Health Science 1 Exam Study Guide

Describe petite mal or absence seizures.

Absence, or petit mal, seizures are milder and characterized by a loss of consciousness lasting several seconds. They are common in children and frequently disappear by late adolescence.

Adam's apple

Adam's apple is the largest layer of cartilage on the larynx, also known as the thyroid cartilage.

Shingles

Also known as herpes zoster; is an acute inflammation of nerve cells and is caused by the herpes virus, which also causes chickenpox.

Aneurysm

An aneurysm is a ballooning out of, or saclike formation on, an artery wall. Disease, congenital defects, and injuries leading to weakened arterial wall structure can cause this defect.

Embolus

An embolus is a foreign substance circulating in the bloodstream.

Common cold

An upper respiratory infection (URI), or common cold, is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the upper respiratory tract. Caused by viruses, URIs are highly contagious.

Arrhythmia

Arrhythmias are abnormal heart rhythms and can be mild to life-threatening.

Arteriosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis occurs when fatty plaques (frequently cholesterol) are deposited on the walls of the arteries. This narrows the arterial opening, which reduces or eliminates blood flow.

Asthma

Asthma is a respiratory disorder caused by sensitivity to an allergen such as dust, pollen, and animal, or a food.

What are found at the end of the fallopian tubes, and what is their job?

At the end of the fallopian tubes have finger-like projections which helps move the ovum released by the ovary into the fallopian tube.

What do the prostate gland and Cowper's gland have in common?

Both the prostate gland and the Cowper's glands produce an alkaline fluid that provides a more favourable environment for the sperm.

Describe breast tissue.

Breasts are mammary glands that contain lobes separated into sections by fatty tissue and connective tissue. Milk ducts are located near the nipples. Main function: the secretion of milk or lactation after childbirth.

What is accomplished with the procedure angioplasty?

By using angioplasty, the patient will be able to have blood flowing for an artery or vein because angioplasty is used to compress the deposits, or to insert a stent to allow blood flow.

COPD

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a term used to describe any chronic lung disease that results in obstruction of the airways.

Discuss the cranial nerves and spinal nerves of the somatic nervous system.

Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain while spinal nerves emerge directly from segments of the spinal cord.

Demand pacemaker

Demand pacemakers, the most common type, deliver electrical impulses only when the heart's own conduction system is not responding correctly.

Define and describe what is happening to the heart during diastole and systole.

During diastole, the heart is at rest and there are no contractions happening while systole is the period that follows after diastole with ventricular contractions that promote/induce blood flow.

What the diaphragm looks like during inspiration/expiration?

During inspiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, flatten to enlarge the thoracic cavity to make room for air. During expiration, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and go back into their "dome-like" shape.

Emphysema

Emphysema is a non-infectious, chronic respiratory condition that occurs when the walls of the alveoli deteriorate and lose their elasticity. CO2 remains trapped in the alveoli, and there is poor exchange of gases. The most common causes are heavy smoking and prolonged exposure to air pollutants.

Epilepsy

Epilepsy is also known as the seizure syndrome, is the brain disorder associated with abnormal electrical impulses in the neurons of the brain.

Epistaxis

Epistaxis, or a nosebleed, occurs when capillaries in the nose become congested and bleed. It can be caused by an injury or blow to the nose; hypertension; chronic infection; anticoagulant drugs; and blood diseases such as haemophilia and leukaemia.

Fibrinogen

Fibrinogen is a blood protein that forms fibrin, a gel-like net of fine fibres that traps erythrocytes, platelets, and plasma to form a clot.

Fixed pacemaker

Fixed pacemakers deliver electrical impulses at a predetermined rate.

Hemophilia

Haemophilia is an inherited disease that occurs almost exclusively in males can be carried by females. Due to the lack of plasma protein required for clotting process, the blood is unable to clot which means that a minor cut can lead to prolonged bleeding, and a minor bump can cause internal bleeding.

