health exam 3
LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide)
"Acid" Psychotic reactions, paranoid delusions and flashbacks are possible.
Tobacco and Quitting Process
"Cold turkey" Gradual reduction Medical practitioner, American Lung Association, the American Heart Association, the American Cancer Society, or the National Cancer Institute provide free literature on quitting and information on smoking cessation programs. First 6 months: quitting period 6 months to 1 year: maintenance Relapse: can occur and can be overcome
Heather consumes two standard alcoholic drinks per day; therefore, according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, she is a _______ drinker.
. heavy
Discuss three factors that contribute to the likelihood of family violence.
1. Having a low income.- These families may feel that they have nothing or less to lose than those with high position jobs. Those with high income jobs may be afraid of this getting out and are more reserved. 2. Witnessing violence between parents as a child- Children retain a lot when they are at a young age and often mimic their parents' actions. So natrually witnessing violence has a negative affect on them. 3. Using alcohol or other drugs- People who use alcohol or drugs regularly are more likely to be violent or have an abnormal reaction to a situation. So they may not react as sensibly as they should.
Describe at least four factors, other than biological factors, that influence an adolescent's decision to use tobacco products.
1. family- Teens always look up to their family members especially the older ones. Also if a family member does it it doesn't seem so bad. 2. Peer influences- Seeing all the cool kids do it makes others want to join in. Also some are pressured into using tobacco products. 3. Those who think their parents dont care about them- Many people use tobacco as a way to relax, so this helps them in bad situations. They also don't have a authority figure to stop them. 4. Media- magazines, movies and songs about smoking cause teens to be curious and try it out for themselves.
While at a party, Susie drinks two 12-ounce bottles of regular beer. This amount of beer contains about the same amount of alcohol as
10 ounces of wine.
Alcohol Use, Abuse, and Dependence
52.1% of Americans older than 12 years of age use alcohol. Responsible drinkers do not let alcohol threaten their physical or psychological health or the health of others. Alcohol use becomes harmful use when one drinks while knowingly damaging one's health. Alcohol abuse occurs when the drinker's harmful use of alcohol affects social interactions such as with one's job, family, and friends. Blood alcohol content (BAC) Brain effects: intoxication is impaired functioning of the central nervous system. Psychological, social, and developmental factors
Define the following terms: drug, drug misuse, and drug abuse.
A drug is a nonfood chemical that alters the way a person thinks, feels, functions or behaves. Drug misuse is the temporary and improper use of a legal drug. Drug abuse is the intentional improper or nonmedical use of a drug.
Family Violence
A pattern of behavior characterized by physical assaults, psychological abuse, or threats between family members, intimate partners, or unrelated people who live together Includes spouse, child, and elder abuse Intimate partner violence This includes actual or threatened physical or sexual violence as well as emotional abuse by a current or former intimate partner. Acts range from slapping, shoving, and punching to beating and murder. Verbal and emotional abuse usually accompany physical violence. Intimate Partner Violence Contributing factors Having a low income Being unemployed or in a low-status occupation Witnessing violence between parents as a child Using alcohol and other drugs Having low self-esteem and being highly dependent on intimate partner
Workplace violence
Acts of violence directed towards individuals who are performing their jobs. Psychiatric hospitals and prisons are the most dangerous workplaces. Cab drivers, convenience store clerks, police, and security guards have a high risk of being murdered while working. Work-related homicides are most likely to occur during armed robbery in grocery stores, restaurants, bars, and gas stations.
