HDFS Final Exam
Experts believe that __________ percent of the elderly consulted within the past year have experienced elder abuse. A.6 B.11 C.16 D.21
B
A child sees an airplane and calls it "a car with wings." This is an example of __________. A.accommodation B.a secondary circular reaction C.assimilation D.a primary circular reaction
A
About 15 percent of couples experience __________. A.infertility B.miscarriage C.IVF D.abortion
A
According to Erikson, adolescents are in the __________ stage, seeking to discover their individuality and identity. A.identity-versus-identity-confusion B.industry-versus-inferiority C.initiative-versus-guilt D.autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt
A
According to George Vaillant, men __________. A.tend to be overly influenced by their parents' authority in their early 20s B.tend to act with less autonomy once they are in their 20s and early 30s C.focus less on career concerns than intimacy D.change careers over a dozen times
A
According to Gisela Labouvie-Vief, thinking that goes beyond logic to include real-life considerations, moral judgments, and values, called __________, is an important feature of cognitive development in early adulthood. A.postformal thought B.formal operations C.intuitive thinking D.abstract reasoning
A
According to Kübler-Ross, people who vow to live better lives if they do not die are in the __________ stage of dying. A.bargaining B.acceptance C.anger D.denial
A
According to Sternberg's triangular theory, a couple that remains in a marriage only for the sake of the children, even though the relationship lacks both intimacy and passion, is an example of __________ love. A.empty B.resigned C.absent D.fatuous
A
According to Warner Schaie, young adults shift from the acquisitive stage of cognitive development to the __________ stage. A.achieving B.responsible C.reintegrative D.executive
A
According to most of the evidence, high-quality child care outside the home produces __________. A.only minor differences from home care in most respects B.children who are less apt to socialize with others C.children with ambivalent attachments to their mothers D.more children with hyperactivity than those reared by their parents only
A
Alan has decided to conduct a naturalistic observation of children and friendships. Which location would produce the most accurate results? A.a playground B.a laboratory setting designed like a classroom C.a hospital emergency room D.a school principal's office
A
Around the age of 12, self-esteem tends to __________. A.decline B.internalize C.increase D.fracture
A
At first, baby Joseph seemed very interested when his father dangled his keys in front of him. However, after a few minutes, he stopped paying attention. This is an example of __________. A.habituation B.classical conditioning C.operant conditioning D.social learning
A
Because of a developmental belief in their invulnerability, the typical response of adolescents to the possibility that they may have a terminal illness is __________. A.anger or denial B.blaming of parents C.grim humor D.blaming of doctors
A
Because they have a wider range of linguistic possibilities to select from, children who are __________ tend to show more cognitive flexibility than their peers. A.bilingual B.immersed C.fluent D.immigrants
A
Compared to elderly men, elderly women are __________ likely to live in poverty. A.twice as B.less C.three times as D.equally
A
Compared to younger couples entering first marriages, older couples who remarry tend to be more __________. A.flexible and open to compromise B.committed to the relationship C.romantic and optimistic D.tolerant of personal flaws and quirks
A
During the __________ stage, children's use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges, and the use of concepts increases. A.preoperational B.centration C.post-operational D.operational
A
During the preschool period, children increasingly __________. A.are able to take others' perspectives B.think more concretely C.find themselves in conflicts with their friends D.see the world through their own unique eyes
A
Four-month-old Nanette is staring dreamily at the mobile above her rocker seat. Chris wants to show her brother Jack how cute it is, so they quietly stand to the side and watch. When Jack sneezes, Nanette turns her head toward them and the spell is broken. The baby is demonstrating __________. A.sound localization B.the startle response C.the Babinski reflex D.aural acuity
A
Hassan's dad cannot figure out why his 16-year-old son is such a knucklehead. He is always trying to skateboard off the roof or race cars on his bicycle. He gets good grades in school. Which of the following explains why Hassan likely does such risky things? A.immature brain B.desire to impress peers C.social immaturity D.high hormone levels
A
Hospice care __________. A.focuses on making people's final days comfortable B.provides care for the dying in hospital settings C.focuses on extending life D.provides aggressive care to delay death
A
How are the developmental periods of infancy and adolescence similar? A.Both have a clear-cut boundary for when they begin. B.Both involve roughly the same amount of years. C.Both have a clear-cut boundary for when they end. D.Most developmentalists study both of these periods at the same time.
A
How does the United States compare to other countries regarding the infant mortality rate? A.The rate is fairly high in the United States. B.The United States has the lowest rate in the world. C.The United States has the second lowest rate in the world. D.The United States has the third lowest rate in the world.
A
In contrast with younger adults, older adults more often look for __________ in their work. A.favorable work and pay policies B.opportunities for advancement C.the availability of helpful mentors D.frequent opportunities for recognition
A
In the United States, death education is commonly provided to __________. A.members of the helping professions B.high school teachers C.children in the elementary school years D.children admitted to critical care in hospitals
A
In the United States, which of the following is a common influence on a child's height? A.genetic factors B.reflexes C.cognitive ability D.athletic ability
A
Jason is a wide receiver for a pro football team. When he stood his 2-month-old son LeRay on the floor and the boy began stomping, Jason cheered. He knew LeRay was going to be a champion. His wife told him to relax; LeRay was only displaying __________. A.the stepping reflex B.the Babinski reflex C.the Moro reflex D.muscle tension
A
Justin has been told by his doctor that he does not have long to live. After some time of difficulty with this news, he decides that he is ready for death, and he wants to be left alone. Which of the stages in Kübler-Ross's theory is Justin experiencing? A.acceptance B.anger C.depression D.bargaining
A
Many marriages today follow a period of living together, called __________. A.cohabitation B.commitment C.marital modeling D.experimentation
A
Marcia used Erikson's theory as a springboard, suggesting the identity can be seen in terms of four categories called __________. A.identity statuses B.identity diffusion C.moratorium stages D.commitment phases
A
Middle-aged adults who are required to care for children and aging parents simultaneously are labeled as __________. A.the sandwich generation B.bidirectional caregivers C.helicopter parents D.the center cohort
A
Myelin protects parts of the __________ in the brain. A.neurons B.laterals C.hemispheres D.cortex
A
Newborns often exhibit __________, unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli. A.reflexes B.perceptions C.appetites D.syndromes
A
Noah uses blocks to build a long race track for his toy cars. What type of play is he engaging in? A.constructive B.functional C.modeling D.parallel
A
Organized bodies of information stored in memory that help people categorize and interpret new information are called __________. A.schemas B.neurons C.chunks D.scaffolds
A
People who study death and dying are known as __________. A.thanatologists B.morticians C.terminalists D.gerontologists
A
Piaget believed that people resolve the formal operational stage by age 15, but some estimates show that only __________ percent of adults are capable of complete formal operational thinking. A.25 B.40 C.65 D.75
A
