Heart Review Questions
heart murmur
A ____________ refers to and abnormal heart sound from abnormal blood flow in the heart.
cardiac tamponade
A dangerous condition which fluid accumulates around the heart to limit its pumping ability is _________ __________.
afterload
A decreased stroke volume occurs with an increase in the total peripheral resistance or ___________.
cardiac output
A measurement of the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute is the _______________.
neuromuscular junction, pacemaker cells
Activation of skeletal muscle requires the ________ while cardiac muscle is activated by _________ of the specialized cardiac muscle.
arrhythmia
An __________ is an abnormal heart rhythm.
semilunar, atrioventricular valves
An abnormal heart sound can occur if blood flows backward from the pulmonary trunk or aorta into the corresponding ventricle through an inverted or leaky ________ or from the ventricles to the atria through a prolapsed or leaky _____________.
fossa ovalis
An abnormal heart sound can occur if blood flows between the atria through and opening in the __________ or an atrial septal defect.
capacitance
An increase in the ____________ of veins may decrease the amount of blood returning to the heart.
heart rate
An increase in the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute is accomplished primarily by and increase in ______________.
inotropic
An increased ventricular contraction due to sympathetic activity is called a ________ effect.
diastole, systole
At a resting heart rate, about 80% of ventricular filling occurs during atrial ____________ and 20 % occurs during atrial ___________.
pulmonary veins, atrium
Blood returns from the pulmonary circulation through the _____________ to the left ________.
vena cava, atrium
Blood returns from the systemic circulation through the ________ to the right ________.
striations
Both cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle contain stripes called _______
Sa node, Av node
Both the __________ and the _______________ exhibit diastolic depolarization, a spontaneous depolarization referred to as a pacemaker potential.
heart rate, stroke volume
Both the _____________ and the ____________ contribute to the amount of blood pumped from the heart per minute.
isometric contraction
CLosing the AV valves starts the phase ________.
isometric relaxation
CLosing the semilunar valves starts the phase ___________.
refractory period
Cardiac muscle cannot exhibit tetanic contractions because of a long _____________
intercalated disc
Cardiac muscles has structures called _________ that physically and electrically connect cells.
chronotropic
Changes in heart rate are referred to as a ____________ effect.
papillary muscle
Contractions of the ___________ helps keep the atrioventricular valves closed.
calcium
Depolarization during SA node and AV node is due to the infux of ________ ions.
sodium
Depolarization during contractile myocardium and purkinje fibers action potentials is due to the influx of ________ ions.
ST segment
Depression of the __________ may indicate ischemic heart disease.
potassium, sodium
Distolic depolarization during the pacemaker potential is due ___________ ion channels closing and _______ channel opening.
ventricular ejection
During _________ the atrioventricular valves are closed and the semilunar valves are open when the ventricles are in systole.
ventricular filling
During _________ the atrioventricular valves are open and the semilunar valves are closed when the ventricles are in diastole.
isometric relaxation
During ___________ the atrioventricular valves and the semilunar valves are closed when the ventricles are in diastole.
isometric contraction
During ___________ the atrioventricular valves and the semilunar valves are closed when the ventricles are in systole.
sacromere,cross bridge
During a muscle contraction the ______ shortens due to ___________ cycling.
diastole,systole
During a resting heart rate _________ lasts about twice as long as __________.
Sa node, Av node, Av bundle, bundle branches, purkinje fibers
Five locations of specialized myocardium include:
ventricular filling
Increases in heart rate decreases the ______________ and can affect the amount of blood in the ventricles after diastole.
dromatropic
Increasing sympathetic activity causes a positive ____________ effect which means action potentials travel more quickly through the AV node.
pericaditis
Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the heart is ____________.
coronary
Most cardiac veins drain into a sac like structure on the posterior surface of the heart called the ____________.
ventricular filling
Opening the AV valves starts the phase ________.
ventricular ejection
Opening the semilunar valves starts the phase ____________.
potassium
Repolarization during action potentials of the SA node and Av node is due to the outflow of _______ ions.
