HFMD 3570 Test 3
- 1500s-1900s - wide range of porcelain made and decorated in ______ exclusively for export to Europe and North America between the 16th and the 20th centuries
China Exports Porcelain
- Southern area - oldest known pottery found in Yuchanyan Cave and Xianrendong Cave in Jiangxi Province - early pottery - cooking vessels
China: 18,000-20,000 years ago
- Han Dynasty (25-220 AD) - T'ang Dynasty (600-960 AD) - Song Dynasty (960-1279) - Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368) - Ming Dynasty (1368-1664) - Qing Dynasty (1664-1912) - First true porcelain - translucent white clay body (kaolin and feldspar)
China: 200 BC =>
- 1200s-1400s exported to Asia, Middle East - 1600s exported to Europe - originated in _____ - European termed "______" - Shepherd (______) in French Romance wore pale green ribbons
China: Celadon
- 1368-1644 AD - ______ mastered production of porcelain long before the rest of the world was aware - by 17th century valuable export commodity (Dutch East India Trading Company) - unusual shapes, many inspired by Islamic items - refinement preparation of cobalt for underglaze blue - colors (blue and white = ____) - famille vert (green and iron red) - famille rose (medallion) mainly pink or purple, popular throughout 18th and 19th centuries
China: Ming Dynasty
- Spode, Wedgewood, Minton, Royal Doulton, Johnson Brothers, Delftware, Transferware, Chintz, Flow Blue, Willow Ware - Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
England
- ______ is a line of ceramic Art Deco dinnerware glazed in differing solid colors manufactured and marketed by the Homer Laughlin China Company of Newell, West Virginia. The original shapes, glazes and concept of combining various colors were designed by the company's art director Frederick Hurten Rhead in the 1930s.
Fiestaware
- 1830s - Staffordshire, England (1825-1920), Netherlands, US - usually transferware (Asian, landscape, historical) - designs applied, exposed in kiln to volatile chlorides - reaction and color spread and blur - value: depth of its color, spread, cobalt blue more highly sought
Flow Blue, Flowing Blue, Flown Blue
- Translucent - most durable - most expensive - highest quality clay (kaolin) and feldspar
Porcelain
• Regions with an abundance of clays for pottery making. • Ohio River; Carolinas and Georgia • 1612 -brick in Virginia; tobacco pipes • Coarse pottery - jars, plates, bowls, mugs • 1850 - factory-made products
America had....
Abingdon • AMICA • ACTE • Anna • Arc-En-Ciel • Arequipa • Bachelder • Bauer • Beaver Falls • Brush-McCoy • Buffalo • Burley-Winter • Bybee • Byrdcliffe • California Faience • Camark • Cambridge • Catalina • Chelsea Keramic • Chicago Crucible • Cincinnati Art • Clewell • Cole • Cowan • Craven Family • Dedham • Dryden • Durant Kilns • Edgerton • Edwin Bennett • Enfield • Frackelton • Fulper • Grueby • Halcyon • Hampshire • Jervis • Kenton Hills • Lessell •Lonhunda • Losanti •Low Art Tile • J.W. McCoy • Marblehead • Markham • Matt Morgan • Merrimac • Middle Lane • New Orleans • Newcomb • Niloak • Norse • Norweta • Oakwood • Overbeck • Ohr • Owens • Pauline • Paul Revere • Peters & Reed • Pewabic • Radford • Redlands • Rhead • Robertson • Robineau • Roblin • Rookwood • Roseville • Stonelain •Swastika Keramos • Teco • Tiffany • University City • Van Briggle • Volkmar • Walrath • Walrich • Wannopee • Weller • Wheatley • Zark
American Art Pottery Association
- 1510-1590 - ______-ware - French huguenot potter, natural historian, geologist - spent years to imitate Chinese porcelain, unsuccessfully to the detriment of his family - developed instead rustic pottery noted for animal motifs and naturalistic plants, nature into clay/art of the earth - "I shall make a model whereby one will be able to understand" - Inspiration for Minton's Victorian Majolica
Bernard Palissy
- french term "chinese esque" - meaning in chinese taste - theme in european styles - reflective of chinese artistic influences
Chinoiserie