Piaget's assumptions about the ability of young children to understand numbers has been challenged by research conducted by __________. A.Gelman B.Vygotsky C.Chomsky D.Erickson
A
Prejudice and discrimination directed at older people is called __________. A.ageism B.senescence C.gerontology D.stereotyping
A
Preschool-age boys typically excel sooner at ________, while girls typically excel sooner at __________. A.throwing a ball; balancing on one foot B.jumping jacks; riding a bicycle C.balancing on one foot; throwing a ball D.jumping jacks; riding a bicycle
A
Reading Stage 1 largely involves __________. A.phonological recoding skills B.guesses about word meaning C.photographic memory D.looking at pictures accompanying the words
A
Research has found that during middle childhood, __________. A.boys and girls have similar motor skills B.boys have more highly developed gross motor skills than girls do C.boys lag behind girls in gross motor skills early, but then surpass them D.girls lag behind boys in gross motor skills early, but then surpass them
A
Spousal abuse is most common in cultures in which __________. A.women are believed to be inferior to men B.women are believed to be superior to men C.women are believed to be equal to men D.women have little contact with men
A
Ted and Rosa rushed to the hospital, ready to welcome their new baby soon. But within a few hours, they were driving home again. It turns out they were fooled by Rosa's __________. A.Braxton-Hicks contractions B.anoxia C.transition D.Apgar scale
A
The "Big Five" personality traits are important to developmentalists because they represent __________. A.clusters of highly stable personality characteristics in adults B.traits that are correlated with cognitive characteristics such as IQ C.traits that all increase as people age D.traits that reliably predict future contentment and life success in adults
A
The __________ is an overall developmental score that relates to performance in motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior, and personal-social behavior. A.developmental quotient B.Bayley Scale C.recognition score D.information score
A
The __________ is the process of posing and answering research questions using controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data. A.scientific method B.theoretical orientation C.development of hypotheses D.research program
A
The fact that the initial stage of grief usually includes numbness may be beneficial because __________. A.it permits the survivor to accomplish emotionally difficult post-death tasks B.it provides the survivor with amnesia regarding the details of the death C.the pain can build up and be released all at once D.avoiding emotional pain is healthy for the survivor
A
The financial crisis of the 2010s exerted what type of effect on the cohort of children growing up during this period? A.history-graded influences B.sociocultural-graded influences C.age-graded influences D.non-normative life event influences
A
The greatest physical risk that preschoolers face comes from __________. A.accidents B.cancer C.heart disease D.domestic abuse
A
The legal definition of death in most U.S. localities is __________. A.absence of brain functioning B.irreversible loss of consciousness C.absence of any hope of recovery D.irreversible brain damage
A
The parenting style that leads to the best outcomes for children is __________. A.warm and supportive B.one that harshly pushes children C.authoritarian D.permissive, letting children find their own way
A
The people who are most likely to have adjustment difficulties and health problems after a death are those who __________. A.show the most intense distress after the death B.show very little distress after the death C.have not passed through the three stages of grief D.were aware that the death was imminent
A
The process in which new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter is called __________. A.fast mapping B.language association C.transformation D.accelerated processing
A
The strength and direction of a relationship between two factors is represented by a(n) __________. A.correlation coefficient B.associative coefficient C.experimental factor D.predictable factor
A
The system of rules that determine how our thoughts can be expressed is known as __________. A.grammar B.social speech C.symbols D.syntax
A
The term primary aging refers to physical and cognitive changes due to __________. A.the passage of time B.behavioral choices and habits C.individual differences D.illness or health problems
A
The three basic aspects of information processing are encoding, storage, and __________. A.retrieval B.recall C.recitation D.repetition
A
What are two important factors regarding how others choose friendships? A.proximity and similarity B.identity and style C.differentiation and chronology D.comparison and diversity
A
What is one way in which researchers learn about the effect of nature versus nurture on human development? A.by studying twins B.through genetic testing C.by testing the temperament of newborns D.through chronic villus sampling
A
What percent of infants are born earlier than normal? A.about 10 percent B.about 20 percent C.about 30 percent D.about 40 percent
A
Which of the following attachment patterns is associated with the best outcomes? A.secure B.avoidant C.disorganized-disoriented D.ambivalent
A
Which of the following groups has the highest rate of suicide? A.White men over 85 B.young women 12-21 years of age C.men ages 15-25 D.African American women over 65
A
Which of the following statements about attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is true? A.Medication as well as behavioral therapy can effectively treat ADHD. B.Girls are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD than boys. C.ADHD occurs in 20 percent of the school-age population D.Children with ADHD can be distinguished from other highly active children using a blood test.
A
Which of the following statements about empty nest syndrome is true? A.Feelings of sadness and distress are temporary. B.The departure of the last child usually leads to major bouts of depression. C.There are few positive effects of the departure of children. D.Fathers experience deeper regrets about their departed children than mothers.
A
Which of the following statements about the effects of aging on memory in middle age is true? A.Sensory and short-term memory hold steady, but long-term memory declines slightly. B.Sensory memory remains unchanged while short- and long-term memory decline. C.Short-term memory improves, but sensory and long-term memory weaken. D.Sensory memory begins to decline while short- and long-term memory hold steady.
A
Which of the following statements best describes communication between older adults and their children? A.Daughters have more frequent contact with their parents than sons. B.Fathers tend to receive more communication with their children than mothers. C.Sons have more frequent contact with their parents than daughters. D.Regular communication between parents and their grown children is rare.
A
Which of the following statements is true? A.Identical twins show more interest in each other than in an infant who is unfamiliar. B.Infants show more interest in their own mirror image than they do in other infants. C.Infants show more interest in new infants than in peers that they already know. D.Infants show more interest in inanimate objects than they do in other infants.
A
Which of the following statements represents current thinking among most developmentalists? A.Developmental growth and change occur throughout the life span. B.Child development occurs in a consistent and predictable way, regardless of culture or environment. C.Developmentalists see the life span as a series of losses. D.Social and personality development occurs during infancy, childhood, and adolescence and then ceases.
A
Which sensory decline is likely to have the greatest negative effect on the social lives of older people? A.hearing B.smell C.taste D.vision
A
Which type of research suffers from the problem of overfamiliarity? A.longitudinal research B.cohort effect research C.sequential research D.cross-sectional research
A
Why are males more likely than females to have red-green color blindness? A.They have only one X chromosome. B.They have two X chromosomes. C.They do not have any X chromosomes .D.They have a Y chromosome.
