HG&D test 1 chapter 2-6

The first stage of labor, when the cervix opens wide enough to allow the baby to emerge is called:

dilation and effacement.

Which attachment style is the strongest predictor of later relationships with others?

disorganized attachment

A(n) _____ provides emotional and physical support during a woman's labor without performing actual health-care tasks such as delivery or exams.

doula

The time during prenatal development when the major body structures form is the _____ stage.

embryonic

The capacity to manage one's feelings is called:

emotion regulation.

These theorists believe that morning sickness prevented the mother from eating spoiled meat or toxic plants, which could damage the developing embryo.

evolutionary psychologists

Working memory _____ during preschool and early elementary school.

expands dramatically

Five-year-old Brenda is often loud, rude, aggressive, and disruptive. She probably has _____ tendencies.

externalizing

Children with _____ act on their immediate emotions and behave aggressively.

externalizing tendencies

Disruptive and aggressive behavior in children may indicate:

externalizing tendencies.

What is the MOST important factor that determines a woman's emotional state during pregnancy?

feeling cared about and loved

What type of research tries to establish a link between events in the womb and later development?

fetal programming research

Theory of mind usually appears by age:

four.

Children who are excessively timid, self-conscious, and depressed may have _____ tendencies.

internalizing

John is seven years old and does NOT like new social situations. Every time he and his mother are in a new situation he stays next to his mother and has even hid behind her. He is demonstrating _____ tendencies.

internalizing

These feelings first emerge around the age of 2 and show the capacity to reflect on the self.

self-conscious emotions

The time period during which an organ is coming "online" during prenatal development is referred to as the:

sensitive period.

The frontal lobes develop:

slowly; they let people consider options and inhibit immediate responses.

Baby Lydia is having her one-year checkup. As the pediatrician puts the stethoscope on Lydia's chest, she looks to her mother to see if the situation is safe. Baby Lydia is showing:

social referencing.

Self-conscious emotions are important for:

socialization.

When Stacey tells her two-year-old daughter to say "please" and "thank you," Stacey is trying to:

socialize her daughter.

During pregnancy, expectant fathers are apt to report experiencing:

stress.

As the brain develops about _____ percent of its synapses are pruned.

40

Recent data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture indicate that approximately 1 in _____ households in the United States with children can be categorized as food insecure.

6

A score below _____ on the Apgar scale indicates that the newborn must be monitored.

7

By _____ months of age infants lose their ability to hear sound tones in languages not their own.

8

Pruning in the frontal lobes starts at age:

9.

Pick the major criticism of Piaget's theory.

Infants understand far more than Piaget gave them credit for.

What is the MOST important advantage of attending a high-quality preschool?

It gives children a cognitive boost.

From an evolutionary point of view, why might toddlers suddenly start to avoid unfamiliar foods?

It is a protective mechanism to prevent poisoning.

_____ is evaluating oneself as either good or bad as a result of comparing the self to other people.

Self-esteem

Which of the following is NOT a good suggestion for socializing a child?

Use power assertion.

What force is MOST important in predicting children's cognitive and emotional development during the first five years of life?

their relationship with primary caregivers

Autobiographical memory begins to develop at about the same time as:

theory of mind.

In the visual cortex, the axons are myelinated by age:

1 year.

To find out if a child has high self-esteem, what question would one ask?

"Are you succeeding in the areas of life you really care about?"

By _____ year(s) of age infants see just like adults.

1

Language development begins to rapidly increase around _____ of age.

1 1/2 to 2 years

Clara is beginning to feel ashamed of herself for the first time. Clara is probably:

2 to 3 years old.

Children about age _____ can be toilet trained because of frontal lobe development.

3

A very low birth weight baby weighs:

3 pounds or less.

Being impoverished during the first _____ years of life makes it less likely for a child to graduate from high school.

4

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation regarding obesity?

Americans need to put children on strict diets.

6. _____ is defined by deficits in theory of mind.

Autism spectrum disorder

Why do moms and dads use infant-directed speech?

Babies pay attention when spoken to like this.

Why does self-esteem decline during elementary school?

Children can realistically compare their abilities to their peers.

_____ happens at the union of a sperm and egg.

Fertilization

What is the BEST child-rearing strategy to adopt with a temperamentally fearful toddler?

Gently push the child into a few stressful situations.

Which statement about morning sickness is false?

It only happens in the morning.

What is the relationship between having a secure infant attachment and later relationships?

It provides a good beginning but doesn't guarantee having lifelong loving relationships.

When newborns fall asleep, they immediately go into the _____ phase of sleep and spend most of their time in this state.

REM

What is the main problem with picking up a baby every time he or she cries at night?

The child may not learn to self-soothe.

To promote realistic self-esteem, one must enhance children's self-efficacy and encourage:

accurate self-perceptions.

