Hebrew Bible 2

Jericho

-A city supposedly conquered and sacked by the Israelites -Led by Joshua, has his men blow trumpets, causing the walls to fall -They then proceed to massacre everyone in the city except the prostitute Rahab. -Archaeology does not back up this story, leading MBS to believe this tale is a myth. -A legend of God doing miracles

The Conquest

-Joshua led an orderly conquest of the land of Canaan that ends the distribution of land to the tribes -Includes most notably the destruction of Ai and Jericho -MBS do not accept the historicity of the conquest story.

"Love the alien"

-Leviticus -God commands the Israelites to treat foreigners among their lands with decency -They are to love the strangers as they love themselves, since they too were once strangers in Egypt

Day of Atonement

-Leviticus 16 -God designates the tenth day of the seventh month to be a Day of Atonement for one's sins -One must not eat or work -Evolved into Yom Kippur

"Love your neighbor as yourself"

-Originates in Leviticus 19 :18 -Part of a series of duties that God instructed the people of Israel to follow -As a "holy nation" they have responsibilities beyond simple common law -Golden Rule -It is one of 2 commandments Jesus says when asked what is the most important commandment to keep

"there was yet no king in Israel"

-Phrase that appears four times in the Book of Judges -Indicates lack of centralized government in Israel -Significant in that it expresses disappointment in the judges and hope in the Davidic monarchy -(big idea: the future).

Literary prophets

-Prophets who wrote their own stories -Ex, Jeremiah, Isaiah, Ezekiel -Other prophets are characters in stories -Another term for the Latter Prophets.

Jeroboam I

-Ruler of the Northern Kingdom after the split of the United Kingdom -First king in the north -Broke away from Judah -According to Dtr, Jeroboam set up two altars and golden calves in the Northern Kingdom locations of Bethel and Dan -Caused the Northern Kingdom to be cursed -Blamed with the "sin of Jeroboam" -MBS believe that this condemnation was ideologically motivated and doubt he was actually turning from God

Jonathan

-Son of Saul -Very good friend of David -Helps David escape from Saul and recognizes David as the future king -Symbol of loyalty and friendship

Autochthonous

-"native to the soil" -Indigenous rather than descended from migrants or colonists -Israelites were dwelling among the canaanites and had been for a very long time, so the repetition that the israelites are not from this land is false, as they are indigenous.

D

-"the dueteronomist" accredited for writing most of deuteronomy -Contrast to Dtr, which refers to the narrator of many of the books of Nevi'im, including Joshua and Judges

David's Census

-2 Samuel 24 -Looking for a reason to punish David, God incites David to conduct a census, which is a sin or Satan provoked David to take the census -According to ancient belief, counting people exposes them to misfortune -Gives God a reason to bring a plague upon Israel -To stop the plague, David builds an altar at the site which later will become the site of the temple.

"build you a house"

-2 Samuel 7 -This verse establishes the Davidic dynasty. -God builds a "house" for David and tells David that he will hold onto the throne forever.

Beth El (or Bethel)

-A border city in Israel located between Benjamin and Ephraim -Following the break-up of the united kingdom of David and Solomon, Bethel became a cult center for the Israelites -For instance, King Jeroboam set up centers for his Golden Calf cult at Bethel.

Baal

-A false God (the Golden calf) -Ahab promoted Baal practices -In the Canaanite world, Baal was the presume force that controlled agricultural fertility by providing the life-giving rains -Common name for Hadad, the Lord of Heaven. -In the Bible, often refers to local minor deities worshipped in the form of cult images and referring to a false God.

First Isaiah (or Isaiah of Jerusalem)

-A historical prophet who is attributed with writing the first part of Isaiah (chapters 1-39) -He was considered, as a prophet, to be relatively more in touch with the monarchy

Tabernacle

-Carried by the Israelites during Exodus and into Canaan -It housed the spirit of God and the arc of the covenant -E describes it as a tent -P describes a much more elaborate shrine -Still used today -Known as God's dwelling place/ tent of meetings -Where the Israelites kept the covenant with God -MBS would not say the tabernacle existed and think that it is an invention, a stand in for the temple.

eternal covenant

-Covenant with conditions that will endure forever -David makes and eternal covenant with God where He promises an eternal reign of kingship for the sons of David in the land of Israel -Modern scholars view the Babylonian exile and the end of the house of David as proof that the covenant is conditional and viewpoint has changed that David's descendants will only rule forever if they obey the covenant.

