hdfs 2311 test 3 review
What kinds of alternative programs are available and how are they defined?
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Characteristics of mental health
1 in 33 children have childhood depression Ways it is manifested: persistent sadness, increased irritability or agitation, changes in eating and sleeping habits, freq physical complaints, lack of enthusiasm or motivation, decreased energy level and chronic fatigue, play that involves excessive aggression toward self or others or that involves persistently sad themes, indecision, lack of concentration, forgetfulness, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, reccurring thoughts of death or suicide
Ways to support initiative
1. Giving children freedom to explore 2. Provide projects that enable discovery and experimentation 3. Encourage and support attempts to plan, make things and be involved
Ideas for promoting social emotional development
1. Use literature to discuss emotions 2. Encourage children to express their emotions 3. Write about feelings 4. Provide opportunities for play 5. Provide for cultural differences
Identify conditions that support healthy learning environments
353-354
What stage of psychosocial development are children in?
6 year olds are in initiative stage of psychosocial development; 7 and 8 year olds are in the industry stage
What is the definition of transition and what are ways to make them easier?
A passage from one learning setting, grade or program to another. Ways to make transitions easily and confidently: 1. Prior experience influences the nature and success of their transition, 3 areas are important ( home lives, skills and prior school-related experiences and classroom characteristics)Research findings listed on 290-291 2. Preschool and kindergarten staff can cooperated to work out a transition plan 3. Prepare children and parents as much as possible for what to expect 4. Arrange an actual visit
What is cooperative learning and what is expected of children participating in it?
A teaching strategy in which small groups of children work together on a variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a topic, with each member responsible for learning what is taught and helping teammates learn In projects, children experience how others think and behave and thereby learn how others solve problems and become more competent problem solvers. Children in cooperative learning groups are assigned certain responsibilities Encouraged to develop and use interpersonal skills It's a way of boosting student achievement and positively enhancing the climate of the classroom
Purposes of play
Accomplishments through play: Achieve knowledge, skills and behaviors Learn concepts Develop social skills Develop physical skills Master life situations Practice language processes Develop literacy skills Enhance self-esteem Prepare for adult life and roles
Progression of brain development
At birth, brain weighs ¾ lb. At 6 months, 1 ½ lbs. At 2 years, 2 ¾ lbs. The brain finishes developing at age 10 (adult sized).
Difference between bonding and attachment
Attachment and relationships - Bonding - a parent's initial emotional tie to an infant. Attachment - an enduring tie between a parent/caregiver and an infant that endures over time. Attachment behaviors serve the purpose of getting and maintaining proximity for both caregiver and infant.
Characteristics and core values related to character education
Becoming a higher priority in schools Character education programs seek to teach a set of traditional core values that will result in civic virtue and moral character: honesty, kindness, respect, responsibility, tolerance for diversity, racial harmony, and good citizenship
What are cephalocaudal development and proximodistal development?
Cephalocaudal development occurs (Head to foot) along with proximodistal development (midline to extremities)
Why is play considered children's work?
Children engage in play naturally and enjoy it, do not select play activities because they intentionally set out to learn Play is full of opportunities for learning but no guarantee that children will learn all they need to know through play Providing opportunities to choose among well planned varied learning activities enhances the probability they will learn what they need to know
What is guided reading and what are the steps?
Children read texts that are at their developmentally appropriate reading level and have a minimum of new things to learn. Read in small groups with their teacher. 3 step guidelines: 1. Introduce the book 2. Read and respond to the book 3. Extend the book
Four stages of cognitive play
Cognitive Play: Four stages of play 1. Functional play - play involving muscular activities, the only play of the sensorimotor period, characterized by repetitions, manipulations, and self imitation, allows children to practice and learn physical capabilities while exploring the immediate environment 2. Symbolic play - let's pretend stage of play, display creative and physical abilities and social awareness in a number of ways, occurs when children pretend that one object is another, play becomes more elaborate and involved with growth 3. Playing games with rules - begins around 7 or 8, playing within limits and rules, adjust their behavior accordingly, make and follow social agreements 4. Constructive play - play involving the use of modules to build things, represents children's adaptations to problems and their creative acts, characterized by engaging in play activities to construct knowledge of the world Informal Play: play in which children play in activities of interest to them, learning is best when it occurs spontaneously, teachers are active participants, enables children to learn many things as they interact with activities, materials and people
What does teaching the arts consist of and what factors does integration depend on?