Risk Factors for Drug Dependency
Addiction is the result of complex interactions among biological, personal, social, and environmental factors. Protective factors, such as strong family and school ties, parental monitoring of behavior with clear rules of conduct, and academic success, reduce the potential for drug use among youth
Alcohol and Prevention
Affective education—seeks to influence students' feelings about themselves and alcohol by helping them develop self-esteem as well as problem-solving and decision-making abilities Life skills programs—emphasize the development of communication, conflict resolution, and assertiveness skills to help students cope with peer pressure to drink alcohol, smoke cigarettes, or take other drugs Resistance training—the "just say no" approach; shows mixed results Normative education—aims to correct erroneous beliefs about the prevalence and acceptability of alcohol use among peers Environmental approaches—prevention efforts that focus on the entire population of drinkers Warnings on alcoholic beverage containers Age standard for purchase and consumption
Alcohol and College Students
Alcohol abuse often appears or accelerates during college years. Alcohol is the most abused drug among college students. Moderate drinkers who do not abuse alcohol cite a variety of reasons for drinking, such as social ease or stress relief; they are not goal-oriented drinkers (i.e., drinking to get drunk). Heavy drinkers who abuse alcohol usually drink for escapist and goal-oriented reasons. Freshmen or sophomore status and low GPA are associated with alcohol abuse. Binge drinking and drinking games Binge drinking is often accompanied by drinking games. The risk of unconsciousness, coma, and death increases as alcohol consumption increases. 5,000 alcohol-related deaths occur each year among those aged 18 to 24. 1,600 are killed each year due to alcohol-related injuries. 75% of these deaths are due to alcohol-related car crashes and 25% to other alcohol-related causes, such as drowning, falls, gunshots, and alcohol/drug poisoning.
Consequences of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence
Alcohol consumption most seriously effects the liver, cardiovascular system, immune system, reproductive system, and brain.
How the Body Processes Alcohol
Alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream from the stomach and intestinal tract. The blood transports alcohol to the "detoxification center" of the body—the liver. Alcohol is absorbed into the bloodstream more quickly than it can be broken down by the liver, and the excess alcohol stays in the blood. Eating food, which keeps alcohol in the stomach longer, allows more alcohol to be broken down before entering the bloodstream.
Amphetamines and Methamphetamines
Amphetamines increase energy and alertness, lessen the need for sleep, produce euphoria, and suppress appetite. Methamphetamines (speed) are more potent forms of amphetamines that have few medically approved uses. Overdoses of methamphetamines can be deadly by causing cardiovascular collapse or strokes.
Reducing the risk of violence while in a car
As soon as you enter your car, lock the doors. If you are involved in a minor accident, stay in your car; call the police, and keep the doors locked and the windows rolled up until they arrive. If someone demands that you surrender your car, get out of the car and quickly move away from the area. If someone is following you, drive to the police station.
Self-protection
Attract as much attention as possible if you are attacked. Run away if you feel overwhelmed and frightened. Some may choose to fight back.
Effects on Behavior and Safety
Automobile accidents: 31% of all fatal motor vehicle crashes in 2012 were alcohol-related. Alcohol impairs pilots' ability to function. Hangover effect may impair pilot performance for up to 8 hours after drinking. 30%-70% of drownings are associated with alcohol.
Detrimental Effects on the Brain
Brain disorders (Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome) Intoxication—impairment of the central nervous system Withdrawal symptoms—mild agitation, shaking, anxiety, loss of appetite, restless, and insomnia Severe withdrawal symptoms—hyperactivity, hallucinations, disorientation, and confusion Hangover may be the result of drinking certain toxic acidic compounds or formaldehyde, which is produced when the body cannot keep up with the breakdown of alcohol as it is being consumed. Dehydration Only time cures a hangover.
Designer Drugs: Drugs with Mixed Effects
By making chemical alterations to an existing controlled drug, one can make a new drug that is not classified as a controlled substance. More toxic than the drugs from which they are derived (e.g., ecstasy, K2, bath salts)
Tobacco and Cancer
Cancer is the second biggest killer of Americans, and tobacco use is responsible for about 30% of cancer deaths and 87% of lung cancer deaths annually in the United States
Which of the following statements is true?
Child molesters are more likely to abuse girls than boys.
All of the following statements about children's abuse of drugs is true except
Children who participate in sports are more likely to abuse drugs.
Tobacco and Prevention
Children's social environment is the most important determinant of whether they will smoke. Prevention programs now target seventh and eighth graders, reaching children before most start smoking. Focus on helping young people develop skills to identify and resist social influences to smoke, such as advertising and peer pressure
Immune and Reproductive Systems
Chronic drinking impairs the immune system, predisposing the drinker to infectious diseases. Men: lower than normal testosterone levels, shrinking testicles, impotence, and loss of sex drive (libido) Women: irregular menstrual periods or no periods, higher rate of premature menopause Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can have a devastating effect on the fetus.