- brightly printed glazed cotton fabric - Calico (Calicut, India) - cloth printed w/ flowers - English type of pattern on ceramics - transferware - surface covered w/ bold floral patterns
Chintz
- 1775-today - Royal _____ Porcelain Manufactory - became Royal via Queen - to produce hard-paste porcelain, supported by king/queen - blue underglaze - Flora Danica: copies of copperplates of great botanical works - Blue fluted: original and new motifs, Christmas plates
Denmark - Royal Copenhagen
• Founded 1857, railways met, center for flour mills, • Small industries-pottery kilns • CIA - College of Industrial Arts (TWU) 1903. (Emilia Sprague started, first at Rookwood) • Pottery area - Eagle Ford formation - large clay bed - Acme Brick • Bayless-Selby House - hand-painted porcelain. • 1876 - Philadelphia Centennial Exposition • Women - creative - china painting • Bayless-Selby House Museum - Dentonite Felicia Daugherty •Bought European porcelain blanks • Hand painted designs - fired in kiln in home
Denton
24,000 BC - animal/human clay figures; kilns in the ground 18,000 BC - clay tiles made in Mesopotamia and India 14,000 BC - 1st functional use of pottery - vessels - food/water; first bricks made 18,000 to 10,000 BC - Chinese making Porcelain from BC times 7,000 to 5,000 BC - pottery of the Americas (Native American, Incan, Colombian, Peruvian, etc.); African pottery 1,000 to 400 BC- Greek vases and vessels (red and black figure) 1,200s to 1,500s - Italy, Spain, France (Bernard Palissy) - Majolica; 1550s Portuguese trading post at Macau (China), 1st examples of Chinese porcelain to european courts, finer products than european pottery; 1600s - imports (Dutch East India Trading Company) of Chinese delicate wares for new craze of tea-drinking; immediate attempts at European versions for commerce/revenue but they did not know the secret (resulting products look similar but not quality of true porcelain), true (hard paste) porcelain contains kaolin/china clay (very fine white clay) and feldspar/china stone (rock that fuses at high temps to form natural glass) 1664 - French King Louis XIV grants potters to attempt porcelain (leads to Sevres, best examples of French porcelain) 1700s - true porcelain is manufactured at Meissen in 1710, english porcelain quest begins in 1743, bone china developed in England in 1789/1793, other countries developed their own products
Early Pottery
- Opaque - least expensive - least durable - lower quality clay - porous - glazed or not glazed
Earthenware
- 1839 (mid 19th century to the Great Depression in America) - NY merchant in the retail china business of English imports for prominent NYC families - client had a broken cup (from France) replacement wanted, no mark - 1840s American retailer _____ ______ traveled to France, found wares produced in Limoges region - French unwilling to make the shapes Americans wanted - ______moved to France, built a factory, different from French Limoges factories - 1842 first shipment of ______ to US - Theodore (son) followed in footsteps, built and improved factories - flowers, sevres designs, banded in gold - _______ Limoges dinnerware was was extensively marketed in America - Limoges porcelain found in antique malls largely represents the American version of Limoges, with _______ being the prominent name - mid 19th century to 1930s Americans extensively used ______ Limoges dinnerware in well set tables, this accounts for so many sets that have been passed down from grandmothers and great grandmothers to their lucky families - perhaps best known as French china
France: David Haviland
- late 1700s until 1930 - area in France - produced in many factories in the area - quality of the decoration often more important than age - hand painted preferred over transfer designs - 1930 change to styles very elaborate to more basic in design - produced elaborately molded white, undecorated wares (blanks) sent to Paris for decorating process - taken to decorating studios and also exported to America in popular hobby for ladies during the late 1800s (Denton Bayliss-Selby House)
France: Limoges