621 BCE

-Date of discovery of a scroll that may have been an early version of the book of Deuteronomy -Found by scholars in Josiah's court -Led Josiah to make great reforms in the Kingdom. -Hypothesized because of Josiah's reform about the centralization of sacrifice during his reign drawing parallels to the theories of the book of Deuteronomy which has the same ideas.

Jezebel

-Daughter of king Ethbaal -Became the wife of Ahab, the king of israel. -Drew Ahab away from God -Set up Naboth to be stoned -Cursed by Elijah and blamed for his faults -Jezebel was notorious for killing the prophets of the Lord. ( 1 kings 20)

2 Samuel 7

-David offers to build the house of God: a temple -God says no your son will -God establishes a covenant with David -Says David's kingdom will exist forever -Goes against David's plan to build God a true house, as opposed to a Tabernacle -Good example of the Deuteronomist's writing.

Centralization of the cult

-Deuteronomistic idea that the only acceptable place for ritualistic sacrifice is "the place in which God shall cause his name to dwell," (the Jerusalem temple). -This idea could be seen as a means for priests, especially the Jerusalem priests, to enhance their own authority. -As the command was established between God and Moses, if not fulfilled, would be punishable -The eventual fall of the northern kingdom to Assyria stems from Jeroboam's inherent sin of failing to recognize this command.

conditional covenant

-Deuteronomy -Contingent upon Israel's adherence to the law -This Mosaic Covenant promised the Israelites a blessing for obedience and a curse for disobedience.

Dtr

-Dtr is the Deuteronomic historian and the editor of the books of Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings -The Dtr is infused with the language and theology of the book of Deuteronomy, primarily focused on the idea of reward and punishment by God (particularly for worshipping other gods, which Deuteronomy labels as the ultimate sin) -The Dtr narrative is an ideologically motivated narrative.

Merneptah Stele

-Egyptian inscription by King Merneptah which contains the first known historical reference of the nation of Israel. -Discovered in 1896 -It mentions a people called Israel that is wiped out by the pharaoh. (Relevant to possible evidence for the Exodus).

House of Eli

-Eli and his descendants were priestly -Eli served as judge and guardian of the Ten Commandments -Samuel predicts the destruction of the House of Eli in 1 Samuel 3. -Son's wickedness causes curse on Eli's line.

Saul

-First king of the Israelites -Chosen by Samuel -Ends up disobeying God (does not kill the best warriors of an opposing nation they defeated, performs the priestly duties of a Levite himself, summons Samuel's spirit through the Witch of Endor... etc.) -Eventually replaced by David as king as told in 1 Samuel.

charismatic monarchy

-Followed the period of the judges -Involved the reign of Saul and the prophet Samuel. -The name came about because Saul was a charismatic king who was tall, strong, a military leader, and ecstatic. -Justify rulers by the most qualified

Vassal treaty

-Formal document defining the dominant power and the subservient state -Agreements in which a suzerain party spelled out its demands to the vassal -Standardized form: ex) self-identification of the speaker, historical prologue, stipulations, rules for placing in public, mention of gods, and list of blessings and curses -The relationship between God and the israelites mirrors the relationship between a king and his people. -Deuteronomy, in particular the Ten Commandments, follows a similar vassal treaty form, in presenting God's covenant with Israel.

"God of Old"

-God represented in the Hebrew Bible. -How God appeared to the israelites in their first encounters -He appeared to people unexpectedly, he was not sought out.

