health psych ch15

____ is a disorder characterized by a reduction in bone density due to calcium loss. Type II diabetes Endometrial cancer Osteoporosis Atherosclerosis

Osteoporosis

Physical activity can be a useful treatment of _____ and may offer some protection against the development of _____. Type II diabetes; Type I diabetes Type I diabetes; Type II diabetes Type I diabetes; gestational diabetes Type I diabetes; Type I diabetes

Type I diabetes; Type II diabetes

Which type of intervention aims to teach people the skills necessary for adoption and maintenance of physical activity? Informational interventions Behavioral interventions Social interventions Environmental interventions

Behavioral interventions

Joel, a 15-year-old high school sophomore, sits in front of his computer eating "junk food" almost constantly when he is not sleeping or in school. How can Joel's behavior affect his weight? His inactivity is positively related to weight gain. His high caloric intake is positively related to weight gain. His eating increases his metabolic rate, which is related to weight loss. Both a and b are factors.

Both a and b are factors.

One problem of maintaining a physical activity regime is that once people stop for a few days, they never start again. This is an example of: poor self-control. abstinence violation effect. environmental influences. poor social support.

abstinence violation effect.

If the goal of your exercise program is to improve your cardiovascular health, you should most likely engage in _____ exercise. anaerobic aerobic isometric isokinetic

aerobic

With regard to exercise and depression in a clinical population, research suggests that: exercise increases depression. aerobic exercise can decrease depression. isotonic exercise (weight lifting) can decrease depression. exercise can decrease depression, but not to a degree that is clinically significant.

aerobic exercise can decrease depression.

Activities such as jogging, cross-country skiing, or swimming are classified as _____ exercise and activities such as short-distance running or softball are classified as _____ exercise. anaerobic; aerobic isometric; aerobic aerobic; anaerobic aerobic; isometric

aerobic; anaerobic

Children who are physically fit show: increases in brain volume. greater planning abilities. greater performance on standardized tests. all of these.

all of these.

Evidence suggests that a regular exercise regimen can: decrease depression. reduce anxiety. buffer stress. all of these.

all of these.

Mariah would likely be an obligatory exerciser if she: felt a need for mastery over her body. denied when she felt pain. had a single-minded commitment to endurance. all of these.

all of these.

Researchers have found that physical activity is associated with lower levels of depression: in moderately depressed individuals. in people being treated for depression. similar to the effects of cognitive therapy. all of these.

all of these.

Willa is a track star in college. Her specialties are the 100-meter dash and the 200-meter dash. The type of exercise she is receiving during these races is mostly: isometric. isotonic. isokinetic. anaerobic.

anaerobic.

Research on the effects of physical activity has generally found that a program of regular physical activity: can add as much as two years to people's lives. can lower levels of disability during old age. both a and b. results in more deaths than an inactive lifestyle.

both a and b.

Children who live _____ are more likely to be physically active and less likely to be obese. in cities in rural settings in neighborhoods with parks and playgrounds in warmer climates

in neighborhoods with parks and playgrounds

Bess has moderate weight and good organic fitness. If she begins an aerobic exercise program, she will probably: lose 10 to 15 pound. gain 10 to 15 pounds. increase lean body weight and decrease body fat. decrease lean body weight and increase body fat.

increase lean body weight and decrease body fat.

Isometric exercise is designed to: increase cardiovascular fitness. increase lung capacity. increase muscle endurance. increase muscle strength.

increase muscle strength.

Isotonic exercise is designed to: increase cardiovascular fitness. increase lung capacity. increase resting heart rate. increase muscle strength.

increase muscle strength.

Research has found that people who experienced the greatest benefits from physical activity were: those who changed from a sedentary to an active lifestyle. those who changed from an active to a more active lifestyle. women. children.

those who changed from a sedentary to an active lifestyle.

Tara is relatively satisfied with the looks of her upper body, but she wants to lose weight on her hips while retaining the rest of her body composition. Tara should: understand that exercise will not accomplish spot reduction. begin an aerobic exercise program. use isometric exercises. use isokinetic exercises.

understand that exercise will not accomplish spot reduction.

