Health exam 3 (STRESS, STD, SLEEP)

College students often become sleep-deprived due to A) 24-hour access to the Internet. B) living in a noisy neighborhood. C) eating a snack in the evening. D) excessive exercise

A) 24-hour access to the Internet.

11) You are speeding down the highway and see the flashing lights of a police car in your rearview mirror. Your heart begins to pound as you slow down, but the police car passes you in pursuit of someone else. Your physical reaction occurs at which stage of the general adaptation syndrome? A) Alarm B) Resistance C) Exhaustion D) Recovery

A) Alarm

37) Selena and Lucy are servers in the same restaurant. Selena finds the job stimulating and enjoys the fast pace. Lucy, on the other hand, finds the work stressful and exhausting. Which internal factor explains their different perceptions? A) Appraisal B) Self-esteem C) Ideation D) Self-efficacy

A) Appraisal

35) Will often has difficulty falling asleep but has never been diagnosed with a sleep disorder. Which strategies have been shown to be effective for getting better sleep? A) Exercising regularly and meditating B) Reading something boring just before bedtime C) Taking an over-the-counter sleep aid a few times a week D) Psychotherapy that includes hypnosis

A) Exercising regularly and meditating

31) Medication, applying heat, and relaxation techniques are treatments used for A) sleep apnea. B) restless legs syndrome. C) sleepwalking. D) narcolepsy.

B) restless legs syndrome.

Individuals who sleep 6 hours per night or less are at increased risk of A) heart attack. B) stroke. C) type 2 diabetes. D) Alzheimer's disease.

B) stroke

During REM sleep A) digestive processes speed up. B) the brain is active and dreams occur. C) body temperature drops. D) heart and breathing rates slow.

B) the brain is active and dreams occur.

49) Creating pleasant mental images that promote relaxation is a technique known as A) anger management. B) visualization. C) dream therapy. D) meditation.

B) visualization.

1) What percentage of the world's population experiences sleep deprivation to the point of it affecting their quality of life? A) 25%. B) 35% C) 45% D) 55%

C) 45%

According to research, the average adult needs how many hours of sleep per night? A) 5-6 B) 6-7 C) 7-8 D) 8-10

C) 7-8

24) When the body's stress response is activated, which of the following occurs? A) Blood flow to muscles decreases. B) Salivation increases. C) Blood-clotting ability increases. D) Blood-clotting ability decreases.

C) Blood-clotting ability increases.

Jet lag occurs when which of the following is disrupted? A) Melanin production B) Sleep cycle C) Circadian rhythm D) Pituitary gland function

C) Circadian rhythm

20) Tiffany has been under a great deal of stress during the past year and has experienced unexplained weight gain. Which of the following hormones may be linked to her weight gain? A) Epinephrine B) Norepinepherine C) Cortisol D) Insulin

C) Cortisol

33) Individuals with narcolepsy have a deficiency of this chemical in their brains. A) Hyposecretion B) Melatonin C) Hypocretin D) Melanin

C) Hypocretin

What role does natural light exposure during the day play in improving sleep? A) It prevents depression. B) It helps the body absorb vitamins. C) It helps to regulate circadian rhythm. D) It discourages napping during the day.

C) It helps to regulate circadian rhythm.

17) What is the function of cortisol during the stress response? A) It increases heart and respiratory rates. B) It decreases the appetite. C) It mobilizes nutrients to be available for energy. D) It improves breathing and relieves pain.

C) It mobilizes nutrients to be available for energy.

29) Matthew was diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Why did his doctor include diet and exercise as part of his treatment regimen? A) He have more stamina and endurance to fight his sleep apnea. B) Losing weight will decrease his risk for various types of cancer. C) Losing weight may reduce his OSA symptoms. D) He will have more energy during the day to combat his sleepiness.

C) Losing weight may reduce his OSA symptoms.

Sean becomes sleepy in the afternoon most days and is considering making time to take a nap each day. Which of the following would be his best strategy? A) Take an extended nap in the late afternoon. B) Nap for about 60 minutes any time of day that is convenient. C) Nap for no more than 30 minutes in the early to mid-afternoon. D) He needs to drink something containing caffeine instead of napping.