A
Why is imitation important? A.It is a foundation of social interaction. B.It is a foundation for operant conditioning. C.It is a foundation for habituation. D.It is a foundation for classical conditioning
A
Workers who experience dissatisfaction and disillusionment from their jobs are likely to be suffering from __________. A.burnout B.wipeout C.flameout D.washout
A
Young preschoolers' unbridled optimistic views of themselves are held, in part, because __________. A.they have not yet started to compare themselves and their performance against others B.it makes them happier C.they hold a collectivistic orientation D.they are extremely competitive
A
Younger children are somewhat color-blind in choosing friendships. But by high school, the number of African American children who consider someone of another race to be their best friend drops to __________. A.5 percent B.10 percent C.15 percent D.20 percent
A
__________ is a well-known program that provides educational programs for older adults. A.Road Scholar B.Travelmaster C.eTraining D.Older-but-Smarter
A
__________ theories suggest that economic resources, power, and privilege are distributed unequally among people at different stages of the life course. A.Age stratification B.Anger management C.Age normalization D.Power distribution
A
__________, a chronic condition characterized by attacks of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath, affects more than 8 percent of children in the United States. A.Asthma B.Allergies C.Anxiety D.Hypertension
A
__________, which combines declining memory, lessened intellectual abilities, and impaired judgment, is the most common mental disorder among older people. A.Major neurocognitive disorder B.Amnesia C.Psychosis D.Schizophrenia
A
Which of the following is a characteristic that preschoolers ascribe to girls? A.independence B.aggressiveness C.competence D.expressiveness
D
According to the information processing perspective, adolescents' improved cognitive abilities are primarily due to __________. A.a sudden increase in insightfulness B.advances in memory capacity and perceptual abilities C.rapid increases in self-confidence and assurance D.complete mastery of fine motor skills
B
Addictive drugs are those that __________. A.adolescents use occasionally to feel more confident B.produce a biological or psychological dependence C.foster feelings of extreme paranoia in the user D.are sold illegally on the black market
B
After meeting with the school nurse to improve the nutritional quality of his diet, 10-year-old Luis __________. A.had less energy and greater levels of anxiety B.had more energy and stronger social skills C.had more energy and greater levels of anxiety D.had less energy and stronger social skills
B
Age-related memory declines are mostly limited to __________ memories, while __________ memories are largely unaffected by age. A.semantic; implicit B.episodic; semantic C.implicit; episodic D.semantic; episodic
B
Although young adults are generally healthy, by their early 20s, __________, a natural physical decline brought about by increasing age, has already begun. A.senility B.senescence C.debilitation D.maturation
B
Among causes of death in the United States, cancer ranks number __________. A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4
B
An attempt to manage a stressful situation by directly changing it to make it less stressful is called __________ coping. A.proactive B.problem-focused C.emotion-focused D.defensive
B
An environmental agent such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produces a birth defect is called a(n) __________. A.abnormality B.teratogen C.exposure D.pollutant
B
Approximately what percent of elderly people end up in long-term care facilities? A.5 B.10 C.15 D.20
B
The middle childhood period encompasses Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development. A.Initiative-versus-guilt B.Industry-versus-inferiority C.Identity-versus-role-confusion D.Industry-versus-guilt
B
As children progress from elementary school to high school, the impact of low socioeconomic status on their academic performance __________. A.decreases slightly over time B.gets cumulatively worse C.becomes irrelevant D.stays fairly consistent
B
Because adolescents look at the self from a(n) __________ perspective, they view traits as abstractions rather than concrete entities. A.egocentric B.psychological C.intellectual D.transformative
B
The most common STI, the human papilloma virus (HPV), can produce __________. A.blindness B.genital warts C.sterility D.a painful discharge
B
Children typically develop an awareness of death at a young age if they __________. A.are taught to believe in reincarnation B.grow up in a culture with high levels of violence and death C.grow up on a farm D.have not experienced the death of a loved one
B
Children's conception of friendship changes over the preschool period, focusing more on __________. A.understanding the value of friendship B.trust and support C.anger management D.enjoying the friend in the moment rather than future anticipation of fun
B
Darla is furious with her parents; they won't let her go to the beach cookout with her friends. They calmly explained to her that an adult should be there for a party of middle-school students. Her parents are engaging in a(n) __________ parenting style. A.authoritarian B.authoritative C.permissive D.uninvolved
B
During middle childhood, children make significant improvements in muscle __________. A.myelin B.coordination C.lateralization D.mass
B
During middle childhood, the capacity of short-term memory, also known as __________, increases significantly. A.sensory memory B.working memory C.metamemory D.procedural memory
B
Elderly nursing home residents are likely to avoid institutionalism, a psychological apathy about their lives, if they have __________. A.close supervision to prevent harm B.control over key aspects of daily life C.a scheduled program of art activities D.a guided environment with limited choices
B
Caleb was born with a bright and boisterous temperament. He was always laughing and was quick to engage with people. His parents belong to a very strict religious sect that forbids any overt expression of emotion in adults. How will multifactorial transmission affect Caleb? A.His expressive demeanor will be eliminated by the parental environment. B.His expressive demeanor will be softened by the parental environment. C.He will eventually rebel against his parental environment and exhibit outlandish behavior D.He will maintain his expressive temperament throughout his life.
B
A baby born 39 weeks after conception and weighing 3,400 grams would be characterized as __________. A.small-for-gestational-age only B.neither preterm nor small-for-gestational-age C.both preterm and small-for-gestational-age D.preterm only
B
A common reason that adolescents use illegal drugs is to __________. A.follow the model set by their parents B.escape from various pressures C.defy authority D.medicate diagnosed serious illnesses
B
A major criticism of Kübler-Ross's theory is that __________. A.foreknowledge of the stages of death may heighten fear among the dying B.not everyone passes through all the stages once and in sequence C.expectations for experiencing the stages may hasten resignation D.people who do not experience the stages may have a feeling of failure
B
A mother keeps trying different positions to see how her baby can be the most comfortable during breastfeeding. According to Erikson, the mother is helping the baby pass through the __________ stage. A.formal-operational B.trust-versus-mistrust C.autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt D.concrete-operational
B
A parent provides less and less guidance each time a child tries a puzzle. This is an example of __________. A.classical conditioning B.scaffolding C.behavior modifications D.operant conditioning
B
A significant drop in cognitive performance that foreshadows death in old age is known as __________. A.the cognitive slope B.terminal decline C.preparing to exit D.the final tide
B
A(n) __________ is a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested. A.experiment B.hypothesis C.theory D.proposition
B
About one-third of older people have __________, also known as high blood pressure. A.arthritis B.immune disease C.coronary disease D.hypertension
B
According to Kohlberg, children at the __________ stage primarily consider avoiding punishment and receiving rewards in their view of what is moral behavior. A.postconventional morality B.preconventional C.conventional morality D.egocentric morality
B
According to Kübler-Ross, people who lash out at others or at God after a diagnosis of death are in the __________ stage of dying. A.bargaining B.anger C.depression D.denial
B
According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory, which aspect of intelligence allows people to meet the demands that they face in the everyday world? A.experiential B.contextual C.componential D.environmental
B
According to __________ theory, elderly people begin a process of withdrawal from the world around them. A.activity B.disengagement C.continuity D.retrenchment
B
According to current research, which of the following is a consequence of stress? A.higher likelihood of seeking medical help B.elevated blood pressure C.decreased drug use D.greater compliance with medical advice
B
According to survey data, young people spend, on average, __________ hours a day using media. A.3.5 B.6.5 C.8.5 D.10.5
B
For most adolescents, the major nutritional issue is __________. A.eating more meat than carbohydrates or calcium B.consuming a sufficient balance of nutritious foods C.maintaining a body weight that is 20 percent below average D.consuming enough calories to maintain their rapid growth
B
How are assimilation and accommodation similar? A.Both involve significant changes to a child's existing way of thinking. B.Both are ways to bring about cognitive development. C.Both involve understanding experience in terms of a child's existing way of thinking. D.Both are interchangeable terms used to explain the same concept.
B
How are sperm and ova alike? A.They are about the same size. B.They both enter the fallopian tube. C.There are about the same number of both. D.They are created at about the same time.