_______ is the leading source of preventable illness and death in the United States.
Cigarette smoking
Health Effects of Tobacco Use
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Immediate effects of nicotine and carbon monoxide Increases heart rate and blood pressure Increases metabolic rate The carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke interferes with the red blood cells' ability to carry oxygen. Chemical compounds in cigarette smoke
Types of Tobacco Products
Cigarettes Smokeless tobacco Snuff Dipping Chewing tobacco
Tobacco Use and Respiratory Illness
Cilia damage Inability to expel foreign particles: smokers' cough Acute bronchitis—inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi. Chronic bronchitis—persistent inflammation and thickening of the lining of the bronchi caused by the constant irritation from smoke; can result in death. Pneumonia—inflammation of the lungs Emphysema—a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs lose their normal elasticity Lungs' normal capacity to allow air to enter is decreased, making breathing a continual effort. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): chronic bronchitis and emphysema
All of the following drugs are opiates except
Cocaine
Cocaine
Cocaine is a powerful stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush. Crack is a rock crystal form of cocaine. It has some medical uses, particularly as an anesthetic. Cocaine is highly addictive and can cause serious health problems including damage to the nasal passages, lungs, and respiratory tract, cardiovascular problems, and severe psychotic reactions, including paranoia.
Community security measures
Consider moving to a safer neighborhood. Avoid isolated places. Do not walk, jog, or bike alone, especially at night. Wear a whistle to signal an alarm or carry of can of pepper spray to use if threatened. Look alert. Park in a well-lit, busy area.
Tobacco and Cardiovascular Disease
Coronary artery disease, hypertension, stroke, atherosclerosis Women taking oral contraceptives = higher risk Light cigarettes = same risk 3-9 years after quitting smoking, the risk of death returns to that of a non-smoker.
Mescaline
Derived from a small cactus Street sources are often adulterated with LSD
Drug Dependence
Drug dependence or addiction occurs when the user develops a habitual pattern of taking the drug that results in a compulsive need that is physical and psychological. Dependent persons are unable to avoid using drugs, and their preoccupation with them interferes with their ability to manage the responsibilities of family and work.
Drug Use and Abuse
Drugs are nonfood chemicals that alter the way a person thinks, feels, functions, or behaves. Drugs are commonly taken for medicinal purposes. Inappropriate drug use contributes to crime, unemployment, and family violence and dissolution.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)
ETS can cause lung cancer in nonsmokers, as well as increased risk of cardiovascular disease and respiratory problems. Children: increased respiratory symptoms such as coughing and wheezing and lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis, influenza, pneumonia, and asthma Nonsmoking areas adjacent to smoking areas contain unacceptable levels of airborne pollutants unless the areas have separate ventilation systems.
Elder abuse
Elder abuse is physical, sexual, and/or psychological abuse that occurs in family settings, hospitals, and nursing homes. Abusers are most likely to be spouses or adult children who care for victims. Report situations of elder abuse or neglect to a local adult protective services agency.
The Effects of Alcohol and Tobacco Use
Elderly are more physically vulnerable to effects of alcohol and tobacco. Alcohol reacts adversely with many medications. A disproportionate number of elderly smokers develop cancer and emphysema because these diseases take decades to develop. Smoking is associated with cataracts, delayed healing of broken bones, periodontal disease, ulcers, high blood pressure, brain hemorrhages, and skin wrinkles.
Violence and Abuse
Every society tolerates certain controlled uses of force. For example: Spanking misbehaving children Playing contact sports Violence refers to the interpersonal uses of force that are not socially sanctioned. No gender or life stage is exempt. Hate crimes target certain groups of people.