Tetragrammaton

-Hebrew name of God -Transliterated into YHWH -Most strongly associated with the J source

anti-monarchic strand

-Ideology that is not in favor of a kingship -The book of First Samuel exhibits many anti-monarchic themes -Ex. The fact that reliance on a king inherently lessens the people's reliance on God -The book also makes the case that Israel is different than every other country, and therefore might not need a king like other nations -In 1 Samuel 8:11, the author lists the potential for abuses of power by a king -These elements together point to the fact that there existed in Israel the mindset that a king was unnecessary and potentially harmful.

Seventy years

-In Jeremiah -Jeremiah claims there are 70 years of exile in Babylonia. -Historically the exile lasts much longer than this. -Means to punish the Israelites

Elchanan ben Yaarei Oregim

-In the Bible there are two references to someone named Goliath being killed -Second instance, soldier of David who killed Goliath (2 Samuel, 21). -According to MBS, this story seems to delegitimize the popular notion that David killed Goliath (which was probably added as part of an ideologically motivated narrative in favor of David).

"Shoot from the stump of Jesse"

-Isaiah 11:1 -To prophecize the coming of a wise ruler from the lineage of King David, who was the son of Jesse. -Looking a few sentences later, it also clearly paints this coming king in a positive light. -Christians interpret this to prophecize Jesus, who is allegedly a descendant of Jesse. -Continuation of Davidic dynasty with a new king: shoot is the offspring of Jesse, David's father

"Holy, holy, holy is the Lord of Hosts"

-Isaiah 6:3 -The prophet claims to have seen God and His seraphs, who called out "Holy, holy holy! The Lord of Hosts! His presence fills all the earth!" -This phrase has come to be very common in prayer.

Latter Prophets

-Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the Book of the Twelve (12 shorter books from Hosea to Malachi). -Spans from the divided monarchy in Israel to the postexilic period

"And seek the welfare of the city to which I have exiled you and pray to the LORD in its behalf; for in its prosperity you shall prosper."

-Jeremiah 29:7 -A line in a letter from Jeremiah in Jerusalem in which he advises the Jews to assimilate -He explains the fate of the Jews in Babylon is linked to the fate of Babylon. -The letter comforts the exiled, tells them to live happy lives and remain unswayed by the influence of false prophets -This could be part of an ideologically motivated narrative to keep the Israelites complacent while they are in exile in Babylon to avoid causing trouble.

Former Prophets

-Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings are the books that are known as the Former Prophets. -Narrated by the Deuteronomist and are considered an ideological narrative.

Nebuchadnezzar / Nebuchadrezzar

-King of Babylon around 600 BCE -Credited with the destruction of the temple of Jerusalem. -In Jeremiah 25, God uses Nebuchadnezzar to punish Israel, calling him "My servant" -Depicts an account where God uses another nation to punish Israel for its sins. -Portrayed as bad-destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple

King Josiah

-King of Judah from 641-609 BCE -Followed King David -Faithful to God -The centralization of worship reform is associated with Josiah's reign -Instituted major reforms -Credited with having established or compiled important Hebrew Scriptures during the Deuteronomic reform that occurred during his rule

Hiram of Tyre

-King of Tyre -Allied himself with King David and, after David's death, with Solomon -Hiram grew rich through his partnership with Solomon and the ensuing trade, and he gave Solomon resources (such as cedar wood and gold) to build the First Temple -Though there is no evidence for the First Temple's existence, tying in Hiram to the story lends it credibility. -1 Kings 5 and 2 Chronicles 2

Transjordan

-Land to the east of the Jordan River -Home of Gad, Reuben, and half of Manasseh -These tribes build an altar at Ed, angering the Western tribes -Transjordanians assure the others that the tribe is not for sacrifices -Example of D making his point that non-centralized sacrifice is evil

Jeroboam

-Led a revolt against Rehoboam, the son of Solomon -Went on to found the Northern Kingdom -Singdom was more prosperous that what the Deuteronomistic history tells, demonstrating bias -Known for establishing decentralized shrines at Bethel and Dan and creating golden calves for the worship of God - ^Two sins for which the Northern Kingdom is later punished (by the conquering by Assyria).