- mid 1700s-1870s - not a single manufacturer but 30+ porcelain sources based in the city of Paris - competed with King Louis XV's Royal Manufactory at Sevres - eased as positive impact of porcelain on the french economy was realized - _____ _____ artisans had patrons from the french nobility - catered more quickly to changing styles and customs - no porcelain mark is associated, 70% had no mark at all - ____ _____ artisans worked with blanks or "white wares" - Jacques Petit distinguished as ____ _____ porcelain artisan
France: Old Paris or Vieux Paris
- 1708 to today - city in NW France - Brittany factory established and produced utilitarian bottles and tableware in stoneware, hand decorated, tin glazed earthenware, known as faience
France: Quimper faience
- 1740 Vincennes - 1756 ______ - _______ (some of the finest porcelain in the world made here) - 1738 soft paste porcelain items (Vincennes) - Louis XV was early investor in fledging ceramic enterprise; became sole owner in 1759, talented artists, efficient management, support of country's royalty, became leading porcelain makers - 1769 kaolin discovered in Limoges - produced items in the current tastes (Louis XV, Neoclassic, Empire - colors: king's blue and rose pompadour - Madame Pompadour almost single handedly established ______ porcelain as the decoration of choice throughout Europe - tea, coffee services, garnitures of vases had decorative schemes linking the objects - the range of objects produced from 1800-1850 was enormous (one year 92 new vase designs introduced. a new form rarely replaced an older one; the range of production simply increased)
France: Sevres
• Influential & controversial, wildly eccentric • Biloxi, MS; 14 apprenticed in New Orleans • 10,000 pieces; Ceased around 1909. • Startled art world; 1885 World's Fair in New Orleans • Exotic forms: twisting, denting, ruffling, violently tortured nature. • Work limited only by imagination. • Cult figure in the art world. • considered as the world's first abstract artist • Some drab in color, others bright reds, oranges, or mixed glazes are worth much more • fewer than 500 pieces still exist • Stamped G.E. OHR • Collectors - Andy Warhol, Muhammad Ali
George Ohr
- 1700s to today - Meissen (built around secrecy, deceit, imprisonment) - King imprisoned alchemist Johann Bottger in Meissen to discover the secret formula for porcelain (800 years after China) - 1708 unlocked mystery to 1st European hard paste porcelain - Early 1700s factories across Europe in ferocious competition - By 1720 Meissen producing wares eclipsing even the finest Chinese porcelain - dominated by european market, but by 1750 French Sevres challenged Meissen with spectacular colored pieces and gilding - Meissen noted for figurines, heavily adorned floral decoration, fluid motion
Germany
- durable - many pieces survived - black and red figure vases - used for storage/transport, mixing, jugs/cups, oils/perfumes
Greece: 1000 BC
- 1500s to today - 1600-1800 important ceramic production center in Europe - Dutch East India Trading Company early 1602 - trade activities in Asia - Blue and white ware fashionable (Chinese trade - ming) local potters imitated Chinese wares and developed ____ware (blue and white tin glazed pottery) - Made in town of ____ - 1653 ____ _____ is the only remaining _____ blue earthenware factory from the 17th century, items still painted entirely by hand as is tradition - cobalt and orange
Holland (Dutch) - Delft
- American styles mirrored British art trends • Pottery schools opened in Carolinas, Georgia, Cincinnati, Massachusetts, RISD, coastal regions. • 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition and others were venues to showcase art objects of the time. • Revived interest in craft • Many small factories were located around the country. • Ohio - a leading area in art pottery revolution • "Train young women in a craft; allowing them to make an honorable living" was a quote from.....Newcomb College • Bayless-Selby House: Victorian Handpainted Porcelain: The Daugherty Collection...women bought blanks and handpainted the dinner ware.
