HDFS 280- Exam 3 Material

Kids and teens who do not have a lot of contact with other young people who share their specific ethnic background sometimes feel like they have no one with whom they can share their unique experiences and feelings.

True

Multiracial family members often face comments from strangers and acquaintances who think it is it acceptable to pry into the family's background and then make judgmental statements based on their own biases.

True

The way others view multiracial young people sometimes impacts whom they date - and the ethnicity of the individuals they date can also influence how others see them.

True

There are really no examples of passive antiracism. Antiracism, or any other endeavor to challenge injustice, is by definition not passive.

True

Which of the following was NOT a variable listed in the study when looking at descriptive data by family type?

a. Sibling sexuality b. Child age c. Family income d. Child gender e. Child race A- Sibling sexuality

What is often a question that and multiracial young people are asked regarding their ethnicity?

"What are you?"

Goldberg and Garcia (2016) gendered-type behavior in diverse family types

- All children became more gendered in their play over time -Children within lesbian-parent families were less gendered in play

Asian American shared life experiences

- History of immigration, discrimination, strong focus on education, strong intergenerational bonds

In order to constructively interrupt the dynamics of oppression, the following perspectives and skills are necessary (select all of the following):

- See at the group level and understand the salience of your group memberships -Recognize the colorblindness hides, rather than addresses social injustice -Move beyond good/bad binaries

Latino/Latina/Latinx

- emphasizes link to ancestry

Allies in institutional spaces can take these actions with the EXCEPTION of:

-Facilitate debate rather than dialogue, using either/or rather than both/and framework -Support members of minoritized groups in whatever ways you can. -Pay attention to the dynamics in meetings and facilitate to interrupt inequitable patterns. -Recognize and affirm the importance of discussing critical social justice issues. -Be honest about your lack of experience while demonstrating your willingness to try -Facilitate debate rather than dialogue, using either/or rather than both/and framework- is the answer

Typical gender identity development

-Infancy/Toddlers- flexible gender play and presentation, starts linking masculine and feminine traits in self and others -Toddler/Preschool- learn gendered play, self-identify as a given gender (gender permanency), compare and question body differences -School-age- gender norms reinforced by peers, gendered play, gendered roles in relationships -Adolescence- physical and emotional intimacy following gendered roles, for some gender fluidity

Black demographics

-Median income: $32,068, approximately 27% poverty rate compared to national poverty rate of 15% -Educational attainment greater than or equal to 25 years old- high school graduate or equivalency (82%), Bachelor's degree (18%)

Blacks in America shared life experiences

-Police brutality -Forced immigration -Discrimination -Racial socialization -Egalitarianism -Strong intergenerational bonds

Major "Groups" within the U.S.

-Sub-Saharan Africa -Asia -Central and South America -North America -Europe, Middle East, or North Africa

Sterotypes

-a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing. -characteristics imposed upon groups of people because of their race, nationality, gender, and/or sexual orientation.

Family dynamics of Blacks

-egalitarianism-authority is divided evenly between husbands and wives, older siblings responsible for helping in households, hierarchical and strict authority

Two-gender model

-most common model of gender for males, females and those who identify as transgender

In the Multiracial and Multicultural Families X Seminal Study entitled: "America's Changing Color Lines: Immigration, Race/Ethnicity, and Multiracial Identification,"Currently, ______ persons identifies himself or herself as multiracial.

1 in 40

Select all that apply: Which of the following were the inclusion criteria for the original study were?

1. Couples must be adopting their first child 2. Both partners must be becoming parents for the first time

In 1963,

Ms. Mollie Orshansky developed the poverty threshold which became the basis of our current poverty guidelines

Select all of the following positions in which parents have been mistaken for while with members of their multiracial families.

1. Kidnapper 2. Babysitter 3. Nanny

Select all the following examples that some mixed-race young people go through while dealing with peers at school?

1. Made fun of 2. Bullied 3. Ostracized because of their ethnicity

Select all of the following coping mechanisms that adolescent children (who are maturing) may do in an attempt to look like other family members?

