Health Psychology

Which of the following statements most accurately exemplify the meaning of pain control? (Check all that apply)

A patient no longer feels anything in an area that once hurt. A patient is still hurting but is now able to tolerate it.

Which of the following is considered an effective pain control technique?

A technique which reduces pain to sensation.

Match the types o peripheral nerve fibers (in the left column) with their descriptions (in the right column)

A-delta fibers ----> Their activity heavily determines sensory aspects of pain. C-fibers ---> They influence the motivational the motivational and affective elements of pain.

The two major types of peripheral nerve fibers involved in nociception are ______-_______ fibers and ________-fibers.

A-delta fibers and C-fibers

______involves a mindful distancing from the pain experience, where patients are trained to control their emotional responses to pain.

Acceptance and commitment therapy

_____ pain typically results from a specific injury that produces tissue damage whereas _______ pain typically begins with an acute episode.

Acute chronic

_________ involves providing biophysiological feedback to a patient about some bodily process of which the patient is usually unaware.

Biofeedback

Identify the guidelines for intervening with chronic pain patients provided by self-determination theory. (Check all that apply)

By increasing autonomy By increasing feelings of competence By increasing the experience of support

Identify the guidelines for intervening with chronic pain patients provided by self-determination theory. (Check all the apply)

By increasing autonomy By increasing the experience of support By increasing feelings of competence

Graham experiences chronic back pain that he describes as dull and aching and. The nociceptors responsible for this pain likely are:

C-fibers

_________ _________ pain typically persists for 6 months or longer and is relatively unresponsive to treatment.

Chronic benign

_________ __________ pain persists longer than 6 months and increases in severity with time. It is usually associated with degenerative disorders.

Chronic progressive

________ reflects the feelings of despair or hopelessness that can accompany long-term experience with unsuccessfully treated pain.

Depression

Identify the typical components of pain management programs. (Check all that apply)

Depression as a consequence of pain Discussions of medications

Rosa hit her thumb with a hammer while building a table. What type of pain perception is she likely to experience?

Mechanical nociception

Match the kinds of pain perception, in the left column, with their descriptions, in the right column.

Mechanical nociception ---> Pain experienced due to the body tissues Thermal damage ---> Pain experienced due to temperature exposure Polymodal nociception ---> Pain experience that triggers chemical reactions from tissue damage

Which of the following is a difference between acute pain and chronic pain?

Most pain control techniques work well to control acute pain, but are less successful with chronic pain

____ __________ ________ are a coordinated form of treatment where patients are given extensive information about pain control

Pain Management Programs

_______, such as distortions in posture or gait, facial and audible expressions of distress, and avoidance of activities, arise from chronic pain.

Pain behaviors

_______ means that a patient no longer feels anything in an area of the boy that once hurt.

Pain control

__________ programs aid patients by helping control chronic pain and appear to be successful in doing so.

Pain management

Which of the following statements is true about chronic pain?

Patients with chronic pain disorders show significant loss of gray matter in certain regions of the brain.

_______refers to pain that triggers chemical reactions from tissue damage.

Polymodal nociception

_______ pain is due to an unidentifiable physical cause

Psychogenic

_______ is defined as a disorder in which the small arteries in the extremities constrict, limiting blood flow and producing a cold, numb aching.

Raynaud's disease

Which of the following statements is true of A-delta fibers?

Sensory aspects of pain are heavily determined by activity in the A-delta fibers.

Identify a true statement about pain.

The degree to which pain is felt and how incapacitating it is largely depends on how it is interpreted.

Why are minor pains critical for survival?

They provide low-level feedback about the functioning of our body systems.

Nociceptors in the peripheral nerves first sense injury and, in response, release chemical messengers, which are conducted to the spinal cord.

True

Relapse prevention techniques that help patients continue their pain management skills can maintain posttreatment pain reduction.

True

Stress and psychological distress aggravate the experience of pain

True

True or false: Chronic patients often withdraw from their families.

True. Chronic patients often withdraw from their families. Efforts by the family to be supportive can sometimes inadvertently reinforce pain behaviors.

Identify the motivational, behavioral, and emotional responses that accompany the experience of pain (Check all that apply)

Withdrawal Fear Crying

Identify the maladaptive coping strategies developed by chronic pain patients. (Check all that apply)

Withdrawing socially Catastrophizing their illness Engaging in wishful thinking

_______ (Woman/Men) show greater sensitivity to pain.

Women

From a patient's standpoint, pain is a problem, whereas to a medical provider, it is ___________.

a by-product of a disorder

In the initial stage of pain management programs ________.

a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the pain, its duration, and history are checked

In the initial state of pain management programs ________.

a qualitative and quantitative assessment of the pain, its duration, and history are checked

While passive coping skills have been tied to poor control, ________.

active coping skills can reduce pain in patients with a variety of chronic pains

Unlike the surgical, sensory management, and pharmacological techniques, psychological techniques require _________.

active participation and learning on the part of the patient

A-delta fibers

are small, myelinated fibers.