C) Nap for no more than 30 minutes in the early to mid-afternoon.

The body's circadian rhythm is regulated by the A) pituitary gland. B) hypothalamus. C) pineal body. D) adrenal glands.

C) Pineal body

Which stage of non-REM sleep is the deepest, during which the body repairs itself? A) Stage 1 B) Stage 2 C) Stage 3 D) Stage 4

C) Stage 3

39) Which of the following best describes a Type C personality? A) Relaxed B) Hostile C) Stoic D) Distressed

C) Stoic

16) Common physical effects of unresolved stress include A) diabetes and autoimmune disease. B) kidney disease and hair loss. C) cardiovascular disease and weight gain. D) lung cancer and prostate cancer.

C) cardiovascular disease and weight gain.

46) A corporate executive takes an early retirement from his high-stress city job and moves to a small rural community. He takes up painting again after 30 years and sells his work at weekend art fairs. This is an example of A) stress inoculation. B) cognitive coping. C) downshifting. D) stress management.

C) downshifting.

High blood pressure is more common among people who A) get fewer than 5 hours of sleep per night. B) get fewer than 6 hours of sleep per night. C) get fewer than 7 hours of sleep per night. D) get fewer than 8 hours of sleep per night.

C) get fewer than 7 hours of sleep per night.

6) An example of an event that is likely to be associated with eustress is A) bouncing several checks. B) getting sick right before finals. C) getting a promotion at work. D) forgetting to complete an assignment.

C) getting a promotion at work.

4) The physiological state in which the body's systems are functioning normally is known as A) distress. B) eustress. C) homeostasis. D) adaptation.

C) homeostasis.

34) Among college students, stress related to academic performance is often associated with A) a tendency toward hypertension. B) increased need for professional counseling. C) more frequent upper respiratory tract infections. D) substance abuse.

C) more frequent upper respiratory tract infections.

31) A student who gets good grades, is president of her sorority, and works 25 hours a week at her job would likely be experiencing stress due to A) hassles. B) coping. C) overload. D) conflict.

C) overload.

50) Regular exercise helps in stress management by A) improving a person's appearance. B) slowing heart and respiratory rates. C) raising endorphin levels and improving mood. D) raising endorphin levels and increasing the need for sleep.

C) raising endorphin levels and improving mood.

30) Susan was anxious about making a presentation at work. In an effort to overcome her anxiety, she practiced her presentation in front of several friends. This is an example of A) coping. B) cognitive restructuring. C) stress inoculation. D) dichotomy.

C) stress inoculation.

Insomnia is most often experienced by A) men. B) teens. C) women. D) the elderly.

C) women

87) It can take two to three months after initial HIV infection for sufficient antibodies to develop in the body to show a positive test result.

FALSE

87) The quality of coping well in the face of problems, adversity, and trauma is known as psychological adaptation.

FALSE

88) A disease outbreak that affects many people in a community or region at the same time is a pandemic.

FALSE

88) Massage therapy has been shown to offer some relaxation benefits, but studies show that it has no real benefit in stress management.

FALSE

90) A microorganism that is strong enough to overcome host resistance and cause disease is said to be epidemic.

FALSE

A disorder in which breathing is briefly and repeatedly interrupted during sleep is restless legs syndrome.

FALSE

Adequate sleep helps maintain the immune system and reduce the risk of autoimmune disease.

FALSE

Alcohol improves sleep because it acts as a depressant, relaxing you.

FALSE

Caffeine can enhance performance by eliminating the negative effects of sleep deprivation.

FALSE

Dreaming takes place primarily during stage 3 of NREM sleep.

FALSE

Individuals with poor quality or inadequate sleep have lower levels of C-reactive protein in their blood.

FALSE

Jet lag occurs because travelers tend to nap during long flights.

FALSE

NREM Stage 2 is the deepest stage of sleep.

FALSE

REM sleep is the phase of sleep during which tissue repair takes place.

FALSE

The body's circadian rhythm is a 48-hour cycle of sleep, waking, and activity.

FALSE

75) The use of latex condoms is one of the key ways to prevent sexually transmitted infections.

TRUE

76) By simplifying his or her life, a process also known as "downshifting," a person can experience less stress and pressure.