Consists of knowledge, skills, and concepts from these four areas: music, art, dance and theater Integration of arts depends on time, opportunity and materials Time- often a problem because of the emphasis on reading/literacy and math, integrate across the curriculum Opportunity - are endless, capitalize on events that children are experiencing in their everyday lives, circle times and class meetings provide opportunities for singing and role play and opportunities are provided by making materials available to students Materials - include materials for visual arts, music and dance
Characteristics of arts curriculum
Creative arts include music, theater, dance, and visual arts Include content knowledge, skills, concepts and themes in your students learning experiences Teaching of the arts should be content based and child centered
What are alternative kindergarten programs?
Developmental kindergarten - designed to provide children with additional time for maturation and physical, social, emotional, and intellectual development Transition Kindergarten - designed to serve children who may be old enough to go to first grade but are not quite ready to handle all of its expectations Consists of children the same age and they progress at their own pace Advantages listed on page 305 Gift of time - the practice of giving children more time in a program or at home to develop physically, emotionally, socially and cognitively as preparation for kindergarten
What is DAP and what are some strategies for creating a DAP kindergarten?
Developmentally Appropriate Practice - teaching and learning that is in accordance with children's physical, cognitive, social, linguistic, cultural, and gender development. (Chapter 1) Strategies to make a developmentally appropriate kindergarten: Make learning meaningful to children by relating it to what they already know Individualize your curriculum as much as possible to account for the needs of all children of all diversities, abilities and backgrounds Make learning physically and mentally active Involve children in hands-on activities with concrete objects and manipulatives.
What does literacy and reading look like in the curriculum?
Emphasis on literacy development and reading Parents and society want children who can speak, write and read well Many teachers adopting a balanced approach Activities to integrate into a complete system of literacy development pg. 355
The 10 math understandings and competencies and characteristics of "new math"
Emphasizes hands-on activities, problem solving, group work and teamwork, application and use of mathematical ideas and principles to real-life events, daily use of mathematics, and an understanding of and use of math understandings and competencies. Seeks to have students be creative users of math in life and workplace settings but also includes the ability to recall addition sums and multiplication products quickly 1. number and operations 2. algebra 3. geometry 4. measurement 5. data analysis and probability 6. problem solving 7. reasoning and proof 8. communication 9. connection 10. representation
Guidelines for preparing environments for infants and toddlers
Environments Research shows children who are reared, cared for and taught in environments that are enriched are healthier, happier and more achievement oriented Health and Safety: Diapering and toileting areas are separate from cooking, eating and activity areas Firm mattresses for infants Toys are made of nontoxic materials and sanitized regularly Toys, classroom materials and furniture are safe, durable and in good condition Garbage and trash are stored and disposed of properly Electrical outlets are protected Required policies and plans of action for health emergencies are posted Emergency numbers and family contact and consent information is up to date and posted. Playground equipment and surfaces are maintained Hand washing procedures occur before and after various activities Staff and volunteers wear gloves when in contact with blood or visibly bloody fluids Spilled body fluids are immediately cleaned up and disinfected along with tools and equipment Support Developmental Needs - supportive environments enacle infants to develop basic trust and toddlers to develop autonomy (as toddlers mature mentally and physically they want to do things by themselves with out help. Meet needs in warm sensitive ways, provide choice Express love and be affectionate to children Give undivided attention Treat children as special and important Challenging environments (children can explore and interact with a wide variety of materials): Include a wide variety of multisensory, visual, auditory, tactile materials and activities Include large and small muscle materials Provide materials for tactile and sensory stimulation Hold, play with and be responsive to infants and toddlers Provide mirrors Provide visually interesting materials Go on walks Promote respectful social development and interactions: Play games and engage in activities with small groups of children Play with toys that involve more than one child Allow and encourage children to make choices Give infants and toddlers the time to engage in an activity Provide opportunities to engage with others Encourage active involvement: Provide toys and objects that children can manipulate, feel, suck and grasp Provide objects for dump and fill Provide responsive toys Provide safe floor space in and outdoors Allow infants/toddlers to crawl, pull up, walk, move freely and explore environments Provide interest and ability based activities Low open shelves so children can select their own materials Cubby for each child
Focuses of kindergarten math and who decides how to teach it
Focuses of kindergarten on mathematics Areas of number and operation Geometry and measurement How to teach is often left up to the teacher. Some districts, teachers have to use district lesson plans. Primary reason for using scripted lesson plans is to assure that all children are learning what the standards call for
History of play theory
Froebel built system of schooling on the educational value of play Montessori viewed active involvement with materials and the prepared environment as primary means through which they absorb knowledge and learn John Dewey advocated and supported active learning and believed children learn through play activities based on interest, helps prepare children for adult occupations Piaget believed play promotes cognitive schemes and means by which children construct knowledge Vygotsky viewed social interaction that occurs through play as essential to development, children learn through social interactions the language and social skills that promote and enhance their cognitive development
Topics of preschool goals
Goal topics: Social and Interpersonal Skills, Self-Help and Intrapersonal Skills, Approaches to Learning, Learning to Learn, Academics, Language and Literacy, Character Education, Music and Art, Wellness and Healthy Living, Independence
What are the characteristics of physical development?