The C-fibers project onto different thalamic, hypothalamic, and cortical areas of the brain, whereas A-delta fibers project onto _______.

areas in the thalamus and the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

The fear of not being able to reduce one's suffering _______.

arouses more anxiety than the prospect of losing a limb or even death

The fear of not being able to reduce one's suffering _________.

arouses more anxiety than the prospect of losing a limb or even death

The third objective in cognitive-behavioral intervention is that clients are encouraged to reconceptualize their own role in the pain management process from __________.

being passive recipients to competent individuals who can aid in the control of pain

A number of chronic pain syndromes, including temporamandibular joint pain and pelvic pain, have been treated using ___________.

biofeedback

A number of chronic pain syndromes, including temporomandibular joint pain and pelvic pain, have been treated using _______.

biofeedback

The experience of pain is a protective mechanism to _______.

bring tissue damage into conscious awareness

The experience of pain is a protective mechanism to _________.

bring tissue damage into conscious awareness

Relapse prevention techniques that help patients continue their pain management skills _______.

can maintain posttreatment pain reduction

After the chemical message of injury is passed to the cerebral cortex, those regions of the brain identify the site of the injury and send messages back down the spinal cord, which leads to ______.

changes in other bodily functions, such as breathing

Coping skills training helps ______ pain patients manage pain.

chronic

Continuous low back pain is an example of ________.

chronic benign pain

Pain management programs are a coordinated form of treatment that have taken the place of addictive painkillers like morphine and surgery to deal with ______ _____

chronic pain

Cancer and rheumatoid arthritis are degenerative disorders that are typically associated with _____.

chronic progressive pain

Rheumatoid arthritis and skin cancer are examples of ________.

chronic progressive pain

The pain problem must be perceived to be modifiable for ______ and ________ methods to have any impact

cognitive behavioral

Identify the statements that show the medical significance of pain. (Check all that apply)

complains of pain often accompany mental and physical disorders. The presence of both pain and mental or physical disorders complicates diagnosis and treatment. Pain is a symptom that will lead a person to seek treatment.

In relaxation, ________ _________ is added, in which breathing shifts from relatively short, shallow breaths to deeper, longer breaths.

controlled breathing

Spinal cord stimulation is an example of _______.

counterirritation

Spinal cord stimulation is an example of ________.

counterirritation

Which of the following methods is one of the oldest known techniques of pain control?

counterirritation

Surgical techniques to control pain involve

creating lesions in pain fibers at various points in the body so that pain sensations can no longer be conducted.

Surgical treatment to control pain involves ________.

creating lesions or cutting so-called pain fibers at various points in the body so that pain sensations cannot be conducted

Unlike acute pain, chronic pain does not:

decrease with treatment and the passage of time.

Patients may be taught to identify situations likely to give rise to their pain and to _______.

develop alternative ways of coping with the pain

Which of the following is a barrier to the treatment of pain?

difficulty faced by patients in objectively describing pain

Which of following characteristics is most likely to be displayed by patients suffering from chronic pain?

discomfort because of bright lights and loud noises

One mental strategy for controlling discomfort is to _______.

distract oneself by focusing on another activity

One mental strategy for controlling discomfort is to ________.

distract oneself by focusing on another activity

Jay fractures his left leg while playing football and now suffers from chronic post-surgical pain. His doctor recommends a psychological technique for pain management. Hence, whenever Jay experiences pain, he listens to his favorite music while trying out new recipes. This helps him deal more effectively with the pain and also helps in reducing the intensity of pain. Which of the following techniques is Jay using to control his pain?

distraction

Playing video games or watching an exciting movie can drive attention away from a painful injury. This is an example of _______.

distraction

Acute pain is defined as a pain that goes on for 6 months or less, whereas chronic pain ________.

does not decrease with treatment and the passage of time

Clients are encouraged to attribute their success to their own efforts, making them see themselves as ______.

efficacious agents of change and pain modification

Clients are encouraged to attribute their success to their own efforts, making them see themselves as _________.

efficacious agents of change and pain modification

Clients must be convinced that the skills necessary to control the pain can and will be taught to them, thereby _________.

enhancing their expectations that the outcome of the training will be successful

The scientific understanding of pain was originally developed by Melzack in the ________theory of pain.

gate-control

The scientific understanding of pain was originally developed by Melzack in the ______theory of pain.

gate-control

Pain questionnaires help a practitioner __________.

get a full picture and address the psychological components of a patient's pain

Pain questionnaires help a practitioner ________.

get a full picture and address the psychosocial components of a patient's pain

Most patients are trained in a variety of measures to reduce pain and because many pain patients are emotionally distressed, ___________.

group therapy is conducted to help them control their emotional responses.