Assessing Your Risk of Violence
Family disruption (i.e., separation, divorce, desertion) Presence of criminal or drug-addicted parents Neighborhood conditions (i.e., high rates of unemployment) Social isolation Large number of children in family or presence of children with special needs Schools with poor discipline and low expectations for student performance Availability of alcohol, illegal drugs, and guns Age (under 25 years) Sex (women vs. men) Race and ethnicity
Diseases of the Liver
Fatty liver: most liver cells die as a result of fat being stored in them Cirrhosis: due to alcohol killing liver cells Usually after 10-20 years of heavy drinking Alcoholic hepatitis: inflammation of the liver that can result in death
The Effects of Alcohol and Tobacco Use
Fetal alcohol syndrome Women who smoke cigarettes during pregnancy are at risk of developing serious conditions including abruptio placentae and placenta previa. Increased risk of SIDS
GHB and GBL
GHB: formerly sold in health food stores as a dietary supplement to induce sleep and build muscle Banned by the FDA in 1990 Became a Schedule I drug in 2000 because of its dangerous side effects including seizures and coma GBL: body converts to GHB; associated with reports of at least 55 adverse health effects, including one death
Inhalants
Gases that are breathed in and produce euphoria, dizziness, confusion, and drowsiness Sniffed or inhaled from a bag or soaked rag Negative health effects include brain damage, irregular heartbeat, anemia, liver damage, kidney failure, coma, and death.
_______ is the leading cause of death for black American males between 15 and 34 years of age.
Homicide
Which of the following statements is true?
Homicide is the second leading cause of death for Americans who are 15 to 19 and the third leading cause of death for those 20 to 34 years of age.
Illicit Drug Use in the United States
Illegal drugs (i.e., illicit drugs) have no currently accepted medical use in the United States. 9.2% of population are current illicit drug users. 37.3% of full-time college students took one or more illicit drugs during 2012. Why do people use psychoactive drugs? Relieve boredom, satisfy curiosity, escape problems, and stress release Patterns of psychoactive drug use Drug experimentation and illicit use peak between the ages of 18 and 20. Cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana are gateway drugs.
Preventing and Avoiding Violence
Improved street lighting Neighborhood watch organizations Surveillance by closed-circuit cameras Avoidance of "risky" situations Avoiding unsafe places Avoiding use of destructive responses such as angry verbal exchanges, including insults and name calling, to manage interpersonal conflicts Don't go out alone at night. Lock car doors upon entering the car. Avoid dangerous people. Display friendly attitude, good manners, tact, and diplomacy. Consider taking self-defense lessons. Home security measures Always lock windows and doors. Use the peep hole. Get a dog. Leave lights and a radio on when you leave the house.
Which of the following statements is true?
In the United States, males, black Americans, Hispanic Americans, and young people are more likely to experience violent crime than others
Party Drugs
Includes: amphetamines, methamphetamines, alcohol, GHB, GBL, rohypnol, LSD, ketamine, and ecstasy Reduce anxiety, induce euphoria, or build energy These drugs can have long-lasting negative effects on the brain.
Sexual harassment
Intentional use of unwelcome and offensive sexually related comments or behaviors to intimidate or coerce others into sexual activity Unwelcome requests for dates Sexually offensive jokes, lewd comments Touching and fondling The person should be confronted and told to discontinue the behavior. Legal action can be taken.
Psychoactive Drugs: Effects on the Mind and Body
Interact with nerve cells in the brain and alter activity of chemical transmitters Many commonly abused drugs affect specific brain regions called reward centers. Produce euphoria, an intense feeling of well-being (a "high")
Workplace safety measures
Learn your company's security measures, for example, the locations of fire alarms so you can activate one in case of any trouble.
What Causes Violent Behavior?
Learned behavior—home and media Children witnessing acts of abuse or violence between parents Visual media (TV, movies, computer games) often glamorize violent people.
Which of the following conditions or characteristics increases a couple's risk for domestic violence?
Low income
Institutional violence Violence on college campuses
Majority of rapes, robberies, and assaults occur to students living off campus. Associated with use of drugs, especially alcohol, and the availability of guns Security measures may include call boxes, escort services, improved lighting on campus, and limited visiting hours in residence halls.