Growth is slow and steady, continual. Develop increasing control over their bodies and explore the things they are able to do. Weight of boys and girls tends to be the same until after age nine when girls pull ahead.
What are the characteristics of physical development?
Ideal time to involve children in projects of building because they have a desire to be involved in physical activity Learning centers - Areas of the classroom set up to promote student centered, hands on, active learning, organized around students interests, themes, and academic subjects 6 year old boys: average 46 lbs and 45 in tall 6 year old girls: average 44 lbs and 45 in tall At 7 years, both boys and girls average 50 lbs and 48 inches tall
Why is teaching science in kindergarten important?
Ideal vehicle for developing children's questioning minds Implementing National Science Education Standards can help students take their place in a scientifically literate society Children acquire oral and written language for scientific expression When children learn about nature they respect and care for the planet and its resources Learning scientific methods teaches to view themselves as scientists Exciting lessons can foster a lifelong love
Who attends kindergarten?
In the US kindergarten is for 5 and 6 year olds Parents and professionals support an older than younger entrance age because they think older children are more ready and learn better Many districts require children to be 5 before September 1
Social Studies - what is taught, what was taught historically and how does teaching this begin in kindergarten
Includes history, geography, economics and civics Historically focused on the expanding horizons or expanding environments approach - an approach to teaching social studies where the student is at the center of the expanding horizons and initial units, and at each grade level is exposed to a slowly widening environment Teaching of social studies usually begins with who the children are an where they are, should be child centered and developmentally appropriate
Motor milestones Table 9.2
It is sequential and proceeds from gross to fine motor behaviors.p 233
What are the characteristics of cognitive and language development?
Kindergarten is a period of rapid intellectual and language growth Tremendous capacity to learn words and like the challenge of new words Like and need to be involved in many language activities Desire to be verbal should be encouraged and supported
Chomsky, Lenneberg and Montesorri - views on language development
Language development begins in the womb. Noam Chomsky - all children possess a mechanism called a language acquisition device which permits them to acquire language (hears language and processes grammatical rules) Eric Lenneberg - evidence suggests the capacity for speech production and related aspects of LA relate to built - in biological schedules Montessori - 2 sensitive periods, birth to 3 - unconsciously absorb language through the environment, 3 - 8 yrs - active participants
What are the readiness skills and what is included in each?
Level of preparedness in readiness skills varies from child to child Skills: Language: most important readiness skill, receptive language (listening to teacher and following directions) expressive language (the ability to talk fluently and articulately with teachers and peers, express oneself in the language of the school, communicate needs and ideas) symbolic language (knowing the names of people, places, and things as well as words for concepts and adjectives and prepositions, knowledge of the letters, vocabulary Independence: the ability to work alone on a task, take care of oneself, and initiate projects without always being told what to do. Includes mastery of self-help skills Impulse Control: includes working cooperatively with others, not hitting or interfering with others work, developing an attention span, and being able to stay seated. Interpersonal Skills: include getting along and working with peers, teachers and other adults, working cooperatively, learning and using basic manners, learning how to learn from others Experiential Background: experiences are the building blocks of knowledge, children can only build on the background information they bring to a new experience Physical and Mental/Emotional Health: must have good nutritional and physical habits, must have positive, nurturing environments and caring professionals to help develop a self-image for achievement Ways to develop mental/emotional health: 1. Observe children, listen and note typical and atypical behavior 2. Use modeling, role play, and group discussion to help children learn appropriate behavior 3. Devote small amounts of time to instructing on how to identify and label feelings and how to appropriately communicate and resolve disputes 4. Help parents parent more effectively
What are the characteristics of physical and motor development in preschoolers?