TRUE

76) Pubic lice can be transmitted through nonsexual contact as well as sexually.

TRUE

77) Candidiasis, also known as a yeast infection, occurs when the normal chemical balance of the vagina is disturbed, allowing for fungal growth.

TRUE

77) Suppressing anger can be as unhealthy as expressing it aggressively.

TRUE

78) Exercise can "burn off" the stress hormones that would otherwise have deleterious psychological and physiological effects.

TRUE

78) Once a person is infected, the herpes simplex virus remains in certain nerve cells for life.

TRUE

79) Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or exposure to chemicals or other substances.

TRUE

81) Anyone who engages in high-risk sexual or drug-related behaviors is increasing the danger of contracting HIV.

TRUE

82) Rickettsia is a small form of bacteria that requires an insect carrier, such as a flea or tick, for transmission to humans.

TRUE

83) An HIV-infected person may go for months or years without showing symptoms of infection.

TRUE

83) Cortisol is the hormone that makes stored nutrients available for energy as part of the stress response.

TRUE

84) The ELISA test is used to detect HIV antibodies in the blood.

TRUE

85) As part of the stress response, the adrenal glands release the hormone epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, which stimulates various body functions.

TRUE

86) Janet is traveling to Latin America from the United States on business. This trip puts her at increased risk for malaria.

TRUE

86) The balance or equilibrium of all body systems is known as homeostasis.

TRUE

89) Allostatic load is the wear and tear on the body caused by prolonged or excessive stress responses.

TRUE

89) Jacob was vaccinated for mumps as a child. This provides him with artificially acquired active immunity to the disease.

TRUE

90) Coping is the process of managing situations or conditions to lessen the physical or psychological effects of excess stress.

TRUE

A sleep-deprived driver is as impaired as an intoxicated driver.

TRUE

Adequate sleep improves motor function.

TRUE

Alexis stayed up all night taking care of her sick child. She will need to sleep more than average the next few nights to make up for the lost hours.

TRUE

Caffeine contributes to alertness by blocking a certain neurotransmitter in the brain.

TRUE

During NREM sleep, body temperature and energy use drop.

TRUE

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a disorder in which a person falls asleep unintentionally during the day.

TRUE

Feeling groggy and disoriented after a long nap is known as sleep inertia.

TRUE

Getting enough sleep may reduce a person's susceptibility to colds.

TRUE

Lack of sleep can affect your ability to remember and apply facts you've learned.

TRUE

Lack of sleep can have a detrimental effect on academic performance.

TRUE

People who are habitually sleep-deprived tend to gain weight and are at risk for type 2 diabetes.

TRUE

REM sleep enhances memorization and learning.

TRUE

Sleep helps the body to conserve energy.

TRUE

The difference between hours of sleep needed and hours slept is known as sleep debt.

TRUE

The obesity epidemic may be due in part to sleep deprivation.

TRUE

74) Psychological hardiness is a desirable trait that involves having a sense of control, commitment, and the ability to thrive on challenge.

TRUE

73) Gonorrhea has almost been completely eradicated through the use of antibiotics.

FALSE

91) List the six routes of disease transmission.:

1. Direct or indirect contact 2. Foodborne 3. Waterborne 4. Airborne 5. Vectorborne 6. Perinatal

82) The peripheral nervous system regulates body functions that are not under conscious control.

FALSE

40) Joe is an overachieving sales manager who puts a lot of pressure on his employees. When his sales team doesn't perform up to his expectations, he often confronts them, criticizing their performance and threatening to fire them. He accuses them of trying to make him appear incompetent to his boss. Which component of Joe's personality most increases his risk for cardiovascular disease? A) Hostility B) Competitiveness C) Poor communication D) Compulsiveness

A) Hostility

36) Low self-esteem and low self-efficacy are which type of stressors? A) Internal B) External C) Background D) Environmental

A) Internal

34) Anna has been diagnosed with insomnia. Which of the following treatments would most likely be prescribed for her? A) Medication and/or cognitive behavioral therapy B) Medication and surgery C) Melatonin injections D) Continuous positive airway pressure device

A) Medication and/or cognitive behavioral therapy

Which of the following is the most common form of sleep apnea? A) Obstructive B) Neurological C) Central D) Respiratory

A) Obstructive

12) Which part of the nervous system is responsible for triggering the release of stress hormones? A) Sympathetic nervous system B) Central nervous system C) Peripheral nervous system D) Parasympathetic nervous system

A) Sympathetic nervous system

42) Effective coping strategies that can help alleviate daily stress include A) being realistic and managing your time. B) resisting change and maintaining the status quo. C) vowing to avoid repeating mistakes. D) avoiding exercise to prevent becoming overtired.