Drug Treatment and Prevention
Medical supervision may be necessary. Three long-term programs Methadone maintenance programs Outpatient drug-free programs Residential therapeutic communities Limited effectiveness if <90 days
Institutional violence Schools
Most acts of institutional violence occur in schools. Involve attacks on peers, teachers, and school administrators Efforts are underway to identify potential troublemakers in schools. Youth prone to become violent tend to have difficulty controlling anger, are impulsive, bully others, and defy authority figures.
Caffeine
Most commonly used psychoactive substance, causes limited dependence Improves alertness and reaction time, lifts the mood, helps the body burn fat, blunts pain, and helps relive headache pain Withdrawal from caffeine causes headaches, tiredness, irritability, and depression. Caffeine can disturb sleep and provoke migraine headaches in those prone to them. Consuming 200 mg or more per day may increase the risk of miscarriage. Typical patterns of moderate caffeine consumption are not harmful to healthy people.
Tobacco and Quitting
Most smokers want to quit. Benefits of quitting Lower risk of various diseases and conditions including certain cancers, heart attack, stroke, and chronic lung disease In pregnant women, to reduce the risk of having a low-birth-weight baby Stop exposing family and other people around to second-hand smoke
Who Uses Tobacco and Why?
Most start in adolescence. Psychological reasons for using tobacco Family/friends Peer influence is the most important factor. Those who think their parents don't care about them
Nicotine Addiction
Nicotine becomes addicting during the first few years of use. Withdrawal from nicotine causes unpleasant symptoms. A smoker builds tolerance to the effects of nicotine during the day. The smoker smokes more cigarettes as the day wears on.
Tobacco, Quitting, and Withdrawal
Nicotine patches and other nicotine-containing products can reduce these symptoms. Electronic cigarettes are highly questioned by the FDA. Nicotine vaccine is in clinical trial.
Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer
No more than 1 oz of alcohol/day decreases the risk of death from heart attack and stroke. Heavier drinking is associated with increased risks of cardiomyopathy, hypertension, arrhythmias, and stroke. Alcohol use is associated with increased risks of cancers of the esophagus and liver.
Community Violence
Occurs in public settings (i.e., street corners, bars) Gangs attract adolescents whose safety, belonging, and self-identity needs are met by associating with the gang. Gang association increases a member's risk of being murdered.
Psychological Dependence
Occurs when a person needs to use a drug regularly to relieve boredom, anxiety, or stress. Psychological dependence can result in powerful cravings for drugs, and motivates drug-seeking behavior.
Opiates
Opiates include opium, the dried sap of the opium poppy, and drugs such as codeine, morphine, heroin, and Percodan, which are derived from opium. Medically used as sedatives, analgesics (alleviate pain), and narcotics (alter the perception of pain and induce euphoria and sleep) and to treat severe diarrhea and severe coughing Opiates are highly addictive; excessive doses depress the CNS, slowing respiration and reducing mental functioning. Drugs dealers chemically convert opium to heroin after it enters the United States. Heroin is often adulterated before it is sold illegally, which increases the risk of overdoses. Worldwide, heroin is one of the most widely abused illegal drugs.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse
Outpatient treatment—accounts for 90% of patients; patient spends a specific amount of time at the treatment facility but lives at home Maintenance—recovering alcoholics take part in group meetings and attend individual counseling sessions once or twice a week at outpatient facilities, participate in self-help group meetings, and sometimes participate in family therapy Relapse—when a recovering alcoholic returns to his or her drinking habits Some groups that help: Alcoholics Anonymous Secular Organization for Sobriety The Rational Recovery program
Workplace violence
People who have a high risk of becoming violent in workplaces include those who have been laid off, fired, or not promoted, as well as men who: Are between 25 and 40 years of age Are loners Have marital and other family problems Appear angry and paranoid Abuse alcohol and/or other drugs Blame others for their problems
Heredity
People with a first-degree relative Behavior and temperament: More likely if impulsive, aggressive, and have short attention spans, slow ability to calm oneself, a thrill-seeking nature, and an inability to delay gratification.
How Violence Affects Health
Physical injuries range from minor cuts or bruises and lost teeth to broken bones and firearm or knife injuries. Rape victims may need immediate treatment to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infections or unintended pregnancies. Psychological damage (i.e., anxiety and depression) and strained family relationships are also consequences.