Only _____ of adults in the US get regular physical activity. 10% 27% 33% 52

33%

Physical activity confers a _____ reduction in risk of death due to all causes. 5% 12% 24% 33%

33%

The optimal level of physical activity for someone wanting protection from osteoporosis is: a moderate amount. at least 20 miles of jogging per week or its equivalent. at least 30 miles of running per week or its equivalent. none.

a moderate amount.

Evidence is clearest that physical activity protects against _____ cancer in both men and women. colon lung stomach skin

colon

Children and adolescents who die during exercise are most likely to die from: stroke. congenital heart abnormalities. stress. blood clot.

congenital heart abnormalities.

Physically active people can expect to live, on average, _____ longer than physically inactive people. 2 years 5 years 10 years 15 years

2 years

In general, the minimum amount of exercise necessary for cardiovascular health is about: 20 to 30 minutes of brisk walking or jogging, 5 times a week. 30 to 45 minutes of jogging, 5 or 6 times a week. 30 to 45 minutes of jogging, 7 times a week. 45 to 60 minutes of jogging, 5 to 7 times a week.

20 to 30 minutes of brisk walking or jogging, 5 times a week.

A Surgeon General's Report found that _____ of runners had experienced an injury in the past year. 20% 40% 50% 75%

50%

With regard to diet, exercise, and weight loss, which statement is true? Exercise alone can produce weight loss. Dieters lose weight, but they also retain lean muscle tissue. Exercisers lose weight, but they lose mostly lean muscle tissue. Both a and b are true.

Exercise alone can produce weight loss.

Lynn would like to quit smoking, but she is concerned that she will gain weight. What advice would you give her? Keep smoking, because some people who quit gain as many as 40 or 50 pounds. Quit smoking, but begin a 1,000 calorie a day diet. Quit smoking, eat regularly, and begin a regular physical activity program. Quit smoking but begin a very low calorie diet and a physical activity program.

Quit smoking, eat regularly, and begin a regular physical activity program.

Adults who participate in regular physical exercise show: greater attention. greater executive functioning. greater memory. all of these.

all of these.

Clinton was a long distance runner in high school and college. Now, at age 30, he lives an inactive life. Clinton believes that his earlier experiences as a track star will offer permanent protection against cardiovascular disease. Clinton's: belief is correct. belief is incorrect. future risk of CVD will be about 50% lower compared to men his age who have never exercised. future risk of CVD will be higher than men of his age who have never exercised.

belief is incorrect.

Aerobic fitness tends to: increase muscle strength. decrease resting heart rate. decrease resting blood pressure. both b and c.

both b and c.

Aerobic fitness gained through vigorous physical activity: decreases the risk of heart attack. decreases cardiorespiratory fitness. increases resting heart rate. decreases exercise-related injuries.

decreases the risk of heart attack.

The benefits of physical activity are most strongly evident with: heart disease. injuries. cancer. young children.

heart disease.

Pushing muscles hard against an immovable object is an example of _____ exercise. aerobic anaerobic isokinetic isometric

isometric

Exercise is MOST likely to protect against osteoporosis in: young women. middle-aged and older women. young men. middle-aged men.

middle-aged and older women.

Tatum was considered a natural athlete in college, but she has not been active since she left college 10 years ago. Presently, the type of fitness that Tatum probably has is: dynamic fitness. organic fitness. both dynamic and organic fitness. neither dynamic nor organic fitness.

organic fitness.

Exercising with a friend or family member can help increase the amount of time you spend on physical activity and, thus, _____ has been shown to increase a person's likelihood of staying physically active. social support self-esteem depression personal trainers

social support

Muscle _____ is a measure of how strongly a muscle can contract. strength endurance flexibility fitness

strength

A systematic review of the literature on the relationship between physical activity and cardiovascular disease found that physical activity confers a _____ reduction in risk of death due to cardiovascular causes. 10% 25% 35% 0%

35%

Your great aunt Inez is a healthy 85-year-old who has led an essentially sedentary lifestyle. Now she is thinking about walking in the shopping mall but comes to you for advice. What would you tell her? "Consult a trainer, who will probably tell you to start easy and gradually increase both speed and distance." "Walking is not sufficiently vigorous. You should start jogging." "It's too late to gain any benefit for physical activity." "Find a partner who will push you to raise your heart rate to 150 or above."

"Consult a trainer, who will probably tell you to start easy and gradually increase both speed and distance."