The degree to which pain is felt an how incapacitating it is depends in a large part on _________.

how it is interpreted

The degree to which pain is felt and how incapacitating it is depends in a large part on _________.

how it is interpreted

According to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, which of the following is commonly referred to as the neurotic triad?

hypochondriasis, hysteria, and depression

Chronic pain patients typically show elevated scores on three subscales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). These subscales are _______.

hypochondriasis, hysteria, and depression

Understanding what pain behaviors a patient engages in and knowing whether they persist after the treatment of the pain are ______

important factors in treating the total pain experience

Understanding what pain behaviors a patient engages in and knowing whether they persist after the treatment of the pain are ______.

important factors in treating the total pain experience.

Social support for pain can _________.

inadvertently act as a reinforcement of pain behaviors, which then become part of the pain problem

Which of the following is a reason for chronic pain to get exacerbated?

inappropriate prior treatments

For a medical provider, pain

is a by-product of a disorder, and it complicates diagnosis.

Typically, chronic progressive pain

is associated with degenerative disorders, involves constant pain that increases in severity over time, and lasts longer than 6 months.

Typically, chronic progressive pain:

is associated with degenerative disorders, involves constant pain that increases in severity over time, and lasts longer than 6 months.

While distraction is effective, its practical significance for chronic pain management _________.

is limited because patients cannot distract themselves indefinitely.

Crossing and uncrossing our legs, shifting our posture, or rolling over while asleep are all examples of ________.

low-level feedback for pain

Distraction is most effective in coping with:

low-level pain.

Among chronic pain patients whose spouses remain supportive, such positive attention may inadvertently ________.

maintain the pain and disability

Clients learn how to monitor their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to break up _______ __________ __________ that accompany chronic pain.

maladaptive behavioral syndromes

Relaxation is modestly successful for controlling some acute pains and ________.

may be useful in treating chronic pain when used with other methods of pain control

Relaxation is modestly successful for controlling some acute pains and _________.

may be useful in treating chronic pain when used with other methods of pain control

Patients with chronic pain may suffer a deterioration in relationships as they ______.

may not communicate well with their families

Social pain, which is the feeling of social rejection or loss, relies on the same pain-related neurocircuitry that physical pain relies on. This suggests there are _______.

meaningful similarities in the way that social and physical pain are experienced

The three types of pain perception are ______.

mechanical nociception, thermal damage, and polymodal nociception

The periductal gray is a structure in the ________that provides pain relief when stimulated.

midbrain

The most common method of controlling pain is through the administration of drugs. The most popular drugs are _________.

morphine and local anesthetics

Any drug that influences ______ ____________ is a candidate for pain relief.

neural transmission

Chronic pain patients typically show elevated scores on three subscales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). This group of traits is commonly referred to as the

neurotic triad

Sometimes pharmacological treatments may not help a patient feel better. Patients may consume large quantities of painkillers that are ________.

only partially effective and have side effects, including inability to concentrate and addiction

The basis for assessing how pain has disrupted the life of a patient or a group of patients is provided y ________ __________.

pain behaviors

A constellation of personality traits that predispose a person to experience chronic pain is known as a

pain prone personality

Because psychological factors are clearly implicated in the experience of pain, and because pain serves functions for some chronic pain sufferers, researchers have examined the presence of ____-_____ ___________.

pain-prone personality

Due to its temporary nature, counterirritation is used appropriately as _______.

part of a general regimen for chronic pain

A common feature of pain management programs is ________, which includes teaching nonpharmacological measures for pain control, such as relaxation skills and distraction.

patient education

Chronic pain may result from a(n) _______.

predisposition to react to a bodily insult with a specific bodily response

Chronic pain may result from a(n) ________.

predisposition to react to a bodily insult with a specific bodily response.