A) being realistic and managing your time.

Justin frequently binge drinks on the weekends. This behavior puts him at risk for which sleep disorder? A) Central sleep apnea B) Obstructive sleep apnea C) Narcolepsy D) Insomnia

A) central sleep apnea

After working on a project all week and only sleeping about four hours each night, Courtney is A) compromising her immunity. B) maximizing her productivity. C) adjusting her body to less sleep. D) increasing her resiliency.

A) compromising her immunity.

7) Debilitating tension and strain are associated with negative stress, also known as A) distress. B) eustress. C) acute stress. D) adaptive stress.

A) distress.

22) Steps you can take to reduce stress include A) exercising regularly and learning to laugh at life's ups and downs. B) maintaining a strenuous and structured exercise program. C) setting high goals and diligently tracking those goals as part of striving to be the best. D) taking a long time to adapt to change.

A) exercising regularly and learning to laugh at life's ups and downs.

30) Untreated sleep apnea increases a person's risk for A) high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke. B) diabetes and cancer. C) irregular heartbeat and high blood pressure. D) depression and suicidal thoughts.

A) high blood pressure, heart attack, and stroke.

32) A neurological disorder caused by the brain's inability to properly regulate sleep, which results in excessive sleepiness, is A) narcolepsy. B) insomnia. C) sleepwalking. D) sleep apnea.

A) narcolepsy.

33) Feeling extremely burdened by the demands made on us is a state known as A) overload. B) conflict. C) discord. D) depression.

A) overload.

Getting an adequate amount of sleep promotes A) physical and psychological health. B) only psychological health. C) only physical health. D) a higher level of intelligence.

A) physical and psychological health.

10) The function of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is to A) return the body to a state of homeostasis. B) enable the body to deal with increasing amounts of stress. C) increase the body's awareness of the stress response. D) change the body's response to stress.

A) return the body to a state of homeostasis.

45) An effective way to avoid overcommitment is to A) say "No" in a kind but firm manner. B) schedule time for others' needs first. C) withdraw from others so they won't bother you. D) promise to help fix others' problems at a later time.

A) say "No" in a kind but firm manner.

28) Obstructive sleep apnea can result in A) snoring and gasping for breath. B) waking with a need to urinate. C) frequent night sweats. D) rapid heart rate.

A) snoring and gasping for breath.

3) A school examination is an example of a(n) A) stressor. B) response. C) problem. D) antidote to stress.

A) stressor.

84) The hypothalamus is the gland that secretes ACTH.

FALSE

75) Utilizing a variety of technological devices reduces a person's stress levels because it allows for constant access to friends and work- or school-related issues.

FALSE

64) Explain the four stages of NREM sleep.

Answer: Stage 1 is the lightest stage of sleep and lasts only a few minutes. Stage 2 lasts 5 to 15 minutes and is deeper than stage 1. Body movements gradually cease. Stage 3 is called slow-wave sleep. Blood pressure drops and heart and respiration rates slow. Stage 4 is the deepest stage. Human growth hormone is released during this stage to signal the body to repair tissues.

85) A sore throat is the most common symptom of mumps.

FALSE

79) The best dietary approach to combat stress is to consume sympathomimetics to maintain energy.

FALSE

15) As part of the stress response, the hormone epinephrine is released. What are some of the changes that are triggered in the body due to its release? A) Heart and respiratory rates decrease B) Heart and respiratory rates increase C) Digestion speeds up D) Visual perception is decreased

B) Heart and respiratory rates increase

14) You just realized that you have a 10-page paper due tomorrow and you have not even started it yet. Which part of the brain determines the overall reaction to this type of stress? A) Brain stem B) Hypothalamus C) Cerebral cortex D) Pituitary gland

B) Hypothalamus

21) Which of the following statements is true regarding the effects of long-term stress? A) Long-term stress causes 80% of all deaths in the United States. B) Long-term stress can lead to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and weight gain. C) Long-term stress increases the size of the hippocampus. D) Long-term stress does psychological damage but has no physiological effects.