Which type of intervention is a cost-effective intervention that shows it can actually change people's behavior? Mass media campaigns "Point of decision" prompts Environmental interventions Individually tailored programs

"Point of decision" prompts

What type of exercise requires specialized equipment to promote muscle strength and muscle endurance? Isokinetic Isotonic Isometric Anaerobic

Isokinetic

Brooke is bedridden after an auto accident. What exercise would help her maintain muscular strength in her arms with a minimum of movement? Isometric Isotonic Aerobic Isokinetic

Isometric

School-based physical education programs _____ physical activity inside and _____ physical activity outside of the school. increase; decrease decrease; increase increase; do not increase decrease; do not increase

increase; do not increase

Aerobic fitness training contributes to _____ in older adults. increases in brain volume lower risk of Alzheimer's disease greater performance on standardized tests all of these

increases in brain volume

Organic fitness is determined by: inherent characteristics of the body. the exercise stress test. regular strenuous exercise. degree of muscle strength.

inherent characteristics of the body.

With regard to physical activity and breast cancer, evidence suggests that a sedentary lifestyle: protects against breast cancer. is unrelated to breast cancer. may be more of a risk for some women than for others. protects against breast cancer in men but not in women.

may be more of a risk for some women than for others.

The type of fitness known as flexibility is best increased by: weight lifting. stretching. jogging. short, fast runs.

stretching.

Current physical activity recommendations are that children and adolescents should engage in: 1 hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day. 1.25 hours of moderate to vigorous physical activity per week. 30 minutes of moderate physical activity each week. 20 minutes of moderate physical activity each day.

1 hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day.

Current physical activity recommendations are that adults should engage in: 1 hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day. 1.25 hours of vigorous physical activity per week. 30 minutes of moderate physical activity each week. 20 minutes of moderate physical activity each day.

1.25 hours of vigorous physical activity per week.

What is the relationship between exercise and depression in clinical patients? Isometric exercise decreases depression; aerobic exercise increases depression. Endorphins released during exercise cause depression to increase. Aerobic exercise is associated with a decrease in depression. Group psychotherapy is superior to exercise for treating mild depression.

Aerobic exercise is associated with a decrease in depression.

Kermit wants to exercise with a minimum of injury. What precautions should he take? He should limit exercise to temperatures between 30° and 80° F. He should use proper shoes and equipment. He should use a personal trainer. He should not bother about any of the above because injury is not likely.

He should use proper shoes and equipment.

Which type of intervention is beneficial for increasing knowledge of the benefits of physical exercises but has not shown the same efficacy for getting individuals to adopt physical activity? Informational interventions Behavioral interventions Social interventions Environmental interventions

Informational interventions

Which type of intervention seeks to raise public awareness of the importance and benefits of physical activity? Informational interventions Behavioral interventions Social interventions Environmental interventions

Informational interventions

Which type of intervention aims to create a social environment that makes for adoption and maintenance of physical activity more successful? Informational interventions Behavioral interventions Social interventions Environmental interventions

Social interventions

What distinguishes anaerobic exercise from aerobic exercise? The amount of muscle contraction The amount of oxygen consumption The degree of joint rotation The amount of body movement

The amount of oxygen consumption

Research into the effects of exercise on anxiety have generally found that: aerobic exercise does not reduce state anxiety. weight lifting does not reduce anxiety. both aerobic and nonaerobic exercise reduce state anxiety. both a and b are true.

both aerobic and nonaerobic exercise reduce state anxiety.

Exercise may protect non-Caucasian women against _____ better than Caucasian women. breast cancer colorectal cancer lung cancer endometrial cancer

breast cancer

Studies on the effects of exercise on clinically depressed patients have generally found that exercise: does not affect depression in clinically depressed patients. can reduce depression but is less effective than individual psychotherapy. can reduce depression but is less effective than group psychotherapy. can reduce depression and is at least as effective as other forms of therapy.

can reduce depression and is at least as effective as other forms of therapy.

Moderate to high levels of physical activity reduces the incidence of lung cancer: but not breast cancer. and heart disease but not stroke. in men but not in women. in both women and men, but the relationship is stronger for women.

in both women and men, but the relationship is stronger for women.

The optimal time for beginning an exercise program is during: early childhood. adolescence. young adulthood, that is, 25 to 30. middle age, that is, about 40 to 45.

early childhood.