B
In Stage __________ reading, which typically occurs around the second or third grades, children learn to read aloud with fluency. A.1 B.2 C.3 D.4
B
In contrast to beginners, experts tend to __________. A.pay close and constant attention to their work B.process information automatically without conscious thought C.have the ability to explain in detail their work procedures D.define careful procedures and rules and then follow them closely
B
In the __________ stage of adjustment to the death of a spouse, the widowed person experiences shock and pain at the loss. A.denial B.grief and mourning C.preparation D.adaptation
B
Infants develop standard 20/20 vision by the time they are __________ months old. A.2 B.6 C.10 D.14
B
Jackie is eager to maintain, and celebrate, both her Hispanic and Native American roots. Her attitude is an example of the __________. A.cultural assimilation model B.bicultural model C.pluralistic society model D.open society model
B
Maggie experienced menarche at age 12; for her mom, it arrived at age 14. Her grandmother was nearly 16 when it arrived. This pattern is indicative of __________. A.the use of growth hormones B.a secular trend C.the maturation hypothesis D.more childhood immunizations
B
Martin is from the Czech Republic and has Jewish ancestry. Before he and his wife try to have a baby, he wants to take a genetic test to see if he carries the gene for __________, which is common for people of his background. A.sickle-cell anemia B.Tay-Sachs disease C.Klinefelter's syndrome D.Down syndrome
B
Memories about which people are generally unaware, such as how to ride a bike, are called __________ memories. A.autobiographical B.implicit C.semantic D.episodic
B
Newborns' sensory competence includes the ability to __________. A.grasp objects B.see color differences C.swallow D.eat
B
Nonphysical aggression that is employed to hurt another person's feelings is known as __________. A.self-regulation B.relational aggression C.abstract modeling D.instrumental aggression
B
One major personality trait that has been linked to genetic factors is __________, defined as the degree to which a person is outgoing and seeks contact with others. A.neuroticism B.extroversion C.friendliness D.introversion
B
One symptom of first-year adjustment reaction among college freshmen is __________. A.overwork B.depression C.overinvolvement in social activities D.decline in drug use
B
People who achieve high scores on a traditional IQ test have high levels of the __________ aspect of triarchic intelligence. A.kinesthetic B.componential C.fluid D.logical mathematical
B
Piaget theorized that humans' cognitive development did not change qualitatively after they achieve formal operational thinking sometime in adolescence. However, new research by Labouvie-Vief indicates contradicts this idea by stating that __________ thought develops in early adulthood. A.logical B.postformal C.idealistic D.confrontational
B
Rachel spent several weeks in the hospital when she was first born. She learned to recognize and respond to the voices of several nurses who cared for her. When Rachel went home, her brain's ability to recognize those voices faded with time through a process known as __________. A.synaptic decay B.synaptic pruning C.auditory compensation D.memory decay
B
Researchers must obtain __________ from participants before their involvement in a study. A.ethical understanding B.informed consent C.comprehensive guidelines D.proxy permission
B
Robert Siegler's "wave" theory of infant cognitive development is a response to criticism of Piaget's emphasis on __________. A.a culturally limited study sample B.formal stages of development C.motor skills D.circular reactions
B
Roberta is nervous about starting high school but decides that she is just going to pick the coolest teens and try and follow the norms they set. These "cool teens" are also known as a __________. A.activity club B.reference group C.standardized cohort D.crowd of girls
B
The __________ model suggests that it is the particular events in an adult's life, rather than age per se, that determines the course of personality development. A.normative-crisis B.life events C.lifespan consolidation D.spiraling events
B
The acquisition of skill or knowledge in a particular area, which develops with practice, is called __________. A.fluid intelligence B.expertise C.learned intelligence D.professional intelligence
B
The combination of responses or ideas in novel ways is known as __________. A.practical intelligence B.creativity C.componential intelligence D.emotional intelligence
B
The first stage of spousal abuse is the __________ stage. A.victimization onset B.tension-building C.acute battering incident D.loving contrition
B
The goal of most professionals is not only to extend the life span of older adults but to expand the __________. A.amount of time in nursing homes B.active life span C.religious observances of the elderly D.intelligence levels of their caretakers
B
The multimodal approach to perception considers how information collected by the individual __________ systems is integrated and coordinated. A.environmental B.sensory C.body D.curiosity
B
The percentage of people who are now considered obese in the United States is approximately __________. A.15 percent B.36 percent C.52 percent D.66 percent
B
The prefrontal cortex is the part of the brain that __________. A.makes adolescents more sensitive to the effects of alcohol B.allows people to think, evaluate, and make complex judgments C.prevents the transmission of neural messages D.suppresses impulse control in adolescents
B
The process by which people in middle adulthood concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for declines in other areas is called __________. A.flexible intelligence B.selective optimization C.tactical intelligence D.strategic aging
B
The process called __________ involves the replication of cells, and the process of __________ involves the gamete receiving one of the two possible chromosomes in a pair. A.sequencing; fusion B.mitosis; meiosis C.fusion; sequencing D.meiosis; mitosis
B
The secondary appraisal stage of dealing with stress focuses on __________. A.identifying the specific nature of the potential threat B.assessing whether one can cope with the challenge C.evaluating the implications of the threat D.marshaling resources and social supports to face the threat
B
The tendency for men to marry women who are slightly younger, smaller, and lower in social status while women tend to marry men who are slightly older, larger, and higher in social status is known as __________. A.heterogeneity B.the marriage gradient C.the filtering model D.homogamy
B
The theory that suggests that successful aging occurs when people maintain the interests, activities, and social interactions they pursued during middle age is known as __________. A.hedonistic aging theory B.activity theory C.resource enrichment theory D.disengagement theory
B
The universal function of funeral rites across cultures is to __________. A.encourage the outward show of emotion B.provide an occasion for sharing grief and comfort C.celebrate the assurance of an afterlife D.demonstrate publicly the extent of one's sorrow
B
The virtually universal decline in near vision in middle adulthood is called __________. A.myopia B.presbyopia C.conjunctivitis D.glaucoma
B
Traditionally, women were considered unsuitable for __________ professions, which are associated with getting things accomplished. A.typical B.agentic C.communal D.practical
B
U.S. students may perform worse academically than students in many other industrialized countries because the United States __________. A.has less grade inflation B.is more socially diverse C.has more intense coursework D.has dramatic nationwide teacher shortages
B
Unconscious strategies that trivialize, distort, or deny the true nature of a stressful situation is called ________ coping. A.emotion-focused B.defensive C.proactive D.problem-focused
B
What Apgar score might be cause for some concern but not alarm? A.2 to 3 B.5 to 7 C.7 to 8 D.8 to 9
B
What can decrease the chance of developing schizophrenia for someone genetically disposed to the disorder? A.nothing B.a stress-free environment C.a calm temperament D.genetic testing
B
What is the best type of study to determine if daily reading with a parent can increase the speed at which a child learns to read independently? A.hypothetical B.experimental C.theoretical D.correlational
B
When it comes to bonding, which statement best represents the current thinking of developmental researchers? A.Immediate skin-to-skin contact between mother and baby is necessary for successful bonding to occur. B.There is little evidence that supports the idea that there is a critical period for bonding to occur soon after birth. C.When mothers are able to have physical contact right after their newborn's birth, they have a better bond with their newborn for many years. D.Deep emotional bonding occurs only if mothers massage their newborns.
B
Which developmentalist, reacting to Erikson's views, identified seven stages through which people pass, including an urgent need in middle adulthood to achieve one's life goals before the end? A.George Vaillant B.Roger Gould C.Ravenna Helson D.Daniel Levinson
B
Which of the following is an alternative birthing procedure? A.epidural birthing B.hypnobirthing C.Apgar method D.Braxton-Hicks method
B
Which of the following is an effective way to help a child cope with grief? A.Do not discuss the finality of death. B.Provide reassurance that the child is not to blame. C.Offer books that describe death as a temporary condition. D.Discourage outward expressions of grief.
B
Which of the following is an effective way to reduce bullying in school? A.Downplaying the importance of bullying by ignoring it B.Training students to intervene when they witness bullying C.Promptly removing the victims of bullying from the scene D.Posting clear signs discouraging bullying behavior
B
Which of the following is an example of fine motor skills? A.ice skating B.doing paint-by-numbers artwork C.jumping rope D.singing harmony in chorus
B
Which of the following is cause for added concern about the emotional health of adolescent girls? A.Girls react to stress by turning outward. B.Girls attempt suicide more frequently than boys. C.Girls are more successful at suicide than boys. D.Suicide is the leading cause of death among teens.
B
Which of the following is considered a primary developmental task of adolescence? A.selecting a career path B.achieving autonomy C.dating and finding a life partner D.becoming part of the larger society
B
Which of the following lists is in correct temporal order of development? A.reflexes, fine motor skills, gross motor skills B.reflexes, gross motor skills, fine motor skills C.gross motor skills, reflexes, fine motor skills D.fine motor skills, gross motor skills, reflexes
B
Which of the following statements about brain development is true? A.Brain development is complete by age 5. B.Electrical activity increases during times of rapid development. C.Myelination of the reticular formation, which is associated with attention and concentration, reaches completion around age 21. D.Scientists have determined that cognitive advances drive brain growth.