Lost baby fat and taken on leaner, lankier look Slimming down and increasing motor coordination allows more confidence in locomotor activities Grow several inches per preschool year Learning to use and test bodies - locomotion plays large role in motor and development skills Use activities to investigate and explore relationships among themselves, space, and objects Like participating in fine motor activities Programs should provide action and play, proper nutrition and healthy habits of plentiful rest and good hygiene
What is emergent literacy and how is it supported?
Means children's communication skills are in an emerging state Support emergent literacy by reading to and with them and encouraging their participation and modes of response (the various ways children respond to books and conversations) Figure 10.1 Involves writing too
What are the changes in kindergarten?
More challenging and higher levels of learning Emphasize basic skills of reading, math and science More public and private schools and for profit agencies More universal (the availability of kindergarten to children) 65% of 5 year olds up from 20% three decades ago More states are requiring districts to provide kindergarten More are full day 64%
What is escalated curriculum? Reasons for an escalated curriculum?
More is expected of kindergarten children today Reasons for escalated curriculum Beginning in the 90's, there has been an emphasis on academics in US education Parents believe and academic approach to learning is the best way to succeed in school and the work world Standards, testing and high-quality education reform movement encourages greater emphasis on academics
What are neural shearing, synaptogenesis, and sensitive periods
Neural shearing - selective elimination of synapses in the brain. Based on repeated experiences Synaptogenesis - rapid development of neural connections or synapses, experiences increase the development of synapses Sensitive Periods - a period of developmental time during which certain things are learned more easily than at earlier or later times (language in the first year)
School readiness: what is expected and who is responsible?
No longer seen as consisting solely of a predetermined set of specific capabilities children must attain before kindergarten Responsibility for children's early learning and development is a shared responsibility
What are some of the characteristics of an appropriate physical environment for kindergarteners?
Organized to promote interaction and learning Desk, tables and workstations are clustered together Work areas have a variety of learning materials to encourage group projects, experiments, and creative activities. High quality classrooms are ones in which children feel at home and their work is displayed prominently to give the children a sense of ownership
Theories of moral development - Piaget (stages, what are heteronomy, autonomy, relations of constraint and relations of cooperation?) Kohlberg (3 levels, stages of pre-conventional level, what are punishment and obedience orientation and instrumental-relativist orientation?)
Piaget - two stages of moral thinking 1. heteronomy - stage of moral thinking in which children are governed by others regarding matters of right and wrong 2. Autonomy - being governed by oneself regarding right and wrong Heteronomy is characterized by relations of constraint (reliance on others to determine right and wrong). As children mature, moral thinking may change to relations of cooperation (engagement with others in making decisions about good, bad, right, or wrong). Autonomy is achieved by social experiences and autonomous behavior does not mean that children agree or disagree with others but that they exchange opinions and try to negotiate Lawrence Kohlberg - moral thinking occurs at three developmental levels 1. preconventional 2. conventional 3. postconventional Children in the early childhood years are in the preconventional level (morality is based on punishment and rewards) In stage 1 - punishment and obedience orientation - children make moral decisions based on physical consequences, will an action bring pleasure In stage 2 - instrumental-relativist orientation - children's actions are motivated by satisfaction of their needs All individuals move through the process of moral development beginning at level 1 and progressing through each level. No level can be skipped but each individual does not necessarily achieve each level
Characteristics of language development at this age
Preoperational stage of intelligence Characteristics: (1) grow in ability to use symbols (2) not capable of operational thinking (3) center on one thought or idea (4) unable to conserve (5) egocentric Promote learning by: (1)Provide concrete materials (2) Use hands on activities (3) Give many and varied experiences (4) Model appropriate tasks and behavior (5) Provide a literacy-rich environment to stimulate interest and development of language and literacy (6) Allow children periods of uninterrupted time
What stage of cognitive development, the characteristics for that stage and ways to promote learning?
