Health Promotion and Programs Chapter 5

9) What are the guidelines for wording questions and response options?

- Avoid leading wuestions which guide answers, ask only about one thing at a time, avoid jargon or hard to understand words, be specific.

6) What is bias in data collection? Name three ways in which it can be controlled.

- Bias in data is when data doesn't accurately represent the true level of measurement due to errors in the data collection process. This can be controlled by using non obstructive observation to collect data, making sure participant know the data is confidential and done confidentially, collecting data anonymously, and properly training data collectors.

11) Define census, sample, sampling, and sampling frame.

- Census: everyone in a population - Sample: a part of a whole population - Sampling: the process of selecing a sample - Sampling frame: a list or quasi list of all sampling units

14) When, if ever, should nonprobability samples be used?

- If there are limited resources or the planners cannot identify or reach all members of the survey population.

1) What is meant by measurement, and qualitative and quantitative measures?

- Measurement: is the process of applying numerical or narrative data from an instrument - Quantitative measures: are data collected in a numerical method such as a rating scale or mortality rates which are collected to understand a persons knowledge, perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. - Qualitative measures: these are datas collected through the use of narrative or observation approaches to understand a persons knowledge, perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. Qualitative measures are usually coded for themes and such to better understand relationships.

4) What are the most common types of measures (variables) used in needs assessments and evaluations? Give an example of each type of variable.

- Most common variables include demographics, awareness, knowledge, sills, behaviors, environmental attributes, health status, quality of life and psychological characteristics.

3) Name and give an example of each of the four levels of measurement.

- Nominal level measures: lowest level, use names or labels to categorize people, places, and things. For example what is your current student status, student or non-student? - Ordinal level measures: this level is a categorizing level which allows researchers to additionally rank them, meaning more or less of something. For example what is your pain on a scale of 1-10 - Interval level measures: these are mutually exclusive, rank orders, which are continuous. For example weight, cholesterol level, height... - Ratio level measures: the highest level which do everything that ordinal does with a absolute zero. for example how much money ddid you earn in the past month

7) What are the steps one can follow when identifying, obtaining, and evaluating existing measurement instruments?

- Step 1: Identifying measurement instruments - Step 2: Getting your hands on the instrument - Step 3: Checking if its the right instrument for your needs - Step 4: Get permission to use the instrument

8) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using an existing measurement?

- This saves money and time, however the questions are usually not exactly what you would write. You need to make sure that the existing measurement fits the time and place for your data collection.

2) What are the reasons that measurement is such an important process when it comes to program planning and evaluation?

- To justify a porgram planners must be able to understand data in order to determine if theres is adequate and appropriate evidence for the proposed program. - A health planner must understand to be able to know the beast measurement tool for a program. - Evaluators need to be able to go though the data and show through measurements if the program objectives can be met. - There needs to be a way to show that program funding is making a differencethrough evidence.

5) What are sources of validity evidence? What are the different types of reliability estimates? What are reasons that validity and reliability are important to measurements?

- Validity is making sure something measures what it is supposed to be measuring - Face validity: is skin deep validity looking at the surface if it seems to measure what it intends to. - Content validity: is an assessment of the correspondence of the measurement instrument and the content for example taking the Ches - Criterion-related: if the score is an indicator of the trait in the present and future. - Construct: scores on the instrument are measuring the underlying content

16) What ethical issues are associated with measurement?

- Voluntary informed participation, the use of private or sensitive data...

15) What is the purpose of a preliminary review, a pre-pilot (or mini-pilot), a pilot test, and cognitive pretesting? How is each conducted?

- a pilot is a dress rehearsal to identify if any issues with the program need to be corrected before implementation. - a preliminary review is when people from not the priority populations a but colleagues of the data collectors review the data collection instrument and its appropriateness. -pretesting is completed with members of the priority population where you get someone to come in and ask the participants to talk out loud while filling out a survey about the program. - a pre pilot uses only 5 or 6 members of the priority population to address the quality, instruments, an data collection techniques.

13) Describe three types of probability samples.

- systematic: choosing every nth number from a list for example every 48th person in a phone book - cluster or area: random sampling of groups or areas rather than individuals - simple random: every subject has an equal possibility of being chosen if random numbers and a random start is used