Sacrificial cult

-Lev 17 -Any slaughter of cattle, sheep, and goats is to take place at the tabernacle(sacred) -This is a centralization of the cult, but seems thoroughly impractical -Jerusalem priests: centralization of sacrificial cult in "the place in which God shall cause his name to dwell"

Scapegoat

-Leviticus 16:8 -Goat upon which Aaron is to put all of the Israelites' sins before sending it into the wilderness -Part of the Day of Atonement

Jeremiah

-Major biblical prophet -Most notable role was to reveal the sins of the people and explain the reason for the impending disaster in the time of King Josiah. -Talks mostly about Babylonian exile. -God's message to him "attack you they will, overcome you they can't" -he is often challenged and beaten but is never overcome.

Sin of Manasseh

-Manasseh kills a lot of innocent people and caused God to bring judgment and destruction on the people of Israel (2 Kings 21) -Rebuilt the high places (shrines) that were torn down under Hezekiah -Reinforced pagan worship and brought attention away from the temple in Jerusalem -Results in the destruction of the southern kingdom -An illustration of how the effects of sins are experienced by multiple generations.

587 BCE

-Marks the start of the Babylonian exile -The temple of Jerusalem was destroyed

angels

-Messengers of God that interact with humans -Bring prophecies -In Kugel, discussion about their appearance of angels -- many people do not realize they are talking to angels until it is "revealed" to them; thus, it seems like angels look like ordinary people. -ex. the 4th "person" in the fiery furnace in the Book of Daniel was said to be an angel

dynastic monarchy

-Monarchy where sovereignty is passed down hereditarily -Ex. The Davidic monarchy

Ark of the Covenant

-Most central and thus holiest part of the Tabernacle -Contains the Ten Commandments, which symbolized God's law at the hear of the sanctuary (as opposed to the images in non-Israelite ones) -Had two cherubium, symbolizing that the cover was God's throne and the Ark His footstool

YHWH

-Name of God -Associated with the J source

Judges 2

-Notable b/c narrator makes a programmatic statement about the book of judges -At first, the Israelites become comfortable with God and start worshiping other gods -God sends a king to attack and repress them until the Israelites repent and God decides they have redeemed themselves.

Samson

-One of the last judges in the Book of Judges 13-16 -He was granted supernatural strengths by God and had the capacity to perform heroic acts -He is "the man of the sun" -Two fatal flaws: his hair and his attraction to disloyal women -He tells Delilah this, and she cuts off his hair, allowing him to be captured by Philistines.

Manasseh

-Only son of Hezekiah -Evil king of Judah -Became king at 12 years old -Has longest reign of any king -Reversed everything Hezekiah did -Brought pagan worship back -He is supposed to be an idolater, which might really be code for professing loyalty to the Assyrians. -Sin of Manasseh causes kingdom to fall -Leads to destruction of the second kingdom -Succeeded by Amon

pro-monarchic strand

-Parts of the books of Samuel were written by an author who was trying to write pro-monarchy propaganda. -Ex. in I Samuel 9:16, the author writes that G-d is specifically appointing Saul to be the ruler of Israel. -Any ideology that is in favor of kingship -Ex. David and Saul were great kings; King is God's son;

pilgrimage

-Passover, Shavuot, and Sukkot are the three Pilgrimage festivals -Jews are supposed to go to the Temple -P says in Exodus 12 that Passover should be a family festival by the tent, a contradiction that lends evidence to the Documentary Hypothesis

"the place in which God shall cause his name to dwell"

-Phrase from Deuteronomy 12 -People directed to conduct sacrifices in the central location of Jerusalem -Secular slaughter for food was considered permissible -In contrast, Leviticus 17 required that all slaughtered cattle sheep and goats must be brought to the altar.