potassium
Repolarization of the action potential in contractile myocardium and purkinje fibers is due to the outflow of ______ ions.
pericardial
Serous fluid is secreted in the ________ cavity by the parietal and visceral pericardium.
end diastolic volume, end systolic volume
Stroke volume is the difference between ____________ and ______________.
left, anterior
The __ coronary artery subdivides into a circumflex artery and a ________ interventricular artery.
small
The ____ cardiac vein runs with the marginal artery.
left, aorta
The ____ ventricle pumps blood out the ______ to the tissues.
terminal cisternae
The _____ removes calcium to initiate muscle relaxation.
great
The ______ cardiac vein runs with the anterior interventricular artery.
middle
The ______ cardiac vein runs with the posterior interventricular artery.
mitral
The ______ valve prevents blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
left, right
The ______ ventricle is much thicker than the _________ ventricle and develops the greatest pressure.
myocardium
The _______ is the middle layer of the heart and is composed primarily of cardiac muscle.
cardiac cycle
The _______ is the sequence of events that occurs during one heartbeat.
parasympathetic
The _______ nervous system decreases the heart rate.
sympathetic
The _______ nervous system increases the heart rate.
right, posterior
The ________ coronary artery subdivides into a marginal artery and a ____________ interventricular artery.
P wave
The ________ of the ECG precedes isovolumetric contraction.
QRS complex
The ________ of the ECG precedes isovolumetric relaxation.
tricuspid, mitral
The ________ valve is the name of the right AV valve and the _______ valve is the name of the left AV valve.
pulmonary, aortic
The ________ valve is the name of the right semilunar valve and the _______ valve is the name of the left semilunar valve.
aortic
The ________ valve prevents blood flow from the aorta to the left ventricle.
right, pulmonary trunk
The ________ ventricle pumps blood out the ______________ to the lungs.
circumflex
The _________ artery follows along the coronary sulcus on the left side of the heart.
systematic
The _________ circulation transports blood to provide O2 and nutrients to the tissues.
fossa ovalis
The _________ is the remnant of the hole between the right and left atria.
sacroplasmic reticulum
The _________ releases calcium to trigger muscle contraction.
T wave
The _________ represents ventricular repolarization.
right coronary
The __________ ____________ artery follows along the coronary sulcus on the right side of the heart.
coronary
The __________ circulation provides blood flow to the heart muscle.
epicardium
The __________ is another name for the visceral pericardium.
endocardium
The __________ is the inner heart surface composed of simple squamous epithelium.
sinoatrial node
The __________ is the primary pacemaker of the heart.
QT interval
The __________ represents the duration of a ventricular action potential.
pulmonary
The __________ valve prevents blood flow from the pulmonary trunk to the right ventricle.
tricuspid
The __________ valve prevents blood flow from the right ventricle to the right atrium.
anterior
The ___________ cardiac vein generally drains directly into the right atrium.
atrioventricular bundle
The ___________ is the electrical connection between the atria and ventricles.
PR interval
The ___________ represents conduction between the SA node and the ventricles.
pulmonary
The ____________ circulation transports blood to the lungs for oxygenation and CO2 removal.
atrioventricular node
The ____________ is a secondary pacemaker of the heart.
T wave
The ____________ of the ECG precedes active filling of the ventricles.
P wave
The ____________ represents atrial depolarization.
QRS complex
The ____________ represents ventricular depolarization.
Av bundle, bundle branches, purkinje fibers
The ____________, _______________, and ____________ rapidly spread depolarization through the thick ventricular myocardium.
purkinje fibers
The _____________ directly depolarized the contractile myocardium of the ventricles nearly simultaneously.
pectinate muscle
The _______________ allows the atria to be more distensible with thinner walls while still capable of increasing pressure during contraction.
fibrous endoskelton
The ________________ physically and electrically separates the atria from the ventricles and serves as the attachment site for the valves of the heart.
heart, blood vessels
The cardiovascular system consists of a pump called the _______ and tubes called ____________.
calcium
The coupling agent between excitation and contraction is the release of ________ ions triggered by and action potential.