How to Manage Alcohol Consumption
Plan how much you will drink ahead of time. Drink slowly. Eat before and while drinking. Set a limit for yourself, how many drinks, how long you will drink. Don't drink to avoid problems. Know how to refuse a drink. Don't drink daily.
Across the Life Span: Drugs
Pregnant drug users are at risk of miscarriage, ectopic (tubal) pregnancy, and stillbirth. Children from low socioeconomic backgrounds are at risk of having developmental problems for a variety of reasons, including their mothers' lack of prenatal care. High-risk characteristics for drug use among teenagers include: low family income, parents' drug use, latchkey status, and peer drug use. Teens who use drugs may miss class regularly, have poorer grades, and have less healthy social relationships.
OxyContin
Prescribed for moderate to severe chronic pain Abuse of the drug is popular among high school students. It is very dangerous when combined with other drugs, such as alcohol.
Vicodin
Prescribed to reduce pain Abuse is higher than OxyContin, especially among high school students and young adults.
Hallucinogens
Produce abnormal and unreal sensations, anxiety and depression, and the feeling of losing control over your mind Physical side effects: elevated blood pressure, dilated pupils, and increased body temperature Psychological but not physical dependence Psilocybin Mushrooms PCP Angel dust, rocket fuel Ketamine Analog to PCP
Psychoactive Drugs: Effects on the Mind and Body
Psychoactive drugs reach the brain through the bloodstream. Undergo detoxification mostly in the liver Some drugs are stored in body fat for weeks and detoxified slowly over time.
Stimulants
Relieve fatigue, suppress appetite, and improve mood Enhance chemical activity in parts of the brain that influence emotions, attention, sleep, and learning Increase blood pressure levels and heart rates
Sexual violence
Reporting sexual assault Preservation of all evidence, obtaining medical attention, and notifying the police is crucial for prosecuting perpetrators. Rape crisis centers assist victims in this process.
Distinguish between the responsible use of alcohol, harmful alcohol use, alcohol abuse, and alcohol dependence.
Responsible drinkers don't let alcohol threaten their physical or psychological health or the health of others. Alcohol use becomes known as harmful when one drinks while knowingly damaging one's health. Alcohol abuse is when the drinkers habits affect social interactions like with one's job, family or friends. Dependence is when the drinker becomes physically or pyschologically depedent on the substance.
Ritalin, Adderall, and Other Medically Useful Stimulants
Ritalin is prescribed for people with attention disorders; it is abused among high school and college students. The stimulant Adderall is more recently used for the treatment of ADHD; it is also abused by those who do not need it for medical reasons. Stimulants are also prescribed to treat narcolepsy; their use to suppress appetite is controversial.
_______ is commonly referred to as the "date rape" drug.
Rohypnol
Major Types of Violence and Abuse
Sexual Violence Sexual activity gained through force, threat of force, or coercion Reporting sexual assault Sexual crimes are underreported. Shame, embarrassment, and feeling partially to blame prevent victims from reporting sexual assaults. Victims may fear further victimization and negative reactions from others.
Depressants
Slow the activity of the central nervous system, producing sedative (calming) and hypnotic (trance-like) effects as well as drowsiness Alcohol, barbiturates, and minor tranquilizers Some depressants have medical value, they are often misused and abused. Depressants slow heart and respiratory rates, increasing the risk of death when overdoses are taken. Tolerance and dependency occur with regular use; withdrawal can be deadly.
Alcohol and Tobacco
Smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol generally begin during adolescence. Alcohol and tobacco are generally considered gateway drugs.
Tobacco and Osteoporosis
Smoking cigarettes can cause osteoporosis (loss of bone density). This is of particular concern for postmenopausal women because it increases the risk of bone fractures, back pain, and other problems.
_______ increase chemical activity in parts of the brain, relieve fatigue, suppress appetite, and improve mood.
Stimulants
Terrorism
Terrorism is intentional violent acts against civilians to produce extreme fear, property damage, and numerous deaths. Major purpose is to frighten people and make them feel vulnerable and helpless. Arsenal includes bombs, poisonous chemicals, life-threatening infectious agents, and hijacked airplanes as missiles. Survivors of a terrorist attack often experience physical as well as long-term psychological consequences such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression
Institutional violence Violence on college campuses
The Student Right to Know and Campus Security Act requires administrators of colleges and universities that receive federal funds to report information concerning the number of murders, assaults, rapes, and other specific crimes that take place on their campuses.
Describe how cigarette smoking affects the airways.
The carbon monoxide in cigarettes interferes with the red blood cells ability to carry oxygen. Smoking also causes emphysema which is a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs lose their normal elasticity. Lungs normal capacity to allow air to enter is also decreased, making breathing difficult.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse
The clinician's role in treatment for alcoholism is to help an alcoholic understand the dangers of his or her behavior and select a course of action or treatment program that suits his or her needs. Inpatient treatment—the alcoholic resides at a treatment facility; used for the early phases of treatment, particularly acute detoxification Usually 28 days
Drug Use, Misuse, and Abuse
The government classifies abused psychoactive drugs into five schedules according to their potential for abuse, medical usefulness, and safety.
Marijuana
The most widely used illicit drug in the United States THC is the psychoactive substance in marijuana. Alters muscular coordination and normal thought processes such as mental concentration, problem solving, time perception, and short-term memory Damages respiratory tract and reproductive functioning Rarely causes physical dependence Psychological dependence Approved for medical use in 20 states and in Washington, DC Federal authorities may prosecute patients whose physicians prescribe marijuana for medical use; state laws do not protect users from the federal ban on the drug.
What Causes Violent Behavior? Contributing factors:
There is no single cause of violence. Exposure to violent media Substance abuse Frustration Psychological problems Violence in the home/neighborhood
Sedatives and Tranquilizers
These depressants are sometimes prescribed to treat insomnia or mild anxiety. Safer therapies are available.
Across the Life Span Child physical abuse
This includes beating, squeezing, burning, cutting, suffocating, binding, or poisoning a child. Most acts of violence against children are committed by parents and other adults the victims know. Children under age 2 are most at risk of dying as a result of physical violence. Abusive parents often: Have unrealistic expectations and distorted notions about the causes of their child's behavior. Are under stress and isolated from others who could help. Pedophiles are sexually attracted to and fantasize about having physical contact with children. The child molester acts on sexual urges by having sexual activity with children. Most molesters are heterosexual males who generally target 8- to 10-year-old girls they already know. The abuser is usually known and trusted. Incest is sexual abuse by a family member. Preventing child sexual abuse involves teaching children how to recognize and report sexual abuse. Very young children need to learn which parts of their bodies are private.
Over-the-Counter Drugs
To be sold in this country, an over-the-counter (OTC) drug must be safe and effective when people follow the product information that comes with it. Herbal products that are sold as food supplements in health food stores are not regulated by the FDA. Misuse and abuse of OTC medicines is common. Look-alike drugs Weight loss aids Ephedrine
Tobacco and Periodontal Disease
Use of tobacco products affects the oral cavity, creating problems such as bad breath, stained teeth, and even oral cancer. Disease of the supporting tissues around the teeth including the gums, bone, and ligaments Leukoplakia (lesions around the mouth that can turn into cancer) is common in young people who use smokeless tobacco products.
Which of the following statements is true?
Victims of acquaintance rape often are unwilling to report the incident because they feel that they are partially to blame.
Stalking
Willful and repeated following and harassing of another person. Most stalkers are lonely men who are emotionally unstable and have been rejected by their partners. Victims experience severe emotional distress and are at risk of being physically attacked by stalker.
_______ is the temporary physiological and psychological state that occurs when certain drugs are discontinued.
Withdrawal
Reporting Violence
You should report any attempted or completed crime of violence by strangers or acquaintances to the police. Consider reporting the incident to an agency, such as a rape crisis center that can assist you in dealing with legal authorities and medical establishments if you feel uncomfortable reporting to police.
If a person is drug dependent, this means that he has developed:
a compulsive need to use the drug.
Over the past year, Jamie lost three jobs because his alcohol drinking behavior made him late for work too often. He's had three driving while under the influence (DUI) arrests in the past 6 years. Nevertheless, he can stop drinking alcohol for weeks without craving the drug, and when he stops drinking, he doesn't show signs and symptoms of withdrawal. According to this information, Jamie's drinking behavior is typical of someone who
abuses alcohol.
Polyabuse
abusing more than one drug at a time
A couple weeks after meeting Phil in her math class, Kelly was thrilled when he invited her out to dinner. After they enjoyed a meal at a nice restaurant, Kelly invited Phil into her apartment for dessert. Before she could serve the cake, Phil wrapped his arms around her and tried to kiss her. Kelly pushed him away and told him it was time for him to leave. Phil became angry; he grabbed Kelly and threatened to harm her if she refused to have sex with him. That night, Kelly became a victim of _______ rape.
acquaintance
Alcohol use becomes _______ when one drinks alcohol while knowingly damaging his or her health and causing problems in social settings.
alcohol abuse
Alcohol abuse
becomes alcohol dependence or alcoholism when signs and symptoms of alcohol dependence syndrome occur.
In the United States, a growing number of people are abusing the illegal stimulant known as
crystal meth.
Schedule II, III, IV, and V
drugs are available by prescription.
Psychoactive
drugs are taken for their mind-altering and mood-altering effects.
An alcoholic
experiences withdrawal symptoms when not drinking.
Date rape
forced sexual activity that occurs between those who are dating
Acquaintance rape
forced sexual activity that occurs between unmarried adults who know each other
Alcoholism
has been shown to have a variety of origins, many of them biological.
Medications
have beneficial uses, such as for treating diseases or correcting physiological abnormalities.
Schedule I drugs (e.g., heroin, LSD)
have the most stringent control status. They are commonly abused, have little medicinal value and lack accepted safety for use.
Assault
intentional use of force to injure another person physically For example: shoving, slapping, punching, kicking
Curt and Jean have lived together for 3 years. Jean recently discovered that Curt had previously dated her sister. Unable to control her anger, she attacked him with a baseball bat. This situation is an example of _______ violence.
intimate partner
Rohypnol
is often referred to as a "date-rape drug" because it produces sedation as well as memory loss concerning the events that occurred while one is under the drug's influence.
Drug abuse
is the intentional improper or nonmedical use of a drug.
Drug misuse
is the temporary and improper use of a legal drug.
Certain stimulants are medically approved to treat
narcolepsy.
Caffeinism
occurs with high doses (more than 600 ml/day). Symptoms include nervousness, trembling, irritation of the stomach lining, insomnia, increased urine production, diarrhea, sweating, and rapid heart rate.
Marital rape
refers to the use or threat of violence against one's spouse to force sexual activity
The stress of fighting or living in an abusive situation increases
risk of infectious illnesses.
Rape
sexual intercourse by force or with a person incapable of legal consent In the United States, 1 in 6 women and 1 in 33 men have been victims of an attempted or completed rape. Most female victims are raped by someone they know. Most male victims are raped by strangers and acquaintances.
A person who is alcohol dependent:
shows signs of alcohol tolerance or withdrawal. B. has difficulty limiting the number of alcoholic drinks he or she consumes each day. C. continues to drink alcohol despite its effects on his or her health. CorrectD. all of these are correct.
Anti-drug vaccines
stimulate the immune system to develop antibodies against a particular drug The user does not feel the effects of the drug and therefore has no reason to use it. Educational programs that promote drug-free lifestyles, especially among children and young adults, may help reduce the prevalence of drug abuse. Drug education programs that involve parents, media, and the community are more successful than programs that limit educational activities to classrooms.
Abuse
taking advantage of a relationship to mistreat someone, often using frequent threats of force For example: spouse abuse, child abuse, elder abuse
Most sexual assaults on college campuses involve
victims who are incapacitated due to alcohol or other drugs.
Synergism
when different drugs that have similar effects are combined, the effects of each drug can be amplified
Overdose
when the body is unable to eliminate excessive amounts of a drug before reaching toxic levels