B
Which of the following statements about cross-race friendships among middle-school children is true? A.Cross-race friendships decrease in schools but increase in neighborhoods. B.The number of cross-race friendships declines as children grow older. C.As children mature, cross-race friendships increase among girls, but not boys. D.The number of cross-race friendships increases as children grow older.
B
Which of the following statements best describes the use of technology by older adults? A.The rate of use of technology remains among the highest of all age groups. B.People in late adulthood are increasingly embracing and using technology. C.Older adults' declining cognitive capabilities usually prevent them from using new technologies. D.People in late adulthood have unusual difficulty with technology because of lack of motor skills in terms of inputting information into a keyboard.
B
Which of the following statements describes discontinuous change? A.Changes are quantitative, not qualitative. B.New behavior is qualitatively different than the behavior it replaces. C.Change is gradual. D.Change is continuous, not incremental.
B
Which of the following statements is typical of children ages 2 to 6? A.Iron needs decrease while Vitamin A needs increase. B.Children develop rituals and routines around eating. C.Children need many more calories to keep up with their rapid growth. D.Children's bodies become round and chubby.
B
Which perspective contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives? A.cognitive perspective B.humanistic perspective C.psychodynamic perspective D.behavioral perspective
B
While the store of information, skills, and strategies that people have acquired during life holds steady, the ability to deal with new problems and situations, called __________ intelligence, declines with age. A.emotional B.fluid C.creative D.crystallized
B
Why is the use of fetal monitors considered a factor in the increase of cesarean sections performed in the United States? A.Fetal monitors more often pinpoint respiratory distress syndrome. B.Fetal monitors have high rates of false readings for fetal distress. C.C-sections are performed to justify the cost of the monitors. D.Fetal monitors allow C-sections to be performed in the home.
B
__________ anesthesia, which produces numbness from the waist down, is used during childbirth to reduce pain in the mother. A.Intravenous B.Epidural C.Oral D.Local
B
__________ represent the average performance of a large sample of children of a given age. A.Quotients B.Norms C.Medians D.Scales
B
A legal document in which a person expresses his or her wishes relating to death is called a __________. A.terminal instruction B.power of attorney C.living will D.healthcare proxy
C
A person's level of curiosity and interest in new experiences is called __________, one of the "Big Five" personality traits. A.conscientiousness B.agreeableness C.openness D.extroversion
C
About what percent of marriages in the United States end in divorce? A.30 B.40 C.50 D.60
C
About what percentage of adolescents suffering from anorexia are boys? A.less than 1 percent B.5 percent C.10 percent D.20 percent
C
According to Carol Gilligan, boys are raised to view morality primarily in terms of broad principles, while girls are raised to regard morality in terms of __________. A.pleasing not displeasing B.moving toward consensus C.responsibility to others D.competition not cooperation
C
According to Elaine Hatfield and Ellen Berscheid, two people experience romantic love when intense arousal combines with situational cues to indicate that what is being felt is love. This is the __________ theory of passionate love. A.mutuality B.contractual C.labeling D.consensual
C
According to Kübler-Ross, people who have made peace with their impending death are in the __________ stage of dying. A.anger B.denial C.acceptance D.bargaining
C
According to Piaget, __________ are mental structures that organize patterns and adapt over time. A.accommodations B.stages C.schema D.assimilations
C
According to Piaget, in what stage do children begin to consider that rules can be conditional? A.immanent justice stage B.heteronomous morality stage C.autonomous cooperation stage D.incipient cooperation stage
C
According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory, which aspect of intelligence allows people to relate what they know to new situations and facts that they have never before encountered? A.environmental B.componential C.experiential D.contextual
C
According to professional recommendations, the amount of exercise that people should accumulate each week is __________. A.60 minutes of strenuous activity B.90 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity C.150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity D.90 minutes of strenuous activity and 90 minutes of moderate activity
C
Alec is prone to mood swings and anxiety. He is never satisfied with his work and seems constantly unhappy. He is most likely high in which personality trait? A.conscientiousness B.extroversion C.neuroticism D.openness
C
Alex's grandparents act as supporters and buddies to Alex, but do not care for him on a regular basis. They would be called __________ grandparents. A.authoritarian B.negligent C.companionate D.involved
C
As children grow, the two halves of the brain become increasingly differentiated and specialized in a process called __________. A.resiliency B.hemispheric depreciation C.lateralization D.sequential processing
C
Baby Eva's mother keeps stroking her check with a feather, and Eva turns her head in the direction of the feather each time. This is an example of the __________ reflex. A.Moro B.sucking C.rooting D.Babinski
C
Care for the dying that is provided in institutions specifically reserved for terminally ill patients is called __________ care. A.home B.critical C.hospice D.intensive
C
Children come to accept the universality and finality of death at around age __________. A.5 B.7 C.9 D.11
C
Cognitive neuroscientists believe that the brain's long-term memory capacity is divided into two systems: __________ and __________. A.emotional; intellectual B.quantitative; qualitative C.explicit; implicit D.verbal; nonverbal
C
Compared to women, men in middle adulthood are more likely to experience __________. A.short-term illnesses B.minor illnesses C.more serious, life-threatening illnesses D.migraine headaches
C
Don and Betty were overwhelmed for the first several weeks after they brought little Sally home from the hospital. But in time, Sally seemed to be asleep, fussy, and hungry at fairly predictable intervals. Her parents quickly fell into step with her behavioral __________. A.states B.stages C.rhythms D.parameters
C
Emerging adulthood is marked by __________. A.looking beyond one's own needs B.stability C.optimism D.depression
C
Five years after being diagnosed with cancer, approximately __________ percent of people are still alive. A.10 B.22 C.40 D.70
C
If a journalist uses a correlational study to suggest that eating dark chocolate is good for your health, what mistake is the journalist making? A.assuming the correlation never equals causation B.assuming that causation never equals correlation C.assuming that correlation always equals causation D.assuming that causation always equals correlation
C
If a student is killed or commits suicide, it is common for schools to provide __________ education. A.drug and alcohol B.spiritual consolation C.crisis intervention D.routine death
C
In an experiment, the __________ is exposed to the treatment variable being studied; the __________ is not. A.treatment group; experimental group B.control group; treatment group C.treatment group; control group D.control group; experimental group
C
In general, infants should consume about __________ calories per day for each pound they weigh. A.10 B.25 C.50 D.100
C
In order, the three stages of prenatal development are the __________ stage, the __________ stage, and the __________ stage. A.embryonic; germinal; fetal B.germinal; fetal; embryonic C.germinal; embryonic; fetal D.embryonic; fetal; germinal
C
In what decade did the infant mortality rate in the United States begin declining? A.1940s B.1950s C.1960s D.1970s
C
Jumping, hopping on one foot, skipping, and running are examples of __________. A.evidence of handedness B.social scripts C.gross motor skills D.fine motor skills
C
K. Warner Schaie has used __________ studies, which examine several different age groups at a number of points in time, to provide the most recent and informative conclusions about changes in intelligence across different ages. A.cross-sectional B.longitudinal C.sequential D.cohort
C
Luke is a 225-pound professional rugby player who normally speaks with a deep voice. Yet when he talks to his baby daughter Rae, his voice takes on a higher pitch and a singsong quality. Why? A.Rae is more likely to fall asleep to this type of voice. B.Having a child has caused Luke to have a language disorder. C.Rae prefers this type of speech. D.Luke received bad information about how to talk to babies.