While nerve-blocking agents may be administered to reduce pain, these can also ________.

produce side effects including anesthesia, limb paralysis, loss of bladder control, and a quick return of the pain

Unlike acute pain, chronic pain often carries an overlay of _____________ ________, which complicates diagnosis and treatment.

psychological distress

The first objective in cognitive-behavioral interventions is that patients are encouraged to ______.

reconceptualize the problem from overwhelming to manageable

The first objective in cognitive-behavioral interventions is that patients are encouraged to _______.

reconceptualize the problem from overwhelming to manageable

Migraine headaches and trigeminal neuralgia are examples of _____ pain.

recurrent acute

Migraine headaches and trigeminal neuralgia are examples of _______.

recurrent acute pain

Migraine headaches are trigeminal neuralgia are examples of _______.

recurrent acute pain

Which of the following is a goal of an individualized pain management program?

reducing perception of disability

Just as _______ _________ is an important part of health habit change, it is important in pain control as well.

relapse prevention

According to Hernandez and Sachs-Ericsson, people from some cultures ________.

report pain sooner and react more intensely to it than those from other cultures

Typically, acute pain

results from a specific injury that produces tissue damage

Nociceptors in the peripheral nerves first sense injury and, in response, release chemical messengers, which are conducted to the spinal cord, where they are passed directly to he _________ __________ and thalamus and into the cerebral cortex.

reticular formation

The third objective in cognitive-behavioral intervention promotes feelings of ______-_______ in patients.

self-efficacy

Psychological techniques are more effective for managing _______.

slow-rising pains, which can be anticipated and prepared for than for sudden, intense, or unexpected pains

When acute anxiety reduces sensitivity to pain it is known as

stress-induced analgesia

C-fibers

strongly influence the affective and motivational elements of pain.

_______ is a psychological technique for the management of pain and can be thought of as an operant learning process.

Distraction

_______ is most effective for coping with low-level pain.

Distraction

___________ is a pain technique whereby focusing attention on an irrelevant and attention-getting stimulus or by diverting oneself with a high level of activity, one can turn attention away from the pain.

Distraction

_______ are the natural pain suppression system of the body where opiate-like substances, produced within the body, constitute a neurochemically based, internal pain regulating system.

Endogenous opioid peptide

_______ are the natural pain suppression system of the body where opiate-like substances, produced within the body, constitute a neurochemically based, internal pain regulation system.

Endogenous opioid peptide

Emotional factors have no effect on the experience of pain

False

Emotional factors have no effect on the experience of pain.

False

Pain is easy to treat because patients are comfortable describing it objectively.

False

Processes in the thalamus are involved in cognitive judgments about pain, which contributes to the strong emotions often experienced during pain.

False

The childbirth experience and the perception of pain associated with it is uniform for all women across different cultures.

False

True or false: Pain has objective referents.

False

True or false: Catastrophic thinking reduces the pain experience.

False. Catastrophic thinking enhances the pain experience, possibly by its effects on muscle tension and blood pressure reactivity.

True or false: Chronic pain patients never require special guidance to get benefits from slow breathing.

False. Slow breathing, which is a part of relaxation therapy, works to manage pain much of the time, but chronic patients may require special guidance to get benefits from these techniques.

True or false: In the context of pain management programs, studies that have3 evaluated behavioral interventions in comparison with nontreatment have found an increase in pain, disability, and psychological distress.

False: Studies have evaluated behavioral interventions in comparison with nontreatment have found reductions in pain, disability, and psychological distress. These interventions can improve social functioning as well.

______ is a functional pain disorder in which there is no clear tissue damage present.

Fibromyalgia

The endogenous opioid peptides, which are the natural pain suppression system of the body, were uncovered _______.

H. Akil, D.J. Mayer, and J.C. Liebeskin

Identify instances where a chronic pain patient experiences pain strongly. (Check all that apply)

High sensitivity to noxious stimulation Overlay of psychological distress Impairment in pain regulatory systems

Identify instances where a chronic pain patient experiences pain strongly. (Check all that apply)

Impairment in regulatory systems High sensitivity to noxious stimulation Overlay of psychological distress

Identify the goals a patient needs to achieve in individualized programs of pain management. (Check all that apply)

Increasing physical activity and improving psychosocial functioning Reducing the intensity of pain Reducing dependence on medication and perception of disability

Which of the following statements best describes recurrent acute pain?

It involves intermittent episodes of pain that are acute in character but chronic inasmuch as the condition repeats for more than six months.

Neurons in the periductal gray connect to the reticular formation in the medulla which makes connections with the neurons in the _____ of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

substantia gelantinosa

Athletes who continue to play, despite being injured, experience a reduction in pain sensitivity because of increased

sympathetic arousal

Pain is heavily influenced by ________.

the context in which it is experienced

Some surgical techniques attempt to disrupt the conduct of pain from the periphery to the spinal cord while others are designed ______.

to interrupt the flow of pain sensations from the spinal cord upward to the brain

Drawing on the large and informal vocabulary a person uses to describe pain helps medical practitioners _________.

understand a patient's complaints and the implications of pain

Unlike chronic pain, most pain control techniques _______.

work well to control acute pain

Unlike chronic pain, most pain control techniques ________.

work well to control acute pain