B) Long-term stress can lead to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and weight gain.

25) According to studies in psychoneuroimmunology, how does long-term stress affect immunity? A) Stress only affects short-term immune system function. B) Long-term stress impairs the body's ability to fight infection. C) Long-term stress affects cognitive function and memory. D) The immune system's response to stress is determined by genetics.

B) Long-term stress impairs the body's ability to fight infection.

Which hormone released by the pineal gland causes drowsiness? A) Valerian B) Melatonin C) Melanin D) Insulin

B) Melatonin

19) The 2011 Stress in America survey reported which two concerns to be the leading causes of stress in American adults? A) Housing and health issues B) Money and work issues C) Family responsibilities and money issues D) Relationships and health issues

B) Money and work issues

41) Alyssa is a hard-driven perfectionist who finds her fast-paced job in marketing to be enjoyable and rewarding. She has high self-esteem and takes responsibilities for her mistakes. Which of the following attributes best protect Allison from developing cardiovascular disease? A) She has a Type C personality. B) She has psychological hardiness. C) She has no family history of CVD. D) She has a Type D personality.

B) She has psychological hardiness.

Which of the following is a tool used to identify behaviors that can lead to inadequate or disrupted sleep? A) Exercise log B) Sleep diary C) Day planner D) Food diary

B) Sleep diary

2) An example of a tangible stressor is A) worrying about an upcoming exam. B) a confrontation with an angry coworker. C) feeling nervous about making a public speech. D) thinking about the next family vacation.

B) a confrontation with an angry coworker.

47) Relaxation techniques are used for stress management because they A) improve memory and focus. B) calm anxiety and improve coping skills. C) increase metabolic rate and prevent weight gain. D) increase strength and flexibility.

B) calm anxiety and improve coping skills.

1) An ongoing state of physiological arousal in response to ongoing or numerous perceived threats is A) eustress. B) chronic stress. C) distress. D) acute stress.

B) chronic stress.

To prepare for an exam, Juan plans to stay up and study all night. According to research, this strategy will likely result in A) improved short-term memory. B) decreased cognitive skills. C) increased cognitive skills. D) improved long-term memory.

B) decreased cognitive skills

9) The reaction that occurs in our bodies when we perceive danger is the A) alarm response. B) fight-or-flight response. C) adaptation response. D) resistance response.

B) fight-or-flight response.

According to the National Sleep Foundation, 35% of American adults A) get fewer than 6 hours of sleep per day. B) get fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day. C) get more than 7 hours of sleep per day. D) get more than 8 hours of sleep per day.

B) get fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day.

27) Misplacing your cell phone, spilling coffee all over yourself as you are trying to get out the door, and then missing the bus are examples of A) chronic stressors. B) hassles. C) pressure. D) overload.

B) hassles.

Sleep deprivation affects drivers by A) impairing vision and hearing. B) impairing motor skills and increasing response time. C) improving response time but impairing motor skills. D) making them drive more slowly and cautiously.

B) impairing motor skills and increasing response time

44) Stress among college students is associated with A) dropping out. B) lack of physical activity and substance abuse. C) increased use of social supports. D) poor problem-solving skills.

B) lack of physical activity and substance abuse.

29) You just realized that you must take two extra courses this quarter and get straight A's if you want to go to law school. This situation is an example of A) conflict. B) pressure. C) change. D) hassles.

B) pressure.

18) Carrying a heavy course load, working at a demanding part-time job, and having ongoing conflicts with her roommate resulted in Jana becoming so mentally and physically drained that she ended up in the hospital. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome had she reached? A) Alarm B) Resistance C) Tolerance D) Exhaustion

D) Exhaustion

8) Physiological responses such as increased heart rate and blood pressure occur in response to stress during which stage of the general adaptation syndrome? A) Homeostasis B) Exhaustion C) Resistance D) Alarm

D) Alarm

35) Megan's neighbor plays her stereo so loudly that Megan cannot concentrate. The loud music is an example of which type of distressor? A) Natural B) Internal C) Conflict-based D) Background

D) Background

Which of the following decreases the effect of melatonin? A) Alcohol B) Sugar C) Depressants D) Caffeine

D) Caffeine

80) HIV can be transmitted through casual contact, such as a hug or a handshake.