Elisha

-Prophet and wonder-worker in the Northern kingdom of Israel -Disciple of Elijah -Gave shummamite woman a child from God and then resurrected the child -Multiplied the oil for widowed woman

Queen of Sheba

-Queen from Africa who tested Solomon's wisdom and brought many gifts (1 Kings 10) -Heard of Solomon's fame and decided to go see how true all she heard was -When reaching Solomon she discovered that he was far greater than she had heard. -She praised Solomon and Praised the lord for putting Solomon on the throne of Israel -Represents an ideologically motivated narrative -A MBS would believe that the author is pro-David, and this story about solomon is exaggerated

Pre-exilic period

-Refers to the time period before the Babylonian exile (586-538 bc) -The last group still in the holy land before the Babylonians conquered the Souther Kingdom -The Northern kingdom had already been defeated by Assyria

priests

-Religious officials -Levites -Lineage of Aaron, according to source P -Performed worship and sacrificial ritual at the Tabernacle -Leviticus details instruction for the priests -Source D: Levites can be priests as well

David

-Second king of the United Kingdom of Israel after Saul -"Chosen/Righteous" king -Presented as a great figure/military leader -Davidic covenant promised by God says monarchy would never end -David vs. Goliath narrative, defeated the Philistine Goliath as a young man -Father of Solomon

Ahab

-Seventh king after Jeroboam I in the North -Wanted Naboth's vineyard, Jezebel got it for him -Story can be found from 1 Kings 16-20 -He is referred to as "more evil than all the kings before him" (1 Kings 16:30) -He was partially responsible for the murder of Naboth (see term "Vineyard of Naboth). -He was a corrupt, and Elijah confronts him, cursing him.

Rehoboam

-Solomon's son -After Solomon's death, the kingdom split in two with Jeroboam leading the northern kingdom of Israel and Rehoboam continuing the Davidic dynasty in the southern kingdom of Judah. -Split largely resulted from Rehoboam's unwillingness to lower taxes.

Ritual impurity

-State of uncleanliness by which an Israelite may not participate in any sort of ritual before purification -Related to illness, death, excretion, sexual relations, etc. -Aspects of life build up over time, sin, and have to be cleaned/purified

Joshua

-Successor of Moses -Leads Israelites to the holy land -One of the 12 spies of Moses -Led the orderly conquest of the land of Canaan -Distributed the land among the different tribes of the Israelites. -Leads battle of Jericho

synchronic and diachronic punishment

-Synchronic punishment: punishment from God that punishes everyone despite the fact that only a few sinned -Typically the king/leader sinned -Ex. David's census -Ex. Sin of Achan -Diachronic punishment: punishes children for the sins of their parents -Ex. Kingdom taken from Rehoboam b/c Solomon sinned in old age -Although contrast w/ human views on justice, authors believe this sort of punishment is acceptable if coming from God.

Jeroboam II

-The 14th king of Israel -Greatly criticised by prophets Hosea, Amos, Jonah, and Joel for his oppression of the poor and lack for support for the temple in Jerusalem. -Long and prosperous reign despite not pleasing God -786-746

Sin of Jeroboam

-The act of idolatry practiced by King Jereboam in 1 Kings 12 -He builds shrines with golden calves -God, via the prophet Ahijah, promises that the House of Jereboam will be destroyed and the Israelites will be scattered -Jereboam's actions are particularly harmful because God had previously made a covenant with David -This is consistent with Dtr's theme of the northern kingdom being sinful.

Aniconism

-The belief or practice of shunning images of divine beings, prophets, or other religious images -Part of Jewish tradition

Josiah, Josianic reform

-The king of Judah -Credited with instituting many reforms during the Deuteronomic reform -Prominent among these were centralizing sanctuary based worship in the temple, removing idols from the temple, and restricting sacrifices to the main temple in Jerusalem. -Compiled Hebrew scriptures under rule into the book of Deuteronomy -Son of Amon, grandson of Manasseh, great-grandson of Hezekiah

Davidic Monarchy

-The line of rulers descended from David (i.e. it continues with Solomon) -In 2 Samuel 7, God promises that the Davidic monarchy will continue forever and that God will never abandon them -Monarchy does eventually fall -According to MBS, probably part of an ideologically motivated narrative in favor of the Davidic Monarchy.