Preoperational stage of intelligence Characteristics: (1) grow in ability to use symbols (2) not capable of operational thinking (3) center on one thought or idea (4) unable to conserve (5) egocentric Promote learning by: (1)Provide concrete materials (2) Use hands on activities (3) Give many and varied experiences (4) Model appropriate tasks and behavior (5) Provide a literacy-rich environment to stimulate interest and development of language and literacy (6) Allow children periods of uninterrupted time
5 math processes promoted by focal points
Problem solving Reasoning Communication Making connections Designing and analyzing representations
Relationship between play and recess and social emotional development
Promotes well-being, encourages a sense of contentment and happiness, and creates an atmosphere in which they are more inclined to engage in school and other activities Schools/districts are decreasing the amount of time for physical activity and recess 88% of schools offer recess once a day with average length of 27.8 minutes. Texas mandated 30 minutes of physical activity a day
Strategies for providing high quality kindergarten environments
Provide many materials that support children learning to read and write Organize the children into groups of different sizes and ability levels Use a variety of different instructional approaches Develop your classroom arrangement so that it supports district and state learning standards Adapt your classroom arrangement so it meets the learning and social needs of your children. Collaborate with your children to "personalize" your classroom Make supplies and learning materials accessible to children by storing them on open shelves with labels
Ways to promote positive social-emotional development
Provide opportunities for children to be physically and mentally involved in problem solving and social activities Teach and role model how to make and keep friends Model positive social and emotional responses Give children opportunities to be leaders State your expectations for appropriate behavior
What are the current issues with preschool?
Pushing children: revolves around an overemphasis on learning basic skills and expecting young children to behave like older children Access to quality preschools: not enough public preschools and parents can't afford private preschools, not equitably distributed Universal preschool: free and accessible for all Funding preschool programs: different constituencies compete for funding, and questions of priority abound when not enough money is available Future of preschool education: growth for all children to be included will take decades, public schools will focus more on programs for 4 year olds then 3 year olds
Beliefs about literacy and approaches to literacy and reading
Reading/writing involve cognitive and social abilities that children use in becoming literate in gaining meaning from reading, writing, speaking and listening Most children are involved in activities long before they come to school Literacy develops within a social context in which children have the opportunity to interact with and respond to printed language and to others using printed language Children's cultural identity influences how literacy develops and what form it takes.Approaches to literacy and reading for young children Whole word - children are presented with whole words and develop a sight vocabulary that enables them to begin reading and writing (Word walls, labels etc.) One of the most popular methods Phonics - stresses letter-sound correspondence, enables children to make automatic connections between words and sounds to sound out words and read on their own. Second most popular Language Experience - child centered and maintains that literacy education should be meaningful to children, growing out of experiences that are interesting to them (teachers transcribe children's dictated experience stories and use them as a basis for writing and reading) Whole Language - philosophy of literacy development that advocates the use of all dimensions of language - reading, writing, listening and speaking- to help children become motivated to read and write, other characteristics include child centered, social interactions, spending time on the processes of reading and writing is more important than spending time on skills, reading writing speaking and listening are taught as an integrated whole, writing begins early, children's work is used as reading materials, themes or units of study are used as means of promoting interests and content
What are the reasons for the infant mental health movement?
Realization that life and education of children is holistic How important relationships are in growth and development based on research New public awareness about how maternal-child relationships and caregiver-child relationships affect mental health Renewed interest in how children are affected by risk factors
What are the reasons for preschools popularity and what are its goals?
Reasons: (1). Efforts to find quality affordable child care are frustrating (2) More parents in the workforce (3) Help prevent and reduce behavioral and social problems (4) Publicly supported and financed schools ensure no child is excluded (5) Foundation for learning is laid in early years, 3 and 4 year olds are ready willing and able to learn (6) Birth to 5 children develop foundational capabilities on which development builds (7) Provide opportunities for early intervention for children with a disability. Goals: (1) Support and develop children's innate capacity for learning (2) Deliver a full range of health, social, economic and academic services to children and families (3) Find solutions for pressing social problems (4) Promote early literacy and math (5) Prepare children to read
Define redshirting, High Stakes kindergarten testing, and kindergarten entrance age
Redshirting - practice of postponing entrance into kindergarten of age-eligible children to allow extra time for socioemotional, intellectual, and physical growth High-Stakes Kindergarten Testing - includes achievement testing and developmental and readiness screening Developmental screening- designed to assess current developmental status and identify children's language, cognitive, and social-emotional delays Readiness screening - determine whether children have the cognitive and behavioral skills necessary for kindergarten success Kindergarten Entrance Age - current legislative practices indicate that state and school districts will continue to push back the kindergarten entrance age.