Influence of Arts and Crafts on American Art Pottery
- 1860s to today heralded as finest, thinnest porcelain ever made - region held feldspar, kaolin, flint, waterpower - pure, pliable clay could be created into items that seemed too fragile to touch - ______ baskets are among the most difficult of all porcelain pieces to produce - Queen Victoria taken by ethereal beauty of this luminous porcelain commissioned many pieces for her private collection - English nobility followed and _____ became fashionable all over the world - trademark (pearly iridescence was strong - early pieces bear a "Black Mark" other marks in green, red, blue
Ireland: Belleek (located in County Fermanagh)
- Glazed earthenware similar to stoneware - Staffordshire mass-produced alternative to porcelain - named for its strength - transferware by Mason (1813) to copy Chinese porcelain cheaply and export to Europe, America, Australia, Flowblue, etc. - heavier - has luster
Ironstone (China)
- 1600s and beyond - Imari, Kakiemon, Nippon - 1638 closed to European trade, 1885 opened again, 1890's imports to England/US - 1891 McKinley Tariff Act (country of origin stamped on pieces exported to America) - Not type of porcelain made by one maker, but is an era (porcelain made in _____ 1891-1921) - Nippon (________ for ______) marked "______" - 1915 "Made in _____" - 1921 all words had to be in English - 1947-1952 occupied ______ - 1952 and after ______ used again
Japan
- 1770 - bone china (1790s) created by bone ash: high levels of translucency, purer white, chip restraint, strength allows for thinner sections - "Christmas Tree" is a popular pattern of christmas china collected by people around the world - standard willow pattern first produced at factory c. 1790
Josiah Spode
- est 1795 - Staffordshire, patented matte, fired colors "encaustic" - humble pottery into fashionable items - 1st to have artists create designs - Jasperware (blue and green unglazed stoneware similar to porcelain) - designs often inspired by cameo carvings - 2009 became WWRD (Waterford __________ Royal Doulton)
Josiah Wedgewood
- porcelain carved in varying degrees of thickness - held to light highly detailed picture - molds or hand carved - Brandon's cup from 1920s - can be light fixtures
Lithophane
• One of the most significant • 1894; Sophie _______ College • Potters (men); Designers (women) • Designs of the American South; inspired by Louisiana flora • 50 years, 90 graduates (Sadie Irvine) • Produced total 70,000 distinct pieces of work. • Closed in 1940s • Thousands of dollars each today • Few pieces sell for less than $1000 today
Newcomb Pottery
• late 1800's, Cincinnati →Am. Art Pottery Movement • 1880 - Maria Longworth Nichols • named after family estate • Clubs of women →hand-painted pottery, attended school. • Women ran the pottery • Production and quality standards exceeded other Am. art pottery mfg. • One of a few potteries to mark items as seconds for even the most minute factory inconsistencies. • 1905 introduced its production line of pottery. • Simply glazed and not artist decorated or signed. • Ended production in 1940s, but...... • Matte finish popular • Also did ______ tiles (Hilton Cincinnati Plaza)
Roockwood Pottery
- 1250-1500s - 1800s - early Maiolica or Majolica began in Mediterranean basin/Middle East - Earthenware with opaque tin glaze -> dried -> painted with metal oxide glazes -> fired again -> clear lead glaze -> fired again -> glossy surface - originated in North Africa -> Europe via Spain -> Italy (1300s) via Majorcan merchants (island) -> Italy (Faenza) to France (Faience) and rest of Europe - Renaissance pottery (16th C): decorated tin glazed earthenware - Renaissance styles and imitations of Chinese export porcelain for Italian nobility and merchant class (art patrons) - low fired (brilliance of colors, but fragile) - Faience is the French term for wares exported from Faenza, Italy
Spain, Italy, Majorica (early), Victorian (late), Current (today)
- Dense clay - opaque - heavy for its size - unrefined clay - grittier texture - chip resistant - nonporous - glazed or not glazed - less expensive than porcelain - American _________ : 19th century houseware with salt glaze (salt in firing reacts and forms a glassy finish) - cobalt designs "stone crocks"
Stoneware
- late 1400s-1600s - Iznik (city and name of ceramics) - floral and abstract motifs in tight designs, style becomes looser and more flowing - depiction of animals/people discouraged so preference of geometric patterns - meticulous designs (arabesque patterns and influences from Chinese blue and white - Arabesque: surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling/interlacing foliage - turquoise (french for "color of the ______", cobalt blue, sage green, purple, iron red - Iznik tiles in 40+ mosques and other buildings in ________ - Blue Mosque contains 20,000 tiles - stylized tulips, carnations, roses, and hyacinths
Turkey
- 1840s-1900s - lead glazed pottery - earthenware -> bisque -> dries -> decorated -> fired to glossy finish - Herbert Minton and Leon Arnoux (Minton, Co.) pattern after it - imitation majolica introduced in 1851 Great Exhibition (dubbed ______-ware) - high relief molding, fruits, vegetables, animals as motifs - Wedgewood and other firms made similar items
Victorian Majolica