Witch of Endor

-The woman King Saul asks to summon the spirit of Samuel in 1 Samuel 28:3-25 -The spirit criticized Saul for disobeying God and forth told his imminent death in a battle the following day -Saul was frightened, and the following day his army was defeated and he killed himself.

Levites

-Tribe that descended from Levi -Landless -Priestly tribe -Second Class priests

Divided Monarchy

-Under oppressive King Rehoboam, many of the Israelite tribes split away from the Davidic Monarchy and formed the Northern Kingdom. -The author is often against the Northern Kingdom because they do not respect the centralized place of worship and sacrifice -MBS argue that the Northern Kingdom may never actually have been part of the United Monarchy in the first place.

Ideologically motivated narrative

-Usually one-sided account of a story where the author has some sort of bias that determines the account of the story -Narrative where more can be read under the surface, implying certain ideas, opinions, or beliefs -Ex. Dtr narrative: shows divine justice, rather than just the historical narrative on the surface -Ex. Joshua's conquest repeating the idea of Israel not being from this place -Ex. Author's favoring of David

Profane/ secular slaughter

-When the Israelites would kill without pouring the blood out -In Leviticus, it was required that the Israelites poor the blood on the altar, else not holy -In deuteronomy ok for the Israelites to pour the blood on the ground -P does not envision secular slaughter

central highlands

-Where the Israelites settled after conquering Canaanite cities -Israelite homeland -Located around Shechem and were the site of skirmishes at the fringes by Canaanite raids. -Became occupied by remaining Israelites who did not participate in the earlier migration

Cherubim

-Winged angel-like creatures -Stationed on the top of the ark of the covenant -Mentioned in genesis to be in the east of the garden of Eden once adam and eve were expelled from the garden

seven Canaanite nations

-Written by D -Israelites are commanded by God to slaughter seven Canaanite nations, which they proceed to do in Judges -According to MBS, this action represents genocide neither on the part of God nor on the part of the Israelites.

New Covenant

-A new covenant between God and the Israelites ("I will write my law within their hearts", etc.) -First introduced in the book of Jeremiah during exile -God promises a new covenant and restoration after the seventy years are up. -Similar to the original covenant in content, the observance is different in that God's laws will not be taught between one person to another, but written "on their very hearts" so that it is naturally observed -Christians would say the New Covenant relates to Jesus, and that his blood from crucification is the required blood of the covenant.

bamot (high places)

-A place of worship -Often on the hill above the town -Ex. Ramah (1 Samuel) -A raised space primitively on a natural, later also on an artificial, elevation devoted to and equipped for the sacrificial cult of a deity

Suzerain

-A powerful community figure who was capable of protecting a group of people. -The vassal(s) were subjects and would offer a tribute to the Suzerain in exchange for protection -I.e. God is a suzerian, and the Israelites are the vassals. -Covenant is based on 7th century Assyrian suzerain-vassal treaties by which the Great King (the Assyrian suzerain) regulated relationships with lesser rulers -Deuteronomy is making the claim that Yahweh, not the Assyrian monarch, is the Great King to whom Israel owes loyalty.

Elijah

-A prophet during the reign of Ahab -Also a wonder-worker (raised the son of a widow from the dead, brought fire down from the sky when he challenged prophets of Baal, disappeared into whirlwind in/with chariot of fire) -Same Elijah from the Seder

court prophet

-A prophet who works in the court of a King -Guides the King with God's word, and can act as an intermediary between the King and God -May also interperet the King's dreams -Many times false prophets hired by kings to defend them against real prophets if the real prophet doesn't speak in his favor -Appease and affirm king's decisions

Immanuel

-A symbolic name that appears in the book of Isaiah in chapters 7 and 8 -Translates to "God-with-us" -Part of a prophecy assuring King Ahaz of Judah of God's protection against enemy kings -The prophecy foretells a young woman becoming pregnant and a kingdom's lands becoming destroyed before the child is old. -Child will be Immanuel -This prophecy is very relatable to the new testament and the virgin birth of Jesus.

Vineyard of Naboth

-Ahab, king of Samaria, wishes to purchase the vineyard of Naboth -When Naboth refuses, Ahab's wife, Jezebel, arranges for Naboth to be stoned, thus placing the vineyard in Ahab's possession -Elijah warns Ahab that God will bring destruction upon him and his descendants, causing Ahab to repent and successfully deferring God's punishment to future generations -This account depicts the prophet Elijah as a "forthteller," giving people the chance to repent.

Qumran Scrolls

-Aka. the Dead Sea Scrolls -Collection of texts discovered in the 1940's and 1950's in the Qumran Caves in the West Bank -Include several works included in the Hebrew Bible canon. -Dated to somewhere between 408-318 BCE -Many hypotheses as to their origins.

Hezekiah

-Along with Josiah, an example of a righteous king in the Southern Kingdom from 715-686 BCE -Tore down the high places (shrines where people worshipped instead of the one temple in Jersualem) -Although Hezekiah was King during the Assyrian destruction of the Northern Kingdom, he found favor with God by enacting religious reforms that prohibited the worship of any God except Yahweh -Second Kings 18:5 says Hezekiah "trusted in the Lord the God of Israel; so that there was no one like him among all the kings of Judah after him, or among those who were before him." -He is important for exemplifying the behavior of a "good king," especially when contrasted with other kings like Manasseh and Jeroboam.

Golden calf

-An idol made by Aaron -Usually named Baal -Satisfies the Israelites during Moses' climb up Mount Sinai -Many people build Golden calves to worship as idols instead of God throughout the entire Hebrew Bible. -Not monotheistic

prophet

-An intermediary between God and society -Play social roles such as advising the kin -Popular misperception is that prophets can tell the future, more like "forthtellers" that warn society about impending disasters in hopes of repentance. -Many times subjects of persecution -Navi in hebrew

"no pig bones"

-Archeologists found no pig bones in the central highlands beginning from 1200-1000 which is different from predecessors in highlands -Indicates a rise of Israelite society -The restriction on pork in Deuteronomy 14 serves as an important distinction between the population of Israelite settlements and the surrounding Canaaite culture -It is argued by some that a small group of Canaaite slaves may have escaped from Egypt in an Exodus and developed a distinct ethnic identity over time. -Lack of pig bones in archaeological finds opposes this theory.

721 BCE

-Assyrians conquer the Northern kingdom and force those there to resettle -Army led by Sennacherib conquered Samaria, the Israelite capital, and brought its people into captivity in the Northern Kingdom. -The Southern Kingdom of Judah was left to defend against the Near Eastern influence.

Judges

-Book of the Bible that describes the time between Joshua's death and Saul's kingship -The judges were leaders sent by God to help the people when they cried out to him -Israel had no centralized leader, time of disorder -Some were prophets -Book highlights the cycle of Israelite disobedience, repentance, and God's rescue

Samuel

-Book that deals with the rise of charismatic monarch-Saul -Figure in the Bible that fulfills multiple functions: 1)Pre-literary prophet, he marks the emergence of prophecy 2)Serves as someone who has a priestly function 3)A judge that rebukes Israel for not following their covenant with God. -After his sons fail to live up to his role, the people of Israel beg Samuel to appoint a king -He anoints first Saul and later David.

Hittite(s)

-Caananite people who are famous for the treaties they left behind. -Friends of the Israelites -Deuteronomy mimics the same form and pattern of hittite treaties between a powerful country and lesser countries, except deuteronomy is a treaty between a god and a people -In Deuteronomy, God gives the Israelites the command to destroy various groups of people such as the Hittites -Several laws in Deuteronomy similar to those in Hittite Laws

Deborah

-Called a prophet in the book of Judges -The only female judge in the Bible -Military member who led a counterattack against Canaanites -The 4th judge -Sings the song of deborah.

pure/clean animals, impure/unclean animals

Pure/clean animals are those animals that God deemed fit for sacrifice, and the impure/unclean are those deemed not fit for sacrifice.