1. Spend time in the sun to darken their skin 2. Wear colored contacts 3. Color their hair

American Community Survey (2011) reported that ___ % of same-sex couples were raising children under age 18.

19

In 2014, what percentage of US children lived in poor families, considered as making less than $24,000 for a family of two parents and two children?

20%

What is the definition of the term hybrid?

A person whose biological parents are two different races

Multicultural model

A pluralistic approach to understanding the relationships between two or more cultures, encourages groups to maintain and develop their own identities, encourages other-group acceptance and tolerance, encourages intergroup contact and sharing, encourages learning multiple languages/cultural perspectives

What is the term for a person whose racial heritage is composed of two or more races?

Multiracial

In addition to examining level of conformity to gendered norms in play behavior as a function of family type and other factors, what else did researchers examine?

A. The stability of these patterns across early childhood B. Predictors of change in masculine/feminine play behavior. C. The children's imagination patterns D. Both A and B D.)- Both A and B

In the Gender and Sexuality Seminal Study entitled: "Inequities in Educational and Psychological Outcomes Between LGBTQ and Straight Students in Middle and High School," results disaggregated by LGBTQ subgroups reveal heterogeneity within the broad LGBTQ group, with _____ youth appearing to be particularly at risk.

Bisexual

What is the term referring to the behavior that allows many multiracial people to move between different cultures?

Chameleon-like

What type of model was used in the study to model children's gender-typed play over time, using both parents' reports of their child's behavior?

Common Fate Growth Model (CFGM)

In the Multiracial and Multicultural Families Y Seminal Study entitled: "Who Is Multiracial? Assessing the Complexity of Lived Race," what affects one's choice of a single-race identity.

Context

Generally, young children are able to see differences in people's skin color and appearance, but not distinguish between racial groups.

True

It is NOT okay to describe multiethnic individuals as "exotic looking."

True

What dynamic can students feel when the instructor points out the lack of diversity. This signals that the ideology of individualism has been challenged.

Defensiveness

What framework argues that children differ in their sensitivity to environmental contexts for biological or physiological reasons, such that some children are more reactive to both positive and negative environments than other children?

Differential susceptibility

To confront stigma, lesbian and gay families communicate closely with their children, teaching them how to talk to others about their family structure and creating ________.

Diverse social support networks with families, friends, and especially other lesbian and gay parents

Family patterns

Each of these family 'groups' are: -Diverse! -Have common lived experiences -Follow in-group and out-group patterns -Personally, systematically and generationally shifting norms

In the Gender and Sexuality Seminal Study entitled: "Inequities in Educational and Psychological Outcomes Between LGBTQ and Straight Students in Middle and High School," although the risk gaps in school belongingness and unexcused absences are significant in high school, we find that these gaps are significantly greater in _______, suggesting heightened early risk for LGBTQ-identified students.

Middle school

In addition to lagging behind their economically advantaged peers when it comes to academic achievement and educational attainment, low-income children are typically rated by their parents and teachers as having ______ behavior problems than more affluent children.

More

Passive racism

Examples include silence, ignoring incidents and dynamics that you notice, the inequitable funding of schools, lack of interest in learning more about racism, having few if any cross-racial relationships, apathy toward and lack of awareness about movements for racial justice, and not getting involved in antiracist efforts or in continuing education.

Active racism

Examples might include telling or encouraging racist jokes, excluding or discriminating against peoples of color in the workplace, racial profiling, and accusing peoples of Color of "playing the race card" when they try to bring up racism

Active antiracism

Examples might include working to identify internalized racial dominances if you are White, working to identify internalized racial oppression if you are a person of Color, making sure there are multiple racial perspectives on an issue in the workplace, joining organizations working for racial justice, and seeking out continuing education

Compared to individuals whose families had incomes of at least twice the poverty line during their early childhood, adults who were poor as children earned more than half as much income, worked far more hours per year, and were five times as likely to report poor health.

False

In ALL multiracial families, both cultures are celebrated.

False

In all families, family members resemble each other, especially in multiracial families.