Hypotension and Hypertension

Hypotension is low blood pressure when standing or sitting; this condition might cause light-headedness, dizziness, and fainting. Hypertension is extremely high blood pressure; if left untreated it can lead to heart attack, stroke, kidney disease, or other illnesses

Influenza

Influenza, or flu, is highly contagious, viral infection of the upper respiratory system. Onset is sudden, and symptoms include chills, fever, and cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle pain, and fatigue.

Surfactant

It is a lipid/fatty substance that lines inner surfaces of the alveoli to help prevent them from collapsing.

What part of the brain is responsible for controlling respiration

It is controlled by the respiratory centre in the medulla oblongata of the brain.

Medulla Oblongata

It is the lowest part of the brain stem. It connects with the spinal cord and it is responsible for regulating heartbeat, respiration, swallowing, coughing, and blood pressure.

Where does fertilization usually take place?

It usually takes place in the fallopian tubes

Larynx

Larynx is the correct name for the voice box; lies between the pharynx and the trachea. The Adam's apple and the vocal cords are also here.

Lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both men and women. It is a preventable disease, because the main cause is exposure to carcinogens in tobacco, either through smoking or through exposure to "second-hand" smoke. Three common types of lung cancer include small cell, squamous cell, and adenocarcinoma.

Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis or MS is a chronic, progressive, disabling condition resulting from degeneration of the myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS).

What is neuralgia? Possible causes?

Neuralgia is nerve pain. It is caused by inflammation, pressure, toxins, and other disease.

Describe paraplegia.

Paralysis in the lower extremities or lower part of the body, caused by an injury to the spinal cord.

Prepuce

Prepuce is the proper name for the foreskin on the penis that is surgically removed during a circumcision.

Prothrombin

Protein that serves as a clotting factor that helps the clot of blood when there is an injury to the skin. It does this by acting on fibrinogen that will later form a clot.

Alveoli

Smallest bronchioles end in these air sacs. Made up of only one layer of tissue and capillaries. This is where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs. Inner surfaces covered in lipid or fatty substance called surfactant prevents them from collapsing.

Name the chambers of the heart and describe the type of blood that is in each (oxygenated or un-oxygenated) and where did the blood come from before it arrived in that chamber

The 4 chambers of the heart are: the right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle. The right atrium receives un-oxygenated blood as it returns from the body cells. The right ventricle receives the un-oxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps the blood into the pulmonary artery, which carries the blood to the lungs for oxygen. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. The left ventricle receives blood from the left atrium and pumps the blood into the aorta for transport to the body cells.

When should men begin monthly TSE?

The American Cancer Society recommends that men begin their monthly testicular self-examinations at the age of 15.

What age group must be concerned with getting testicular cancer

The age group between 25-35 years of age should be concerned the most, but it can start as soon as 15 years of age.

Name the section of the uterus that is attached to the vagina.

The cervix is the narrow, bottom section of the uterus that is attached to the vagina.

Describe and name the three layers of the meninges.

The dura mater is the thick, tough, outer layer. The middle layer is delicate and weblike and called the arachnoid membrane. The innermost layer, the pia mater, is closely attached to the brain and spinal cord and contains blood vessels that nourish the nerve tissue.

Ejaculatory ducts

The ejaculatory ducts end in the urethra, a hollow canal leading from the bladder and serving as the common tract for urine and semen. They carry sperm and fluids, now known as semen through the prostate gland into the urethra.

Epididymis

The epididymis is the tube in the male reproductive system where sperm mature and become motile.

What is an erythrocyte? What is the normal erythrocyte count in 1 cubic millilitre of blood?

The erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are produced in the red bone marrow at a rate of approximately 1 million per minute. They live approximately 120 days before they get broken down by the liver and the spleen. There are 4.5 to 5.5 million erythrocytes per cubic millimetre (approximately one drop) of blood.

Generalised tonic-clonic or grand mal seizures.

The grand mal seizures are the most severe seizures. They are characterised by a loss of consciousness lasting several minutes; convulsions accompanied by violent shaking and thrashing movements; hypersalivation causing foaming at the mouth; and loss of body functions.