Obligatory exercisers have more than their share of: eating problems. divorces. cardiovascular problems. colon cancers.

eating problems

People may lose weight through exercise alone if they: engage in vigorous physical activity about an hour a day. combine isometric exercise with isokinetic exercise. run short distances at a fast speed. combine isokinetic exercise with isotonic exercise.

engage in vigorous physical activity about an hour a day.

With regard to stress and exercise, research suggests that: exercise is ineffective in protecting stressed people from getting sick. exercise provides a buffer against most diseases. exercise can reduce stress and help people cope. exercise probably increases stress, but it nevertheless acts as a buffer against cancer and heart disease.

exercise can reduce stress and help people cope.

The emphasis on exercise as a factor in weight control programs has come about because of research that found that: exercise elevates metabolism. exercise burns more calories than was previously believed. exercise acts differently on the muscle tissue of obese people. isometric exercise is the most advantageous type.

exercise elevates metabolism.

Exercise like yoga and tai chi can help provide muscle _____. strength endurance flexibility fitness

flexibility

People who have high aerobic fitness, compared with those who have low aerobic fitness: have about the same rate of all-cause mortality. have a higher rate of all-cause mortality. have a lower death rate from heart disease. have a higher death rate from heart disease.

have a lower death rate from heart disease.

Women who exercise: have about the same rate of all-cause mortality as do men who exercise. have a lower risk of all-cause mortality than do men who exercise. have a higher risk of all-cause mortality than do men who exercise. have about the same risk of all-cause mortality as do men, but their rate of lung cancer is much higher than that of men who exercise.

have about the same rate of all-cause mortality as do men who exercise.

oung children who exercise regularly: do not gain health benefits from their exercise program. gain more protection from heart disease than do adolescent children who exercise. have lower cholesterol levels than do children with no consistent exercise program. receive life-long protection against heart disease.

have lower cholesterol levels than do children with no consistent exercise program.

eonard's coach suggests that he exercise through the pain he feels during basketball workouts. The coach's advice: is correct for isotonic exercise but not isokinetic exercise. will produce maximum pain tolerance with a minimum of muscle damage. should increase muscular endurance but not muscle strength. is based on an exercise myth and is bad advice.

is based on an exercise myth and is bad advice.

Cynthia injured her knee while downhill skiing and is currently in a rehab program to help regain strength and flexibility in her knee. She is most likely doing _____ exercise. anaerobic aerobic isometric isokinetic

isokinetic

The type of exercise that requires the LEAST amount of physical activity is: isometric. isotonic. isokinetic. anaerobic.

isometric.

While jogging, sudden death due to cardiac arrest is: about as likely as during periods of rest. more likely than during periods of rest. less likely than during periods of rest. not as likely as during tennis.

more likely than during periods of rest.

A panel of experts reviewed the evidence on how much exercise is enough and recommended that every adult should: exercise vigorously at least 40 minutes a day, 6 days a week, plus complete strength training. engage in 45 minutes of aerobic exercise daily. participate in 20 minutes of moderately vigorous activity 5 days a week, plus strength training. accumulate 60 minutes of moderate physical activity a day or at least on most days.

participate in 20 minutes of moderately vigorous activity 5 days a week, plus strength training.

Two early studies that examined the association between physical activity and cardiovascular disease found that: physically active men had lower rates of heart disease than sedentary men. physically active women had lower rates of heart disease than sedentary women. physically active men had lower rates of stroke than sedentary men. physically active men had lower rates of heart disease than physically active women.

physically active men had lower rates of heart disease than sedentary men.

Research indicates that exercise protects against heart disease by: raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. raising total cholesterol. lowering total cholesterol. lowering high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Most sudden deaths during exercise are the result of: inadequate clothing for weather conditions. some type of preexisting heart disease. getting hit by cars. not being physically fit enough.

some type of preexisting heart disease.

Evidence that exercise protects against Type 2 diabetes: is too inconsistent to allow any conclusion. suggests that a little exercise has protective value, but moderate and vigorous exercise do not. suggests that exercise decreases the risk of developing this type of diabetes. indicates that exercise cannot protect the people most vulnerable to diabetes.

suggests that exercise decreases the risk of developing this type of diabetes.