False

Social learning theory points to the ways in which LG parents, in part because of their own tendency to hold less gender-stereotyped beliefs and behaviors than heterosexual parents and may create different home environments for their children, thus cultivating different types of play behaviors.

False

Young people who live in communities where there is a diverse population usually feel less comfortable and accepting of themselves and their families than those who live in less ethnically diverse populations.

False

Economically disadvantaged families experience more stressors in their everyday environments than do more affluent families, and these disparities may affect children's development. This statement reflects which theoretical approach ?

Family stress model

In the Social Class Seminal Study entitled: "Having Less, Giving More:The Influence of Social Class on Prosocial Behavior," lower social class (or socioeconomic status) is associated with _____ resources, greater exposure to threat, and a reduced sense of personal control.

Fewer

In the Multiracial and Multicultural Families X Seminal Study entitled: "America's Changing Color Lines: Immigration, Race/Ethnicity, and Multiracial Identification," over the past ______, immigration has increased the racial and ethnic diversity in the United States.

Four decades

Without a(n) __________ to keep the (United Steelworkers of Canada) organization accountable, it is unlikely that there would be much institutional change.

Framework

Women in relationships with transmen report doing _______of the housework and emotional work such as nurturing their partner.

More

In the Gender and Sexuality Seminal Study entitled: "Inequities in Educational and Psychological Outcomes Between LGBTQ and Straight Students in Middle and High School," compared with straight-identified youth, youth who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or questioning (LGBTQ) are at ______ risk of suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts, victimization by peers, and elevated levels of unexcused absences from school.

Greater

The most common route to parenthood for lesbians and gay men is ________________.

Having children through heterosexual contact before taking on a gay identity

Asian American demographics

High marriage rates and low divorce rates, median family income is $67, 885, poverty rate is 13%, approx. 85% of age 25 and older have a high school diploma, and 50% has at least a Bachelor's degree compared to 28% of the U.S.

Nonexperimental studies have found that low-income children have _______ levels of stress hormones than their more advantaged counterparts.

Higher

What theory suggests that children from poor families lag behind their economically advantaged counterparts in part because their parents have fewer resources to invest in them?

Household Production theory

Which of the following is NOT an example of active antiracism?

Identifying internalized racial dominance if you are White Working to identify internalized racial oppression if you are a person of Color Apathy toward, and lack of awareness about, movements for racial justice Making sure there are multiple racial perspectives on an issue in the workplace -Apathy toward, and lack of awareness about, movements for racial justice- the answer

Bigotry can cause some extended family members to view multiracial relatives as ______?

Inferior

Duncan and colleagues (2010) found that boys living in poverty during the first 5 years of life were ____ (as) likely to be arrested as boys who had family incomes over twice the poverty threshold.

More than twice

Which of the following is NOT a factor that impacts the way young people perceive themselves and their families?

Involvement in extracurricular activities

In conclusion, the parent-reported play behavior of children with _______parents was the least gender-stereotyped of all family types.

Lesbian

Being an ally means:

Letting go of control and sharing power when possible Only A and B Advocating when the oppressed group is present by challenging misconceptions All of the above Taking responsibility for mistakes -Only A and B is the answer

What type of study design was this?

Longitudinal

In the Social Class Seminal Study entitled: "Having Less, Giving More:The Influence of Social Class on Prosocial Behavior," The authors hypothesized, that ____ class individuals orient to the welfare of others as a means to adapt to their more hostile environments and that this orientation gives rise to greater prosocial behavior.

Lower

Mixed race people make up the ______ of the population in Latin America and the Caribbean

Majority

The official US poverty thresholds ensure consistency in tracking poverty rates over time and are used to determine eligibility for many means-tested programs, but there is _____________ that these precise dollar thresholds meaningfully differentiate families' economic needs. Indeed, evidence suggests that improving the incomes of families both just below and just above the poverty line will have positive effects similar to those of pushing families across the thresholds.

No evidence

How many US states continue to prohibit adoption because of sexual orientation, according to Shapiro (2013)?

None

Studying how poverty affects children and families can be expensive, therefore, the researcher has little choice but to use ______ data.

Observational

Gartrell et al.'s (2011) findings suggest that girls raised with lesbian parents have a(n) ______ age at first heterosexual contact and hold ______ rigid ideas about their own sexuality than do girls raised by heterosexual parents.

Older; less

Acculturation Model

One dominant culture (aiming to embrace or follow dominate culture), reduction or loss of second culture, forced to become or passively become a member of majority culture

Assimilation Model

One dominant culture (aiming to embrace or follow dominate culture), reduction or loss of second culture, will always be a member of 'minority culture'

Which of the following is the most difficult to exemplify:

Passive antiracism

Alternation Model

Persons can know, understand, and present with two different cultures, additive model of cultural acquisition- similar to 'code-switching', no hierarchy

Poverty Resource and Investment Perspective

Poor children lag behind because less time and fewer funds are invested in their education, enrichment, and overall well being

Future research using a large-scale _______ study would be helpful due to the potential reward of understanding how and to what extent poverty affects developmental processes.

Poverty reduction

In the Multiracial and Multicultural Families Y Seminal Study entitled: "Who Is Multiracial? Assessing the Complexity of Lived Race," Patterns of ____ classification in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health are examined.

Racial

What are examples of passive racism?

Silence Ignoring incidents and dynamics that you notice The inequitable funding of schools Lack of interest in learning more about racism All of the above -All of the above is the answer

Fusion Model

Similar to the melting-pot theory, cultures that share economic, political, or geographic space will fuse together until they are indistinguishable, strengths and weaknesses of each culture are adopted and/or morphed

The finding to the previous question (question 8) may reflect, as ________ theory might suggest, the influence of having two mothers and no father, whereby boys in lesbian-mother families develop different play styles and interests than boys in heterosexual-parent families or gay male-parent families, who are exposed to higher levels of "rough-and-tumble play" that are typically initiated by fathers?

Social Learning

In the Social Class Seminal Study entitled: "Having Less, Giving More:The Influence of Social Class on Prosocial Behavior," which study proved lower class individuals to be more trusting compared with their upper class counterparts.

Study 3

According to Potter (2012) and using data from Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-K, he found that ___________ is shown to significantly reduce a child's math assessment scores for those students in a same-sex parent family.

The number of cumulative family transitions

As described, the plot of Saving Miguel is a familiar because many of us have seen some variations of this story with the exception of which:

The story is told from the perspective of the Black people.

What is the primary limitation of the study, according to the authors?

Their measure of gender-typed play was based on parents' reports only

Passive antiracism

There are really no examples of passive antiracism, antiracism requires action

This study examined data from lesbian-gay (LG) and heterosexual parents who all became parents ______.

Through adoption

Often children of mixed race families learn lessons of ______ and acceptance from their parents.

Tolerance

Children of lesbian and gay couple households have poverty rates twice those of children in heterosexual married couple households.

True

Evidence suggests that disadvantaged individuals hold many middle-class values and beliefs, but circumstances make it difficult for them to behave accordingly.

True

When people outside of the family cannot see the connection in love between multiracial family members, it makes kids and parents feel like the _____ of their family is being questioned.

Validity

According to Shapiro (2013), the key distinction in the law for parental rights in same-sex couple households and heterosexual couple households is ________.

Whether one or both adults are the legal parent of the child

Oligarchy

a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.

Powell et al. (2010) find that a large segment of the US population is ___________ (to) the inclusion of same-sex couples in their definition of same-sex couples.

ambivalent

Black Family Structure

approx. 67% of black children are born into families where mother is not married to biological father, 24% of black children live with their grandparent(s), 1 in 5 African American families are extended

Hispanic

emphasizes link to a Spanish speaking background and geography, used in government and demographic reports

Economists, sociologists, developmental psychologists, and neuroscientists emphasize different pathways by which poverty can influence children's development. The main theoretical approaches / perspectives are

family and environmental stress perspective; resources and investment perspective; cultural perspective

Poverty

is the state of one who lacks a usual or socially acceptable amount amount of money or material possessions