cleaning, and so on) and child care. Men's household tasks tend to be more occasional and often outdoors.

Summary Point

Work-to-family spillover is the effect that employment has on the time, energy, and psychological well-being of workers and their families at home. Family-to-work spillover is when the demands from home life reduce the time and energy available to succeed at work.

family policy

a set of objectives concerning family well-being and the specific government measures designed to achieve those objectives.

dual-career families

are a subcategory of dual- earner families. They differ from other dual-earner families in that both husband and wife have high- achievement orientations, a greater emphasis on gen- der equality, and a stronger desire to exercise their capabilities. Unfortunately, these couples may find it difficult to achieve both their professional and their family goals. Often, they have to compromise one goal to achieve the other because the work world generally is still not structured to meet the family needs of its employees

sexual harassment

can be defined as two dis-tinct types of harassment: (1) the abuse of power for sexual ends, and (2) the creation of a hostile environment.

More fathers than mothers reported feeling that they did not have enough time with their children or their spouses. More mothers than fathers felt they had too little time for themselves. Life satisfaction was significantly reduced for mothers but not for fathers when they felt that they had or spent "too little time with children." Feelings of insufficient time with a spouse were associated with significantly higher levels of distress for women but not for men. Feelings of insufficient time for oneself were associated with reduced levels of family and life satisfaction and with increased feelings of distress for men but not for women. Fathers articulated feeling strained for time both with their spouses and their children, but these feelings did not affect them as much psy- chologically as they did women.

effects of time strains?

coprovider families

families that were economic partnerships dependent on the efforts of both the husband and the wife.

Exclusive allocation to women rather than to adults of both sexes Association with economic dependence Status as nonwork, which is distinct from "real," economically productive paid employment Primacy to women—that is, having priority over other women's roles

four primary aspects of the homemaker role:??

time strain

in which individuals feel that they do not have or spend enough time in certain roles and relationships.

crossover

refers specifically to the effects of one's job-related feelings on one's spouse or intimate partner. occurs when a worker's work-related stress (negative) or engagement (positive) affects one's part- ner in similar ways.

Abuse of power

sexual harassment consists of unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature as a condition of instruction or employment. Only a person with power over another can commit this kind of harassment

creation of a hostile environment

someone acts in sexual ways to interfere with a person's performance by creating a hostile or offensive learning or work environment.

shift couples

structure their home and work lives into a turn-taking, alternating system of paid work and family work. When one is at work, the other is at home. When the at-work partner returns home, the at-home partner departs for work, giving them a kind of "hello, good-bye" lifestyle.

work spillover

the effect that work has on individuals and families, absorbing their time and energy and impinging on their psychological states. It links our home lives to our workplace (

mental labor

the process of worrying about the baby, seeking and processing information about infants and their needs, and managing the division of infant care in the household (i.e., seeking the "assistance" of their spouse).

gender ideologies

their beliefs about what women and men ought to do

true

true or false Compared to young men, young women today place as much or more importance on achieving career success.

true

true or false Work-family tensions are greater for employed parents than for employed women and men without children.

true

true or false? A majority of couples with children are dual-earner couples.

true

true or false? Because the cultural expectations of fathers have broadened, fathers in two-earner households experience more work-family role conflict.

false

true or false? In most families with preschool-age children, fathers are the sole wage earners.

false

true or false? The United States is among the most generous countries in the world in terms of offering workers time off with pay for vacations and holidays.

bifurcation of working time

wherein some work longer and longer days and weeks while others work fewer hours than they need or want,