C
Memory of specific events from one's own life, which is called __________, grows increasingly accurate as children age. A.narrative recall B.preoperational memory C.autobiographical memory D.cognitive recall
C
Menopause is defined as the cessation of __________. A.libido B.osteoporosis C.menstruation D.pregnancy
C
Newborn infant sleep typically can be characterized as __________. A.light but restful sleep without periods of REM (rapid eye movement) B.5 to 6 hours of deep sleep interspersed with light naps and wakefulness C.spurts of 2 hours of sleep followed by periods of wakefulness D.deep, uninterrupted sleep for 10-12 hours
C
One characteristic displayed by partners in successful marriages is that they __________. A.disagree on different interests and values B.freely discuss marital difficulties with trusted friends C.routinely show their affection openly D.recognize each other's continued independence
C
One teaching method derived from Vygotsky's theory that places children in groups so that they can benefit from the insights of their peers is known as __________. A.zone of proximal development B.insight teaching C.cooperative learning D.reciprocal teaching
C
When a child uses a mirror to help brush his hair, this is evidence of __________. A.identity-concept B.identity-formation C.self-awareness D.self-concept
C
People in Kohlberg's level of __________ morality rely upon universal moral principles that are broader than the rules of the particular society in which they live. A.metaconventional B.conventional C.postconventional D.preconventional
C
Physical and cognitive changes in an individual that are due to illness or health habits are referred to as __________ aging. A.environmental B.traumatic C.secondary D.primary
C
Piaget considered language to be an application of __________. A.concrete operations B.biographical learning C.symbolic function D.centration
C
Qian's friends wish she had more time to play. After she finishes regular grade school, she goes to a Chinese school. Qian misses playing with her friends, but she likes learning to write Chinese letters—and her mom wants her to __________. A.be culturally assimilated B.experience cultural integration C.maintain a bicultural identity D.avoid being limited by a pluralistic society
C
Some lifespan developmentalists use a(n) __________ approach, drawing on several perspectives simultaneously. A.correlational B.cognitive C.eclectic D.behavioral
C
The __________ is a standard measurement system designed to assess five basic qualities in a newborn: appearance (color), pulse (heart rate), grimace (reflex irritability), activity (muscle tone), and respiration (respiratory effort). A.birth index B.wellness indicator C.Apgar scale D.Brazelton assessment
C
The __________ is the level at which a child can almost perform a task independently, but needs the assistance of someone more competent. A.scaffold level B.region of independent thought C.zone of proximal development D.pre-mastery level
C
The __________ perspective identifies behaviors that are the result of genetic inheritance. A.contextual B.cognitive C.evolutionary D.psychodynamic
C
The ability to rely on accumulated experience to help solve problems, such as solving a crossword puzzle, is called __________ intelligence. A.emotional B.fluid C.crystallized D.sensory
C
The adequacy of the __________ that children receive in the middle school years significantly affects their physical, social, and cognitive health. A.stimulation B.schooling C.nutrition D.exercise
C
The idea that memory declines may be due to changes in the ability to pay attention to and organize tasks involving memory is an example of a(n) __________ that may affect memory. A.environmental factor B.social factor C.information processing deficit D.genetic tendency
C
The main reason that most people choose expensive and elaborate funerals for their loved ones is that __________ such services. A.state and federal laws mandate B.dying people request C.social norms and customs call for D.funeral parlor operators insist upon
C
The nonverbal expression of emotion, called __________, is fairly consistent across cultures and ages. A.stranger anxiety B.separation anxiety C.nonverbal encoding D.nonverbal attachment
C
The norm that has replaced the double standard is known as __________. A.the single standard of leniency B.abstinence before marriage C.permissiveness with affection D.hooking up among friends
C
The percentage of adolescents who contract a sexually transmitted infection before graduating from high school is about __________ percent. A.5 B.10 C.25 D.50
C
The phase of retirement in which retirees conclude that retirement is not all they thought it would be is known as the __________ stage. A.reorientation B.retirement routine C.disenchantment D.termination
C
The phase of retirement in which retirees consider their options and become engaged in new, more fulfilling activities is known as the __________ stage. A.honeymoon B.acclimatized C.reorientation D.termination
C
The prenatal procedure by which a sample of fetal cells is drawn from the fluid surrounding the fetus is called __________. A.chorionic villus sampling (CVS) B.ultrasound C.amniocentesis D.embryoscopy
C
The stage of grief in which people accept the death and begin to construct new identities is called the __________ stage. A.rebirth B.confrontation C.accommodation D.survival
C
The tendency of people to marry someone who is similar in age, race, education, religion, and other basic demographic characteristics is called __________. A.the marriage mirror B.heterogamy C.homogamy D.echoing
C
The use of information processing abilities, reasoning, and memory to solve novel problems is called __________ intelligence. A.applied B.crystallized C.fluid D.innovative
C
The view that personality develops in fairly universal stages, tied to a sequence of age-related crises, is known as the __________. A.heterodox psychology model B.automatic release model C.normative-crisis model D.live events model
C
To obtain the full benefits of the Web, students must obtain the ability to __________. A.text and upload selfies B.download music and videos C.search, choose, and integrate information D.follow favorite sports teams
C
What is the IQ score range for a person diagnosed as having moderate intellectual disability? A.Below 25 B.25 to 40 C.40 to 55 D.55 to 70
C
What is the key factor guiding developmental perspectives that consider the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds? A.conditioning B.genetic C.contextual factors D.habituation
C
What of the following statements best characterizes general intelligence during adolescence? A.It increases moderately overall. B.It increases dramatically, with extreme improvement in some areas. C.It stays stable, but individual mental abilities show dramatic improvement. D.It declines moderately overall
C
What social characteristic developed in infancy can influence the quality of our relationships throughout life? A.reciprocal socialization B.stranger anxiety C.attachment D.temperament
C
Which of the following is a significant problem with Do Not Resuscitate orders (DNRs)? A.Medical personnel are not legally required to act on DNRs. B.DNRs are illegal in most U.S. states. C.There is no clear definition of "quality of life." D.The definition of "extraordinary measures" is overly restrictive.
C
Which of the following is an example of a way in which a person's genetic predisposition might influence the external environment? A.A boy who is talented at chess also is good at math. B.A boy who is shorter than average takes hormones to increase his height. C.A girl who is physically coordinated and strong for her age spends as much time as she can playing sports. D.A child who sings well is discouraged from a career in music by parents who disapprove.
C
Which of the following makes friendships particularly important during late adulthood? A.entry into the ego-integrity-versus despair stage B.awareness that one is approaching the end of life C.the increasing likelihood that one's spouse will die D.the need to cling to relationships
C
Which of the following statements about the demographics of higher education in the United States is true? A.The proportion of students under age 25 is increasing. B.The proportion of the minority population attending college is decreasing. C.A greater number of women than men attend college. D.Approximately 70 percent of students finish their degree within four years.
C
Which of the following statements about the grieving process is true? A.The grieving period should last no longer than a year. B.Grieving proceeds in a series of universal, predictable stages. C.Less than 30 percent of people experience deep depression after a loved one dies. D.Remarriage after a death increases the risk of death for survivors.
C
Which of the following statements describes the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? A.Classical conditioning involves voluntary responses and operant conditioning involves automatic responses. B.Classical conditioning involves behavioral responses and operant conditioning involves cognitive responses. C.Classical conditioning involves cognitive responses and operant conditioning involves behavioral responses. D.Classical conditioning involves automatic responses and operant conditioning involves voluntary responses.