What is self-regulation and what are the guidelines for teaching it?
Self Regulation- ability to control emotions and behaviors, delay gratification and build positive social relations Guidelines for teaching self regulation: (1) Provide a variety of learning experiences (2) Arrange environment to help children do best (3) Get to know each child (4) Set clear limits (5) work with children to establish rules (6) Use home language (7) Coach children to express feelings verbally (8) Model self control by using self talk
Sequence of language development - ages and what's happening
Sequence of development: Baby signing - teaching babies to use sign or gestures to communicate needs and/or wants Holophrasic speech - single word sentences children use to refer to what they see, hear, feel, primarily referential and expressive (Motherese or parentese) Symbolic Representation - (age 2) words are used as mental symbols Vocabulary Development - (age 2) 50 word vocabulary and two words sentences, beginning of rapid language development Telegraphic Speech - two words sentences that express actions and relationships Grammatical Morphemes - principal means of changing the meaning of sentences, the order in which children learn morphemes is well documented, orderly and consistent.Negatives - negation progresses through a series of meanings, 1st nonexistence, 2nd rejection of something, 3rd denial of something
Define shared reading and the three steps involved
Shared reading - a teaching method in which the teacher and children read together from text that is visible to all, uses big books and little-book copies for individual rereading. Three steps: Introduce the book Read and respond to the book Extend the book
What is included in the daily schedule?
Should include opening activities, large group meeting and planning, learning centers or play time, bathroom and hand washing, snacks, outdoor time, bathroom and toileting, lunch, relaxation, nap time, and small group time
What must be present in the social environment and what are some tips for creating a positive social environment?
Social Environment - consists of the immediate physical surroundings, social relationships, and cultural settings in which children function and interact All children of all cultures, genders, socioeconomic levels, and backgrounds should be valued and respected Teachers treat children courteously, talk with them about in- and out-of-school activities and events, and show a genuine concern for them Tips for developing positive teacher-child relationships: Engage in one-to-one interactions Get on the child's level for face-to-face interactions Use a pleasant, calm voice and simple language Provide warm, responsive physical contact Follow the child's lead and interest during play Help children understand classroom expectations Redirect children when they engage in challenging behavior Listen to children and encourage them to listen to others Acknowledge children for their accomplishments and efforts
Kinds of play: what are they and what is involved in each
Social Play: Children play with others in groups (types of social play Figure 10.4) Cognitive Play: Four stages of play 1. Functional play - play involving muscular activities, the only play of the sensorimotor period, characterized by repetitions, manipulations, and self imitation, allows children to practice and learn physical capabilities while exploring the immediate environment 2. Symbolic play - let's pretend stage of play, display creative and physical abilities and social awareness in a number of ways, occurs when children pretend that one object is another, play becomes more elaborate and involved with growth 3. Playing games with rules - begins around 7 or 8, playing within limits and rules, adjust their behavior accordingly, make and follow social agreements 4. Constructive play - play involving the use of modules to build things, represents children's adaptations to problems and their creative acts, characterized by engaging in play activities to construct knowledge of the world Informal Play: play in which children play in activities of interest to them, learning is best when it occurs spontaneously, teachers are active participants, enables children to learn many things as they interact with activities, materials and people Sociodramatic Play: two kinds - sociodramatic (involves everyday realistic activities and events) and fantasy play (involves fairy-tale and superhero play), centers include areas of housekeeping, dress up, occupations, dolls, school, and other situations of interest Outdoor Play: children need to relieve stress and tension through play, promote large - and small-muscle development and body coordination as well as language development, social interaction, and creativity for all children Rough-and-Tumble Play: enable children to learn how to lead and follow, develop physical skills, interact with children in different ways, grow in the abilities to be part of a larger group
What are social behaviors in infants?