FALSE

Tarik often tosses and turns, unable to sleep for an hour after he goes to bed. Which of the following will help change this pattern and allow him to fall asleep faster? A) Getting out of bed and exercising vigorously until he becomes exhausted B) Staying in bed and watching television C) Staying in bed and reading or using his laptop D) Getting out of bed and doing something relaxing until he feels sleepy

D) Getting out of bed and doing something relaxing until he feels sleepy

13) Sasha wakes up suddenly when she hears a strange noise. After a few moments, she realizes that the noise was caused by her cat jumping up on her dresser and not an intruder. Which part of Sasha's nervous system is responsible for slowing the body functions that were stimulated by her stress response? A) Central nervous system B) Peripheral nervous system C) Sympathetic nervous system D) Parasympathetic nervous system

D) Parasympathetic nervous system Answer: D

Due to her work hours, Jessica only sleeps about 5 hours per night on weekends. Which of the following is the best strategy to resolve her sleep debt? A) She can't make up for lost sleep. B) She can try to sleep 7 to 8 hours on weeknights. C) She can take a few 30-minute naps during the week. D) She can try to sleep 8 to 9 hours on weeknights.

D) She can try to sleep 8 to 9 hours on weeknights.

38) Being quick to anger, distrusting others, and having a cynical attitude are toxic characteristics of which personality type? A) Type D B) Type C C) Type B D) Type A

D) Type A

5) Eduardo's football team is playing the number one team in their division. They have to win this game to qualify for the regional championship. Eduardo is stressed because of the extreme importance of this game. This kind of stress is A) chronic stress. B) eustress. C) distress. D) acute stress.

D) acute stress.

28) Environmental stressors of which people are often unaware are A) frustrations and conflicts. B) overload. C) family stressors. D) background distressors.

D) background distressors.

23) Increased plaque build-up in the arteries and increased blood pressure can indicate a direct relationship between stress and A) respiratory disease. B) cancer. C) digestive disorders. D) cardiovascular disease

D) cardiovascular disease

When Ryan gets adequate sleep the night before his basketball games, he has energy to run faster up and down the court. This can be attributed to A) his cognitive ability being restored while he sleeps. B) increases in his body temperature and caloric expenditure while he sleeps. C) increases in brain activity while he sleeps. D) conservation of body energy while he sleeps.

D) conservation of body energy while he sleeps.

43) A healthy way to deal with anger is to A) suppress it. B) distract yourself with an activity you enjoy. C) avoid the people who make you angry. D) express it constructively.

D) express it constructively.

32) Telogen effluvium and alopecia areata are two stress-related conditions that result in A) low back pain. B) digestive problems. C) hair turning gray. D) hair loss.

D) hair loss.

The most common sleep disorder in adults is A) sleep apnea. B) restless legs syndrome. C) narcolepsy. D) insomnia.

D) insomnia

The sleep problem that involves having a difficult time getting to sleep or remaining asleep is known as A) sleep apnea. B) narcolepsy. C) sleepwalking. D) insomnia. Answer: D

D) insomnia

48) Effective time management practices involve A) doing the tasks you find the most interesting first. B) piling work materials on your desk as a reminder to do them. C) asking others to take responsibility for some of your work. D) prioritizing your tasks and doing one thing at a time.

D) prioritizing your tasks and doing one thing at a time.

26) Stress created by overuse of technology and the constant state of connection is known as A) technodistress. B) technosis. C) technology dependency. D) technostress.

D) technostress.

80) Meditation stimulates the sympathetic nervous system to promote relaxation.

FALSE

81) The sympathetic nervous system slows body systems as part of recovery from the stress response.

FALSE

52) At the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome, the body achieves complete calm.

FALSE

52) Endogenous microorganisms are always harmless; they do not cause health problems.