C
Which of the following supports a biological basis for homosexuality? A.no difference in hormone production between heterosexuals and homosexuals B.Freud's parental identification concept C.the correlation of homosexuality in identical twins D.no difference in brain structure between heterosexuals and homosexuals
C
Which type of research design takes the longest amount of time to complete? A.correlational B.cross-sectional C.longitudinal D.sequential
C
__________ behavior is helping behavior that benefits others. A.Empathetic B.Compassionate C.Prosocial D.Selfless
C
__________ children are at risk for lower academic performance, worse health, and higher rates of aggression. A.Self-care B.Overprotected C.Poor D.Single-parented
C
__________ is the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical damage. A.Grit B.Abuse C.Resilience D.Intelligence
C
__________ twins are twins who are nearly identical, whereas __________ twins come from two separate ova. A.Dizygotic; gametic B.Dizygotic; monozygotic C.Monozygotic; dizygotic D.Gametic; trizygotic
C
__________, an understanding about the processes that underlie memory, emerges and improves during middle childhood. A.Encoding B.Retrieval C.Metamemory D.Mnemonics
C
__________, in which the bones become brittle, fragile, and thin, is often caused by a lack of calcium in the diet. A.Myelitis B.Senescence C.Osteoporosis D.Arthritis
C
Piaget's concrete operational stage is characterized by the active, appropriate use of __________. A.imagination B.pragmatics C.language D.logic
D
A child who scores 100 on the Bayley Scales would be considered __________ in terms of development. A.slightly above average B.well above average C.below average D.average
D
A preschooler's broad representations of events and timelines in memory are called __________. A.scenes B.recollections C.vignettes D.scripts
D
A scientist is interested in the processes of cognitive change during childhood and decides to see how many words children of various ages can remember after one exposure to a list of words. What type of research is this scientist conducting? A.evolutionary-response research B.treatment-specific research C.applied research D.theoretical research
D
According to Eli Ginzberg, in proceeding from adolescence to young adulthood, people move from the __________ period of career choice to the __________ period. A.fantasy, tentative B.potential, realistic C.fantasy, experimental D.tentative, realistic
D
According to George Bonanno's four-component theory of grief, the first component is __________. A.how the deceased person is remembered B.coping and emotional regulation C.the relationship of the grieving person to the deceased D.the context for the loss
D
According to Robert Peck, people in late adulthood who learn to cope with and move beyond the physical changes of old age have achieved __________. A.resignation B.spirituality C.maturity D.body transcendence
D
According to psychologists, the primary appraisal stage of dealing with stress is focused on __________. A.designing a coping strategy to deal with the threat B.evaluating whether one's personal resources are up to the challenge C.seeking preliminary ways to avoid or deflect potential stressors D.assessing the implications of a potentially stress-inducing event
D
According to research on infants' attachment styles, those with a(n) __________ attachment style are likely to find it relatively easy to get close to others during adulthood. A.ambivalent B.outgoing C.avoidant D.secure
D
After the loss of her husband, Sheila has been feeling significant grief nonstop for over two years. She is experiencing __________. A.perpetual loss B.morbid depression C.extended bereavement D.complicated grief
D
An institution that provides elderly people with care for part of the day, but not evenings or weekends, is called a(n) A.assisted living facility B.skilled-nursing facility C.continuing-care community D.adult day-care facility
D
An investigator is studying the effectiveness of two new types of parenting interventions for children with disruptive behavior. In this example, the type of intervention would be the __________ variable, and the amount of disruptive behavior would be the __________ variable. A.correlational; experimental B.dependent; independent C.experimental; correlational D.independent; dependent
D
At age 45, David began noticing that he had a harder time hearing high-pitched sounds. He is probably experiencing __________. A.ceruminosis B.otitis media C.tinnitus D.presbycusis
D
Based on research, which of the following statements is a fair critique of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A.Piaget's work better describes infants from Eastern countries. B.Piaget's approach is too focused on gradual changes. C.Piaget's theory cannot be fairly criticized. D.Piaget underestimated the abilities of infants.
D
Blindness is visual acuity below __________ after correction. A.20/20 B.20/60 C.20/80 D.20/200
D
By the end of the preschool years, most children show __________, which is a clear preference for using one hand over the other. A.dexterity B.partiality C.directionality D.handedness
D
Children's understanding of their own use of language, referred to as __________, is one of the most significant developments in middle childhood. A.ongoing self-assessment B.social pragmatics C.social speech D.metalinguistic awareness
D
Compared to young children, adults have a much harder time learning a new language. Researchers studying this phenomenon are mainly addressing which key issue in development? A.nature versus nurture B.lifespan approaches versus particular periods C.continuous versus discontinuous change D.critical versus sensitive periods
D
Couples who most successfully manage the shift from childlessness to having children are those who __________. A.have difficulty transferring attention from each other to a new family member B.need an additional focus for emotional expression C.have a cheerful, optimistic view of childrearing D.are realistic about the challenges of childrearing
D
Developmental researchers agree that in adolescence, people begin to think abstractly. Piaget called this the __________ stage of cognitive development. A.propositional reasoning B.hypothetical-deductive C.abstract logical D.formal operational
D
Erikson's __________ theory was created as an alternative psychodynamic view emphasizing social interaction with other people. A.behavioral perspective B.social-cognitive C.humanistic potential D.psychosocial development
D
Human language is made up of basic sounds called __________. A.semantics B.morphemes C.syllables D.phonemes
D
In most families, teenagers' sense of __________ increases gradually over the course of adolescence. A.hostility B.alienation C.collectivism D.autonomy
D
In the nature-versus-nurture discussion, the term nurture refers to __________. A.historical traits B.genetic factors C.inherited characteristics D.environmental influences
D
In the second stage of grief, people begin to __________. A.heal and construct new lives without the deceased B.reduce their sorrow to manageable levels C.experience considerable numbness D.fully realize their loss and experience their grief
D
Maggie is a teenager who bought a great new pair of shoes but they were a bit too big for her feet. She constantly worried that everyone was looking at her shoes and noticing this, which is an example of the concept of __________. A.introspection B.autoreferencing C.personal fable D.imaginary audience
D
Martin is visiting a child care center with his mom. He has never seen so many children together, and now they are playing a loud clapping game. He does not know what to think and is ready to cry, but he feels better when he uses __________ to look at his mom and sees her smiling. A.guided attention B.infant-directed behavior C.social cueing D.social referencing
D
Maya knew it was risky taking four-year-old Arjuna to the sales meeting, but she had no choice. Now his favorite toy has broken, and he's starting a meltdown. When she whispers to him that if he can keep calm, she'll buy him another toy later, Arjuna settles down. Luckily, he knows __________. A.situational restraint B.expressive control C.social regulation D.emotional self-regulation
D
Middle-aged drivers have fewer accidents than younger ones. Why? A.Middle-aged drivers have faster reaction times than younger ones. B.Younger drivers are more likely to confuse the gas and brake pedals than middle-aged drivers. C.The increased intelligence of middle-aged drivers compensates for their slower reaction times. D.Middle-aged drivers have more practice driving than younger ones.
D
Middle-aged people report having more free time than they did several decades ago. How do they perceive this greater free time? A.They feel their lives have slowed, but only to a small extent. B.They feel their lives have slowed substantially. C.They largely do not enjoy their greater free time because they become bored. D.They do not have the sense that they have more free time even though objectively they do.
D
On a graph comparing the following four issues to the increase in a woman's age, which line will show a downward trend? A.potential for fetal chromosomal abnormalities B.potential for having a stillborn baby C.potential for miscarriage D.potential for pregnancy
D
People with physical disabilities __________. A.were better off in the past than they are now B.generally avoid prejudice and discrimination C.are typically less intelligent than those without physical disabilities D.often suffer from prejudice and discrimination
D
Proponents of which major theoretical perspective believe that behavior is largely motivated by subconscious inner forces and memories? A.behavioral B.evolutionary C.cognitive D.psychodynamic
D
Proponents of which major theoretical perspective believe that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment? A.cognitive B.psychodynamic C.evolutionary D.behavioral
D
Robin grew up in a public housing project in Chicago. Grant grew up at the same time in an affluent suburb of Chicago. When Robin and Grant meet in college, we can expect that in general they will __________. A.differ significantly in age-graded influences B.share similar non-normative life events C.share sociocultural-graded influences but differ in history-graded influences D.share history-graded influences but differ in sociocultural-graded influences
D
School-age children are able to consider multiple perspectives, a process called __________. A.multicentric awareness B.decentration C.systematic analysis D.decentering
D
Secondary sex characteristics are the __________ that do not involve the sex organs directly. A.changes in brain structure B.changes in height and weight C.hormone-induced mood swings D.visible signs of sexual maturity
D
Shalise believes that child development is a process of continuous change. Her classmate Evan says that development follows a pattern of discontinuous change. Who is correct? A.Evan: A child's increasing height proves that development is always only discontinuous. B.Shalise: The growth of cognitive ability proves that development is always only continuous. C.Shalise: A child's increasing height proves that development is always only continuous. D.Both: A child's development is marked by both continuous and discontinuous change.