What is the purpose of the hormones that the ovaries secrete?

The hormones the ovaries secrete are used to prepare the young woman for pregnancy.

Largest artery and veins of the body.

The largest artery of the body is the aorta. The largest veins of the body are the superior and inferior vena cava.

How and where are the lateral ends of the fallopian tubes attached to the uterus?

The lateral ends of the fallopian tubes are attached to the upper part of the uterus, located above the ovaries but have no direct connection to the ovaries.

What is a leukocyte? Name the 5 types.

The leukocytes, or white blood cells, are not as numerous as are erythrocytes. They are formed in the bone marrow and lymph tissue and usually live about 3 to 9 days. A normal count is 5,000 to 10,000 leukocytes per cubic millimetre of blood. The five types of leukocytes include: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

What is the function of leukocytes? Thrombocytes?

The main function of the leukocytes is to fight infection. Some do this by engulfing, digesting, and destroying pathogens, or germs, by a process called phagocytosis. Thrombocytes are important for the clotting process, which stops bleeding. When a blood vessel is cut, the thrombocytes collect at the site to form a sticky plug. They secrete a chemical, serotonin, which causes the blood vessel to spasm and narrow, decreasing the flow of blood.

What is another name for male gonads?

The male gonads are also known as testes

Name the female reproductive glands and their function.

The mammary glands (also known as breasts) are related to reproduction. These can be used to feed new-born babies.

Meninges

The meninges are three membranes that cover and protect the brain and the spinal cord.

Nasal cavities

The nasal cavities are lined with mucous membranes that have a rich blood supply.

Describe what the parasympathetic system does to VS and the digestive system.

The parasympathetic tries to bring the VS (vital signs) back to normal (homeostasis) and promotes digestion of food in the digestive system (it stimulates digestive activity).

Where is the perineum in the female?

The perineum in the female is between the external genitalia and the anus.

Pleura

The pleura are membranes or sacs that enclose each lung. The pleura consists of two layers: a visceral pleura attached to the surface of the lung, and a parietal pleura attached to the chest wall.

How many lobes are there on the right/left sides of the lung?

The right lung has 3 lobes and the left lung has 2 in order to leave space for the heart.

Cerebellum

The section below the back of the cerebrum. It is responsible for muscle coordination; balance and posture; and muscle tone.

Midbrain

The section located below the cerebrum at the top of the brain stem. It is responsible for conducting impulses between brain parts and for certain eye and auditory reflexes.

Pons

The section located below the midbrain and in the brain stem. It is responsible for conducting messages to other parts of the brain; for certain reflex actions including chewing, tasting, and saliva production; and for assisting with respiration.

What are the names and descriptions of the structures in the perineum?

The structures that form the external female genital area are the vulva. The labia majora are the two folds of fatty tissue covered with hair that enclose and protect the vagina. The smaller folds of tissue located within the labia majora are the labia minora. An area of erectile tissue called the clitoris is located at the junction of the labia minora.

What is the function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system?

The sympathetic and parasympathetic system work together to maintain a balanced state called homeostasis.

Describe the ideal temperature needed in the scrotum for production of sperm.

The temperature of the scrotum needs to be cooler than our normal body temperature for successful production of sperm.

Bronchi

The trachea divides into two bronchi near the centre of the chest. Each bronchus enters a lung and carries air from the trachea to the lung.

Trachea

The trachea is the tube that extends from larynx to centre of the chest; it is a series of C-shaped cartilages which open on the dorsal or back surface to help keep the trachea open.

Treatment for meningitis

The treatment methods for meningitis include antibiotics, anticonvulsants, and/or medications for pain and cerebral edema.

Ventricles

The ventricles are hollow spaces that connect with each other and with the space under the arachnoid membrane (the subarachnoid space); below the atria.

How much blood does the average adult have in their body?

There are approximately 4 to 6 quarts of blood in the average adult

Name and describe the three layers of the heart.