stroke volume
The difference between the end diastolic volume and the end systolic volume is the _______________.
semilunar
The dub heart sound is due to what valves closing ?
serous
The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart and is a ______ membrane.
pericardium
The fibrous __________ is a connective tissue membrane surrounding the heart that anchors the heart in the thoracic cavity.
preload
The frank starling law of the heart refers to and increases stroke volume with an increase in ________________.
pulmonary
The left atrium receives blood from the lungs through the ____________ veins.
aorta
The left ventricle pumps blood to the body through the _____.
atrioventricular
The lub heart sound is due to what valves closing ?
ECG
The measurement of electrical activity of the heart is the ____.
interventricular septum
The muscular partition that separates the right ventricle from the left ventricle is the ______________ _____________.
calcium
The plateau phase during the action potential is due to the influx of _______ ions during repolarization.
sliding
The presence of alternate dark and light stripes allows for the ______ filament mechanism of muscle contraction.
atrium, atrium
The pulmonary circulation occurs between the right _____ and the left ________.
tropmyosin
The regulatory protein _________ blocks myosin binding sites.
troponin
The regulatory protein __________ binds calcium to change shape and shift another regulatory protein to uncover myosin bind sites
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus
The right atrium receives blood from the __________, ______________, ________________.
pulmonary, pulmonary
The right ventricle pumps blood out to the lungs through the _________ trunk which divides into a right and left ___________ artery.
ventricle, ventricle
The systemic circulation occurs between the left _________ and the right __________.
diastole
The term ________ refers to relaxation of the atria or ventricles.
systole
The term __________ to contraction of the atria or ventricles.
venous return
The term increased ___________ refers to the amount of blood returning to the heart from capacitance vessels.
contractilbility
The term increases ______________ refers to the increase in the ventricular contraction due to the sympathetic nervous system.
apex
The thicker walled chambers near the ______ of the heart are the right and left ventricle.
base
The thinner walled chambers near the ____ of the heart are the right and left atria.
bundle branch
The two ___________ are found along the interventricular septum.
systole
The ventricle is in _______ between the first and second heart sounds.
isovolumetric relaxation
The ventricular pressure rapidly decreases during ______.
isovolmetric contraction
The ventricular pressure rapidly increases during _______________.
arteries
The vessels that transport blood away from the heart are called ____________.
veins
The vessels that transport blood to the heart are called ________
ventricular ejection
The volume of blood decreases during ___________.
ventricular filling
The volume of blood increases during ____________.
isometric contraction, isometric relaxation
The volume of blood with the ventricles remains constant during _________ and________________.
arteries, veins
Unlike the systemic circulation, pulmonary ______ carry deoxygenated blood and pulmonary ________ carry oxygenated blood.
atria
______ are the chambers that receive blood from the venous system.
coronary bypass
________ __________ is a procedure to use veins to bypass blockage sites on the coronary arteries.
bradycardia
________ is a slower resting heart rate than normal.
coronary angioplasty
_________ ____________ is a procedure to unblock fatty plaques and enlarge the coronary arteries.
ventricles
_________ are chambers that pump blood to the arterial system.
end systolic volume
_________ is the volume of blood in the ventricles after ventricular contraction.
end distolic volume
_________ is the volume of blood in the ventricles before ventricular contraction.
heart block
___________ is a disruption of the conduction between the atria and the ventricles.
tachycardia
___________ is a faster resting heart rate than normal.
fibrilation
____________ is a random and uncoordinated activation of the heart.
ejection fraction
____________ refers to the percentage of ventricular blood ejected during each contraction .
trabculae carneae
_____________ are muscle bundles in the ventricles which increase contraction force without making the wall enormously thick.
ventricular filling
_____________ depends more on atrial systole with an increased heart rate.
end distolic volume
_____________ is the amount of blood in the ventricles before contraction.
functional syncytium
______________ refers to the property of cardiac muscle depolarizing and contracting as a unit.l
end systolic volume
_______________ the amount of blood in the ventricles after contraction.