FALSE

53) Katya is afraid of public speaking, but Jim is not. However, both will have the same stress response when they deliver a speech to a large audience.

FALSE

56) The parasympathetic nervous system initiates the body's fight-or-flight response.

FALSE

57) About one-quarter of the world's population is infected with tuberculosis.

FALSE

58) Mark commutes to college three days per week; Jared lives in a residence hall. Mark is more likely than Jared to contract meningitis than Jared.

FALSE

58) The pituitary gland functions as control center of the sympathetic nervous system, directing the body's stress response.

FALSE

60) A tangible stressor is a thought or fear that initiates a stress response.

FALSE

60) Zoonotic diseases are those that are transmitted to humans from large animals, such as cows or horses.

FALSE

61) Substances produced by the body that fight specific causes of disease are antigens.

FALSE

63) Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that ingests foreign material.

FALSE

66) In the long run, minor hassles are never as stressful as major life changes.

FALSE

67) An indicator of infection is a lower-than-normal body temperature.

FALSE

67) College students suffering from overload have a good chance of performing well on tests because they are used to dealing with high-pressure situations.

FALSE

68) An antibody is any substance capable of triggering an immune response.

FALSE

70) Experiencing discrimination due to race, nationality, age, religious beliefs, or sexual orientation is not a significant stressor because it will strengthen an individual's coping skills.

FALSE

71) Men are more likely than women to be asymptomatic with a chlamydial infection.

FALSE

73) People who are Type A personalities can incorporate stress management and coping strategies to learn to handle stressful situations more like Type Bs.

TRUE

74) Drugs that kill viruses generally kill the host cells as well

TRUE

51) Both eustress and distress can trigger the fight-or-flight response.

TRUE

51) Pathogens are found everywhere: in air, food, and water and on objects, people, and animals.

TRUE

53) Janice has been sick frequently since the start of her freshman year in college. More than likely this is due to lack of sleep, poor nutritional habits, stress from academic pressures, and crowded dorm conditions..

TRUE

54) Most diseases are caused by the interaction of several factors inside and outside the host.

TRUE

54) The body's stress response can be triggered by a dangerous situation that is completely imaginary.

TRUE

55) Chronic stress may cause weight gain.

TRUE

55) Pain is often the one of earliest signs of an injury or infection.

TRUE

56) Staphylococci bacteria can be present on the skin or in the nostrils but not cause an infection.

TRUE

57) Extreme stress may cause hair loss.

TRUE

59) ACTH signals the adrenal glands to release the hormone cortisol as part of the stress response.

TRUE

59) Drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis have reached epidemic proportions in many regions of the world.

TRUE

61) Stress has been identified as one of the key modifiable risk factors for heart attack.

TRUE

62) A person with a high stress level has an increased risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

TRUE

62) The body's ability to resist infection or disease is known as immunity.

TRUE

63) Higher incidences of the common cold among college students during finals week can be related to impaired immune functioning due to stress.

TRUE

64) Consistently elevated stress hormone levels decrease the immune system's ability to fight infections.

TRUE

64) When the body targets its own tissue as an enemy, builds antibodies against that tissue, and attempts to destroy it, this condition is known as autoimmune disease.

TRUE

65) Anger is often the result of frustrations, resentments, perceived threats, or unmet expectations.

TRUE

65) There are vaccines for hepatitis A and B but not for hepatitis C.

TRUE

66) A hypersensitive reaction to a substance that normally would not produce a reaction is an allergy.

TRUE

68) Health care professionals who work long hours are particularly prone to stress, overload, and burnout.

TRUE

69) Lymphocytes that attack and destroy a foreign invader are part of the process of cell-mediated immunity.

TRUE

69) Students from other countries who attend college in the United States without a strong social support network will likely experience more stress-related illnesses than American students.

TRUE

70) Medical treatment should be obtained when body temperature increases beyond 101°F..

TRUE

71) Living in a dangerous neighborhood is considered an environmental stressor.

TRUE

72) Untreated chlamydia and gonorrhea in a pregnant woman may result in conjunctivitis in the newborn.

TRUE

72) When people use cognitive restructuring, they focus on learning to manage stress by modifying how they think and talk to themselves.

TRUE