There are three layers of tissue that form the heart. The endocardium is a smooth layer of cells that lines the inside of the heart and is continuous with the inside of the blood vessels. It allows for the smooth flow of blood. The thickest layer is the myocardium, the muscular middle layer. The pericardium is a double-layered membrane, or sac, that covers the outside of the heart.

Purpose of the vas deferens

This tube receives sperm and fluid from the epididymis and then acts as a passageway and temporary storage area for sperm.

Emergency treatment for CVA.

Thrombolytic or "clot-busting" drugs such as TPA (tissue plasminogen activator) or angioplasty of the cerebral arteries can dissolve a blood clot and restore blood flow to the brain. Immediate care is necessary in the first 3 hours in order to reduce the chances of damage to the brain.

Seminal vesicles

Two tubes located behind the bladder at the end of the vas deferens. It contains lining that produces thick, yellow fluid rich in sugar and other substances that provide nourishment for sperm. It is one of the two short tubes that make up the ejaculatory ducts

What are the functions of the sinuses?

Warms and moistens air, lined with mucous membrane, and provide resonance for voice.

When the blood is bright red, what does that indicate? What does a darker red with a bluish cast colour indicate?

When the blood is bright red, it means that it contains lots of oxygen and when the blood contains less oxygen and more carbon dioxide it is a darker red with a bluish cast.

Quadriplegia

involves paralysis of both arms and both legs.

Hemiplegia

is the paralysis of the muscles of the lower face, arm, and leg on one side of the body.

Function of the Cerebrum

responsible for reasoning, thought, memory, speech, sensation, sight, hearing, and voluntary movement

Synapse

space between neurons; it permits the neutrons pass messages to and from the brain to other parts of the body

Name, describe and tell the function of the three types of blood vessels.

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart. The smallest branches of arteries are called arterioles. Arteries are more muscular and elastic than are the other blood vessels because they receive the blood as it is pumped from the heart. • Capillaries connect arterioles with venules, the smallest veins. Capillaries have thin walls containing only one layer of cells. These thin walls allow oxygen and nutrients to pass through to the cells and allow carbon dioxide and metabolic products from the cells to enter the capillaries. • Veins are blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. Most veins have thinner and less muscle tissue than do arteries. Most veins contain valves, which keep the blood from flowing in a backward direction.

List and describe the layers of the uterus.

• Endometrium (inner layer) - special tissue here allows a fertilized ovum to implant itself and develop here. If fertilization does not occur, the endometrium is sent out of the body. This process is known as menstruation. • Middle layer (muscle layer) - enables the uterus to expand during pregnancy and contract to expel the foetus during birth. • Outer layer is a serous membrane.

Discuss preventive care with regards to breast cancer.

• Self-examination. • Yearly mammograms starting at the age of 40. • Look for change in breast size. • Check for lumps or mass in breast tissue.

Signs/symptoms of myocardial infarction (MI) also known as "heart attack."

• Severe crushing pain that radiates to the arm, neck, and jaw. • Pressure in the chest. • Perspiration and cold, clammy skin. • Dyspnoea. • Change in blood pressure.

Name the four valves of the heart and describe their location.

• The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle. • The pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery, a blood vessel that carries blood to the lungs. • The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. • The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta, the largest artery in the body.

Describe symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

• Tremors • Stiffness • A forward leaning position • Muscular rigidity • Shuffling gait • Difficulty in stopping while walking • Loss of facial expression • Drooling • Mood swings and frequent depression • Behavioural changes

Visceral/Parietal Pleura

• Visceral Pleura- pleura that attaches to the surface of the lung. • Parietal Pleura- pleura that attaches to the chest wall.

Causes of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) also known as stroke

• When blood flow to the brain is impaired. • Cerebral haemorrhage resulting from hypertension. • By an occlusion, or blockage caused by atherosclerosis or a thrombus (blood clot).

How long can a body last without oxygen?

A body without oxygen can last about 5-6 minutes before the brain cells start to die.

What is a normal thrombocyte count per cubic millilitre of blood?

A normal thrombocyte count is 250,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimetre of blood.

Thrombus

A thrombus is a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein