HES 250 Exam 3 Review

Function of caffeine

To enhance the action of adrenaline/noradrenaline, thus increasing lipolysis and energy expenditure

What is a lacteal? Explain the role lacteals play in absorption.

A lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats. Lacteals play a role in absorption by lymphatic capillaries merging to form larger lymphatic vessels that transports fats to the left subclavian vein of the circulatory system.

Function of chromium picolinate

Enhance insulin action, thus promoting anabolic responses, i.e., glycogen or protein synthesis.

Provide 2-3 ergogenic aids that act as a stimulant

Caffeine and Ephedrine

Where is alcohol metabolized once absorbed? Briefly describe the chemical process of how alcohol is metabolized. How much energy is stored in 1 gram of alcohol?

Alcohol is metabolized in the liver. Alcohol to acetaldehyde to acetate to acetyl CoA to krebs cycle. 1 gram of alcohol = 7 kcal.

Explain the digestive role of amylase

Amylase is a digestive enzyme that hydrolyzes starch molecules which converts carbohydrates into sugar

One of the medications used to treat stomach ulcers is to inhibit gastric secretion of HCl. If such medication is used for too long, how is digestion affected?

Antacids if used for too long could cause diarrhea, indigestion, and nausea. Pepsin.

Explain the role 1) antidiuretic hormone and 2) aldosterone play in regulating fluid balance in the body. Where are these hormones released? What is the target organ to these hormones?

Antidiuretic hormone promotes water reabsorption by the kidney tubules, released in the pituitary gland. Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption by the kidney tubules, released in the adrenal gland. Antidiuretic hormone promotes water reabsorption via the kidney tubules released by the pituitary gland. aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption in the adrenal gland

Provide 2-3 ergogenic aids that enhance protein synthesis and muscle mass.

BCAA, DHEA, GH

Provide 2-3 ergogenic aids that facilitate recovery

Bee pollen, BCAAs, whey protein, high GI carbohydrates

Your friend is going to run a marathon and the projected weather forecast is sunny, warm, and humid. Based on the ACSM guidelines, what advice would you offer regarding fluid consumption before, during, and after the race?

Before - drink fluid at 5-7 ml/kg at least two hours before exercise, promotes hydration and time for kidneys to excrete water. During - Begin drinking before becoming thirsty, and consume hypotonic fluids at a rate similar to sweat. After - Eat foods containing sufficient water and sodium.

Why does heart rate usually increase more during exercise in heat as compared to a thermo-neutral condition?

Blood flow moves toward the skin, making it more difficult for the heart to pump blood so it beats faster.

Boron, chromium, and creatine are claimed to produce a gain in muscle mass. How does each work differently in achieving this ergogenic effect?

Boron claims to increase bone mineral density testosterone levels. Chromium provides a stimulated amino acid uptake which is thought to increase protein synthesis. Creatine causes water retention in skeletal muscle cells.

Provide 2-3 ergogenic aids that increase storage or availability of a limiting substrate

Carbohydrate Loading and Creatine Monohydrate

Explain the role carbohydrate, fat, and protein play in the body in terms of 1) energy production, 2) tissue building, 3) fuel storage, 4) production of hormones, and 5) production of enzymes and antibodies.

Carbohydrates provide energy and fuel storage. Fats provide energy, tissue building, fuel storage, and production of hormones. Proteins provide tissue building, production of hormones, and production of enzymes and antibodies.

What are the long-term adverse effects of alcohol abuse on the digestive, cardiovascular, and central nervous system?

Cardiovascular system is affected by increasing blood pressure and increasing heart rate. The Central Nervous System is affected by brain cell malfunctioning and accelerated brain cell loss. Digestive system is affected by cirrhosis, portal hyperextensions, swollen abdomen, pancreatitis, and esophageal cancer.

Carnitine has also been claimed to produce weight loss. How does carnitine work differently in achieving the weight loss benefit as compared to caffeine and ephedrine?

Carnitine transports fatty acids into the mitochondria which facilitates fat utilization.

Cholecystokinin, leptin, and insulin are the three satiety hormones discussed in class. Where is each hormone secreted from? How do they regulate satiety?

Cholecystokinin is secreted in the small intestine and increases foods in the stomach. Leptin is secreted by adipocytes and increases body fat. Insulin is secreted in the pancreas and increases blood glucose.

Define condition "cirrhosis". Also explain in more details how this condition is developed and what negative health consequences it can cause

Cirrhosis is a condition in which the liver does not function properly due to an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue. This can then lead to blood flow backup in hepatic-portal vein, portal hyperextension, and then there is fluid buildup in the abdomen and abdomen bleeding

Discuss the potential negative impact an excessive alcohol use can cause in terms of 1) cognitive function, 2) muscle function, 3) glycogen storage, and 4) water balance.

Cognitive function - Impaired mental abilities such as reasoning, potentially will impair vision and speech. Muscle function - Diminishes protein synthesis and decreases muscle growth. Glycogen storage - Alcohol prevents the liver from producing glucose because blood sugar levels cannot be regulated. Water balance - Puts someone in a dehydrated state and causes the body to hold on to more water weight.

Explain how creatine monohydrate supplementation enhances performance. What are potential side effects associated with this ergogenic aid? What type of athletes will benefit from supplementing creatine monohydrate? Why isn't creatine supplementation recommended for endurance athletes?

Creatine enhances performance by increasing intensity of muscular effort (increases power effort). Potential side effects of this aid are a possible increase in muscle water content. Power and strength athletes will benefit most from creatine, it may help in sprinting as well. It is not recommended that endurance athletes take creatine because it could cause weight gain and has not been proven yet to improve endurance performance

Why are DHEA and androstenedione considered ergogenic? Who may benefit the most from supplementing these substances?

DHEA and androstenedione are considered ergogenic because they help in conjunction with anabolic steroids (DHEA) and convert into anabolic steroids (androstenedione) Someone that may benefit the most from using these substances is someone already using anabolic steroids. Bodybuilders and strength athletes will benefit most.

What are the major symptoms associated with 1) dehydration, 2) heat exhaustion, and 3) heat stroke?

Dehydration - extreme thirst, less frequent urination, dark urine, fatigue, dizziness. Heat exhaustion - heavy sweating, weak and rapid heart rate, low BP, muscle cramps, fainting, nausea, headache. Heat stroke - diminished sweating, dry and hot skin, body temp > 105, confusion or unconsciousness.

Define the term "digestibility". Also discuss how this concept differs from "Bioavailability"

Digestibility is the portion of a nutrient taken into the digestive tract that is actually digested. Nutrient bioavailability is the portion of substance capable of being absorbed for use or storage in the body.

What are the physiological mechanisms thought to be responsible for the dehydration-related decrement in sports performance?

Electrolytes imbalance (supposed to use fat but glycogen is used), decreased blood volume, increased lactate buildup, increased serotonin.

List all ergogenic claims associated with caffeine

Ergogenic claims associated with caffeine are to enhance action of adrenaline/noradrenaline thus increasing lipolysis and energy, stimulates CNS, increase fatty acid mobilization, and spare muscle glycogen.

Discuss the gender differences in thermoregulation and fluid balance

Estrogen can help retain bodily water, women are more sensitive to thirst than men, women tend to sweat less than men, women depend more on their circulatory cooling. More men get more dehydrated than women AND NEED TO DRINK MORE WATER AS A RESULT.

Function of beta-alanine

Function as an intracellular buffer to regulate muscle pH and improve cellular Ca++ sensitivity in muscle, reducing fatigue

What are the digestive hormones discussed in class? How do they regulate digestive process?

Gastrin (stomach) stimulates gastric secretions and movement. Secretin, cholecystokinin, and gastric inhibitory protein (small intestine) stimulate gallbladder activity and pancreatic secretions. They also inhibit gastric activities.

Gastrointestinal secretions includes both hormones and enzymes. How do they differ in affecting digestive process?

Gastrointestinal enzymes help catalyze hydrolysis reactions which break down chemical bonds in food. Gastrointestinal hormones are chemical messengers that regulate intestinal and pancreatic function

What are the major metabolic actions associated with the human growth hormone? Why is this hormone considered both anabolic and catabolic?

HGH increases IGF and muscle mass. It is both anabolic and catabolic because it decreases fat loss (catabolic) but increases muscle tissue, bone cartilage, and increases organ tissue (anabolic)

Define the term "heat acclimatization". List those adaptive changes occurred as a result of training in heat and explaining how these changes may help restore exercise performance.

Heat acclimatization is the improvement in heat tolerance resulting from progressive physical training in a hot environment. Earlier onset of sweating, higher sweat rate, reduced sodium chloride loss in sweat, expansion of plasma volume, increased venous return.

What is "hepatic-portal circulation"? How is this circulation related to digestion and absorption?

Hepatic-portal circulation drains blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to capillary beds in the liver.

Explain how supplementing BCAAs may reduce serotonin production in the brain, thereby delaying mental fatigue.

High levels of serum-free tryptophan (fTRP) causes fatigue and increases serotonin levels. BCAA's reduce transport of fTRP into the brain

The liver was highlighted in the discussion on alcohol metabolism and sport performance. Explain 1) the role the liver plays in supporting sports performance and 2) the negative consequences that alcohol overdose can have on the liver.

In sports performance, the liver adapts by increasing its capacity to produce energy by oxidizing fat. The negative consequences that alcohol overdose has on the liver is liver failure and fat deposits in the liver.

Function of creatine monohydrate

Increase in training intensity, lean body mass, explosive performance repetition, hydratus of cells. Decreases muscle fatigue

Function of Coenzyme Q10

Increases energy transformation in mitochondria, Functions as an antioxidant

Explain the role the circulatory system plays in thermoregulation. What are the concerns associated with circulatory cooling?

It creates a circulatory cooling effect via the hypothalamus (cutaneous vasodilation). With cutaneous vasodilation, more blood is transferred from the core to the surface of the skin, where heat dissipation can occur. Concerns are less blood is supplied to the muscles and BP goes down.

Explain the digestive role of lipase

Lipase degrades triglycerides by adding water

How is the liver related to digestion? Digestion of what type of nutrient would be affected the most if the liver were severely damaged? Why?

Liver processes the nutrients absorbed by the small intestine produces bile which is a fluid that breaks down fats. Digestion of lipids would be most affected by liver damage because bile is needed to break down fats.

What are the average fluid losses in terms of liter/h and %body mass during low, moderate, and high intensity exercise?

Low intensity is 0.5-1.0 L and 0.7-1.4% Medium intensity is 1.0-1.5 L and 1.4-2.4% High intensity is 1.5-2.0 L and 2.1-2.8%.

Explain the digestive role of maltase, sucrase, and lactase

Maltase, sucrase, and lactase breakdown disaccharides for absorption.

How would you define the notion of "moderate alcohol consumption"? What health benefits have been found in response to moderate alcohol consumption based on the study discussed?

Moderate alcohol consumption is one drink a day for women and two drinks a day for men. Health benefits of moderate alcohol consumption are a reduced BMI, reduced risk of cardiovascular death, and reduced risk of myocardial infarction (heart attack).

Define the term "osmosis". If blood plasma becomes hypertonic, what will happen to red blood cells?

Osmosis is the tendency of water to move to an area of higher concentration. If blood plasma is too hypertonic, blood cells will shrivel because water will flow out of the cell

Explain the digestive role of pepsin

Pepsin is a protein splitting enzyme released by the stomach

Discuss the differences between "physical" and "chemical" digestion

Physical digestion helps to break down large food particles into smaller particles, whereas chemical digestion breaks large particles into small molecules. Chemical digestion involves enzymes and enzymatic actions, whereas physical digestion involves physical actions including chewing, mashing and breaking food.

Explain how the four heat loss mechanisms works to facilitate heat dissipation?

Radiation heat loss is the process of emitting heat in the form of waves from a hot object (most amount of heat loss). Conduction is the process in which heat is transferred from a warmer object to a cooler object when the two objects are in contact. Convection is the process in which heat is transferred due to the movement of molecules within fluids. Evaporation is the process in which molecules in a liquid state gain sufficient energy to enter the gaseous state.

Function of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs)

Serves as an energy fuel, reduces muscle breakdown, stimulates protein synthesis, reduces the production of serotonin and thus delay fatigue, facilitates recovery

Function of ephedrine

Shares the same mechanism as caffeine by serving as stimulant

Both the sodium bicarbonate and β-alanine are considered as a buffer. How do they work differently in achieving this ergogenic effect? What type of sports will these products be most applicable?

Sodium bicarbonate (REACTS WITH HYDROGEN TO MAKE NEUTRAL) works by managing acid and base imbalances and beta alanine reduces the acidity in the active muscles during high intensity exercise. During high intensity sports these would be most applicable

Function of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Supplementing allows more production of androstenedione, allowing more testosterone to be produced

Define each of these terms: 1) sweat loss, 2) sweat rate, and 3) dehydration. How is each quantified mathematically?

Sweat loss - Body Mass before - Body Mass after + fluid consumed. Sweat Rate - Divide sweat loss by the exercise time either in minute or hour Dehydration - Divide sweat loss by the starting weight and then multiply by 100

How is the inner lining of the stomach protected from acid HCl? How is the small intestine protected from acidic chyme coming from the stomach?

The inner lining of your stomach is protected from acid HCL via mucosa lining. It produces enzymes, acid, hormones, and mucus needed for digestion and absorption. Mucus covers the stomach wall with a protective coating. The small intestine is protected from acidic chyme by mucus lubricating the intestinal walls.

The pancreas is one of the accessory organs in the digestive system. How does it help digestion?

The pancreas aids in digestion by producing the enzymes amylase, lipase, and trypsin which break down macronutrients.

What is the placebo effect? Why is it important to use a placebo in studies involving supplements or ergogenic aids?

The placebo effect is the positive outcome that is not caused by the treatment but caused by expectation or belief. Placebos help to test the effectiveness of the supplement.

How does the structure of the small intestine aid absorption?

The small intestine contains fold, villi, and microvilli which increase the absorptive surface area (meaning cells can absorb more nutrients).

How many ounces of pure alcohol is contained in a Standard drink? How is this amount equivalent to grams? What are the typical sizes of wine, beer, and hard liquor (80 proof) that represent a Standard drink?

There are .5 ounces of alcohol in a standard drink is .5 ounces or 14 grams. 10-12 ounces of beer, 4-5 ounces of wine, 1.5 ounces of liquor.

Define the term "thermoregulation". Discuss the role of the hypothalamus plays in the process of thermoregulation.

Thermoregulation is the ability of an organism to maintain core body temperature (37 C or 98 F) within an optimal physiological range. The hypothalamus acts as a thermostat to balance in heat gain and heat loss.

Ephedrine and caffeine have been commonly used as supplements to produce weight loss. How do these substances produce weight loss? What are the potential side effects associated with these substances?

These substances produce weight loss by suppressing appetite and enhancing the action of adrenaline/noradrenaline (BETA RECEPTORS) thus increasing lipolysis and energy. Side effects could be heart palpitations, headache and anxiety.

Function of bicarbonate loading

To neutralize metabolic acid, thus reducing fatigue

Function of carnitine

Transport fatty acids into mitochondria, thus facilitating fat utilization.

Explain the digestive role of trypsin

Trypsin is a protein splitting enzyme released by the pancreas.

Urine samples of testosterone

Urine samples >4.0 testosterone to epitestosterone ratio could indicate a potential testosterone use

Function of andostenedione

Used to increase the production of the hormone testosterone to enhance athletic performance, build muscle, reduce body fat, increase energy, keep red blood cells healthy, and increase sexual desire and performance.

Explain why women tolerate less alcohol than men in general

Women tolerate less alcohol because they weigh less, have less total body water content, activity of ADH is lower.

Define passive diffusion

molecules moving from high to low concentration

Define active transport

molecules moving into a higher region of concentration with the use of energy.

Provide 2-3 ergogenic aids that reduce performance-inhibiting metabolic by-products

sodium bicarbonate and beta alanine for lactic acid, BCAA's for serotonin

Function of human growth hormone (HGH)

stimulates secretion of hormones that stimulate body growth and metabolism and essentially all tissues in the body

Define facilitated diffusion

the same as passive diffusion but also requires carrier proteins