D
Some scientists believe that if __________ could be lengthened, age-related problems could be slowed. A.rapamycin B.genes C.cells D.telomeres
D
Spirituality is __________. A.something shared by all adolescents B.an awareness that one has been given special abilities by God C.an annoyance to the vast majority of adolescents D.a sense of attachment to some higher power, such as God, nature, or something sacred
D
The __________ serves as a filter and conduit between the mother and the fetus. A.blastocyst B.uterus C.cervix D.placenta
D
The absence of a heartbeat and breathing is the definition of __________ death. A.brain B.coronary C.physical D.functional
D
The change in the relationship between homosexual partners when children arrive in the family is __________. A.a source of tension that frequently leads to the breakup of the couple B.quite different from what happens in heterosexual couples C.a source of serious tension that ultimately makes the couple closer than ever D.similar to what happens in heterosexual couples
D
The collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings is known as __________. A.self-concept B.authoritative competence C.social dominance D.social competence
D
The fact that many human traits are determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors is referred to as __________. A.binary influence B.joint evolution C.natural selection D.multifactorial transmission
D
The growth principle that states that development proceeds from the center of the body outward is known as the __________ principle. A.hierarchical integration B.cephalocaudal C.systems independence D.proximodistal
D
Thirteen-year-old Leiya loves hanging with her friend Cindy. But sometimes she is not in the mood for Cindy's high energy, and cannot be around her. Leiya wonders if she is a two-faced friend, but this is just a reflection of __________. A.Leiya's higher degree of maturity B.the social awkwardness of adolescents C.the eventual demise of their friendship D.the growing complexity of her personality
D
To help a couple overcome infertility, a doctor removes the woman's ova and then fertilizes them with the man's sperm in a laboratory. The doctor then implants the fertilized egg back into the woman's uterus. What is this procedure called? A.surrogacy B.stillbirth C.artificial insemination D.in vitro fertilization
D
Two-year-old Cathy meets a silver-haired adult for the first time and calls her "grandma" even though they are not related. This is an example of Piaget's construct of __________. A.accommodation B.amnesia C.permanence D.assimilation
D
Upon finding out that his preschool soccer team is going to be wearing pink shirts, Sam tells his brother, "I don't want to turn into a girl." What idea is Sam having a hard time understanding? A.transgender schema B.oedipal conflict C.castration anxiety D.gender constancy
D
What completes the scaffolding process for a particular learning task? A.modeling the task B.providing scaffold clues to the solution C.framing the task D.removing the scaffolds
D
When it comes to intelligence, some people say there is no substitute for experience. Which concept reflects this type of intelligence that increases with experience? A.fluid intelligence B.naturalistic intelligence C.triarchic intelligence D.crystallized intelligence
D
Which of the following cultural factors has been found to play a role in delaying intellectual decline? A.dissatisfaction with one's accomplishments B.a changing socioeconomic status C.an inflexible personality style D.marriage to an intelligent spouse
D
Which of the following factors has contributed to the rise in the divorce rate among midlife couples? A.Men have begun to resent women's growing financial success. B.For most couples, marital satisfaction is usually at its lowest during the midlife period. C.Couples feel more like "best friends" than romantic partners. D.The social stigma of divorce has lessened.
D
Which of the following is a characteristic of a high-quality child care provider? A.The care providers have a high school diploma. B.The child-to-teacher ratio is 15:1. C.Children are referred to their own doctors for health screenings. D.Materials and activities are age appropriate.
D
Which of the following is a major challenge of living in a blended family? A.greater incidence of intergenerational conflict B.declining finances in the blended family C.social isolation D.role ambiguity
D
Which of the following is considered social play? A.functional play B.constructive play C.repetitive play D.associative play
D
Which of the following is most likely an example of ageism? A.A younger woman asks an older woman squinting at an airline schedule if she needs help. B.A younger woman offers to help an older woman solve a difficult crossword clue. C.A younger man offers to hold the grocery bag of an older man fishing for his car keys. D.A police officer insists on a vision test for an older man pulled over for a broken taillight.
D
Which of the following preschoolers is most likely to do well in their understanding of what is happening during the false belief task? A.a 3-year-old without autism spectrum disorder B.a 3-year-old with autism spectrum disorder C.a 4-year-old with autism spectrum disorder D.a 4-year-old without autism spectrum disorder
D
Which of the following statements about sexuality in middle adulthood is true? A.While the production of estrogen in women declines, the production of testosterone in men increases. B.Because of physical changes in women, sexual activity becomes increasingly painful. C.Because of physical changes in men, sexual appetite usually declines sharply. D.While the frequency of sex decreases slightly, enjoyment and sexual freedom may increase.
D
Which of the following statements best represents the view of developmentalists? A.Growth and change occur primarily in children and adolescents. B.Growth and change are less important to study than stability. C.Growth and change occur primarily in some aspects of a person's life. D.Growth and change occur in all aspects of a person's life across their lifespan.
D
Which of the following statements regarding infant mortality in the United States is true? A.Compared to all other countries, the United States has the lowest infant mortality rate. B.Compared to all other countries, the United States has the highest infant mortality rate. C.Infant mortality is very low in the United States because low-birthweight deliveries are so rare. D.Infant mortality is higher in the United States than some countries due to having higher rates of low-birthweight deliveries.
D
Which of the following statements regarding recent research on race and self-esteem is true? A.Decreasing social prejudice has lowered the self-esteem of minority teens. B.Self-esteem is much lower for minority teens than for white teens. C.Minority teens use race as the first determinant of self-esteem. D.A stronger sense of racial identity has raised minority teens' self-esteem.
D
Which scientist studied the importance of biological determinants on behavior patterns? A.Urie Bronfenbrenner B.Charles Darwin C.Sigmund Freud D.Konrad Lorenz
D
William Perry holds that early adulthood is a period when reasoning moves from __________. A.moral ambiguity to moral certainty B.general speculation to a focus on decision-making C.vague, uncertain alternatives to clear-cut choices D.dualistic thinking to a consideration of multiple perspectives
D
Wisdom is defined as __________. A.the ability to think logically and systematically B.crystallized intelligence C.practical intelligence D.expert knowledge in the practical aspects of life
D
Women who cohabit with men are more likely to view this arrangement as __________. A.verification of continuing affection B.a test of their relationship C.experimenting with fidelity D.practice for marriage
D
__________ are groups of people with whom one compares oneself. A.Social crowds B.Comparison cliques C.Pressure groups D.Reference groups
D
__________ are the basic cells of the nervous system. A.Axons B.Synapses C.Dendrites D.Neurons
D
__________ is designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge, whereas __________ is meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems. A.Applied research; theoretical research B.Qualitative research; applied research C.Qualitative research; theoretical research D.Theoretical research; applied research
D
__________ is the realization that people and things exist even when they cannot be seen. A.Deferred limitation B.Circular reaction C.Mental representation D.Object permanence
D