Social behaviors- Social relationships begin at birth and are evident in daily interactions. All infants are capable of and benefit from social interactions. Crying - primary social behavior in infancy, attracts caregiver and promotes a social interaction, survival value - alerts caregiver of a need, caregivers must react to infants with enthusiasm, attentiveness, and concern for them as unique persons Imitation - social behavior in infancy, infants have the ability to mimic the facial expressions and gestures of adults
Stages of sensorimotor cognitive development - age and what is happening
Stages of Sensorimotor cognitive development: Stage 1: Birth to 1 month - Sucking and grasping Stage 2 : 1-4 months - modification of reflexive actions, habitual thumb sucking, tracking objects with eyes, moving head toward sounds, primary circular reactions - repetitive actions tat are centered on the infant's own body Stage 3 : 4 - 8 months - demonstrates coordination between vision and tactile senses, object permanence, secondary circular reactions - repetitive actions focused on the qualities of objects, imitation becomes increasingly intentional Stage 4 : 8 - 12 months - "coordination of secondary schemes" Stage 5 : 12 - 18 months - "stage of experimentation", tertiary circular reactions - modifications that infants make in their behavior to explore the effects of those modifications, Stage 6 : 18 months to 2 years - transition from sensorimotor to symbolic thought, symbolic representation, symbolic play
What is social studies and what is its purpose?
The integrated study of the social sciences and humanities to promote civic competence. Purpose - to help children develop the ability to make informed and reasoned decisions for the public good as citizens of a culturally diverse, democratic society Ideas for incorporating social studies pgs. 361-364
Characteristics of motor development
They use and test developing motor skills. Children should be actively involved in activities that enable them to use their bodies to learn and develop feelings of accomplishment and competence. Minimal differences between boys and girls Continuing refinement of fine-motor skills, can dress themselves and attend to most of their personal needs.
Characteristics associated with cognitive development
Thinking is less egocentric and more logical Concrete operational thought is the cognitive milestone that enables children from 7 to 12 to begin to use mental images and symbols and can perform operations (mental actions that enable children to reason logically) Operations include many logico-mathematical activities. Children are not yet capable of abstract reasoning and their logical operations still require concrete objects and referents
What is the transitional model approach?
Transactional-model approach - emphasis is placed on developing and sustaining positive attachments and relationships between parents, child and caregiver
What is temperament and what are the 3 types of children?
general style of behavior; easy, slow to warm up, difficult
What is a language acquisition device?
hypothetical brain mechanism that Noam Chomsky postulated to explain human acquisition of the syntactic structure of language
What stage of Erikson's social emotional development?
industry vs. inferiority
What Erikson stage of psychosocial development are preschoolers in?
initiative vs. guilt
What are operations?
reversible mental action
Figure 9.8 differences in attachment
secure, avoidant, resistant (clingy), disorganized (no emotion)
What do alignment, curriculum alignment and data driven instruction mean?
• Alignment- arrangement of standards, curriculum and tests so they are in agreement • curriculum alignment- processs of making sure that what is taught matches the standards • Data-driven instruction- the analysis of assessment date to make decisions about how best to meet the instructional needs of each child
Define emergent literacy
• Emergent literacy - children's literacy development before receiving formal reading and writing instruction
Define the gift of time, looping and retention
• Gift of time- prac of giving children more time in a program or at home to develop physically emotionally socially and cognitively as preparation for KG • Looping- single graded class of children staying with same teacher for 2 or more yearsRetention - destined to spend another year in kindergarten
What is inquiry learning and what is involved in the process?
• Inquiry learning- involvement of children in activities and processes that lead to learning
What are mastery oriented attributes and learned helplessness?
• Master-oriented attributions- attributions that include effort paying attention determination and perseverance • learned helplessness- condition that can dev. When kids perceive that they are not doing as well as they can or as well as their peers lose confidence in abilities and achievement and then attribute their failures to a lack of ability, they are passive and learned to feel they are helpless
What is intentional teaching?
• intentional teaching- developing plans, selecting instructional strategies, and teaching to promote learning
Define literacy education and why it is important
• literacy education- teaching that focuses on reading writing speaking and listeningImportant because: Too many children and adults cannot read Businesses and industries are concerned about how unprepared the nations workforce is to meet the demands of the workplace State governments are at the forefront of making sure all children learn to read well and that they read on level by 3rd grade
What is middle childhood?
• middle childhood- describes children in eriksons industry vs inferiority stage of social-emotional development ages 6-9 during which time they gain confidence and ego satisfaction from completing demanding tasks
What are modes of response?
• modes of response- the various ways children respond to books and convos