Implantation involves:

a blastocyst embedding in the uterine wall.

The brain is called "plastic" because it is:

able to be changed.

The earliest date at which survival is possible, called the _____, is _____ weeks.

age of viability; 22

Although only about the length of a thumb, an embryo at week eight has:

all of its basic body structures.

Which person is the MOST compliant and, therefore, easy to socialize?

any inhibited child

MOST babies who attend day care:

are securely attached to their parents.

This is NOT only the core of infancy but the core of life itself.

attachment

The so-called "terrible twos" are a result of:

autonomy.

Which of the following is the first person-environment fit that MOST humans experience?

baby-proofing

Intense sexual arousal may:

cause ovulation.

Primary circular reactions are centered on the _____, while secondary circular reactions are centered on the _____.

child's body; external world

Pick the answer that is NOT a teratogen.

chromosomal abnormality

"It begins at about 7 months and lasts throughout the toddler years." This landmark time when babies must be near their primary caregivers is called:

clear-cut attachment.

The development of _____ is the ability to adopt internal standards for behavior.

conscience

19. A baby's ability to discriminate (or see differences) between the faces of the members of other ethnic groups _____ during the first nine months of life.

declines

If a child is being bullied, the child's BEST defense is to:

have a strong sense of self-efficacy.

Undernourished children tend to:

have impaired physical and social skills.

Children who are incredibly anxious, timid, and frightened:

have internalizing tendencies.

George feels that everyone is out to get him. George has a(n):

hostile attributional bias.

Exposure to harmful substances can affect the developing brain:

in the second and third trimesters.

The Strange Situation is a research procedure used to assess:

infant attachment.

Which approach uses a computer metaphor to understand cognition?

information processing

According to Erikson, preschoolers face the challenge of:

initiative versus guilt.

Support for the notion of _____ comes from listening to young children monitor their actions.

inner speech

According to Vygotsky, thinking is a form of:

inner speech.

The main consequence of smoking during pregnancy is having a baby that:

is smaller than normal.

Chomsky believed that language is biologically part of being human. His term for the hypothetical brain structure that allows the human species to learn language is the _____ device.

language acquisition

The sensory motor stage ends with the development of:

language, symbolic thought, and object permanence.

Research with infant rats suggests that _____ as a baby may insulate a person from stress as an adult.

lavish loving and stroking

This is a state that develops when a person feels incapable of affecting the outcome of events and gives up without trying.

learned helplessness

In selecting a good day care parents should do everything EXCEPT:

look for frequent staff turnover to ensure that a child's primary attachment is to mom and dad.

Synaptogenesis refers to the process of:

making billions of connections between neurons.

Effective interventions to reduce bullying center on:

making bullying a socially unacceptable activity.

Which stimulus do newborns NOT prefer?

male voices

Long hours spent in day care:

may have slightly negative effects on later development.

The capacity to engage in deferred imitation reflects a child's _____ capacities.

memory

Culture can play a role in the development of _____ as evidenced by children in Hong Kong who successfully use chopsticks as toddlers.

motor skills

The _____ acts as a lubricant that permits neural impulses to speedily flow.

myelin sheath

When does proximity-seeking behavior in stressful situations go away?

never

When five-year-old Carla is punished by her mom, she pretends she is a princess. This is a(n):

normal response since she is using fantasy play to cope with stress.

When William Corsaro went undercover as an "oversized three-year-old," he found that preschool play plots:

often centered on mastering upsetting events.

When three-year-old Edward's dad asked his son what he had done that day, Edward replied, "I sawed two deer outside and goed to see them." These classic language mistakes are called:

overregularization.

Who cares for most U.S. infants and toddlers during the day?

parents and other relatives

For a baby with a difficult temperament:

particularly sensitive caregiving can promote a secure attachment.

Gender-segregated play begins during:

preschool and increases in elementary school.

Humans begin to develop an autobiographical memory, which is the sense that they have a personal past history as well as ongoing selves, during:

preschool.

After implantation, the woman's body produces _____, a hormone that maintains the pregnancy.

progesterone

This type of aggression occurs in response to being hurt, threatened, or deprived.

reactive

The difference between what children can do and what they can potentially do is:

the zone of proximal development.

Newborn _____ are replaced by _____ as the cortex matures.

reflexes; voluntary actions

Which environmental intervention is helpful in relieving the symptoms of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

regular recess breaks

Cesarean section rates have _____ since the 1970s.

risen dramatically

During childhood boys and girls are:

roughly the same size.

Gender schema theory suggests that once children understand their gender label they:

selectively attend to the activities of their own sex.

The male structure called the _____ is comparable to the ovaries in females.

testes

The cerebral cortex takes until _____ to physiologically mature.

the 20s

The social-interactionist perspective emphasizes that:

the desire to communicate with each other promotes developing language.

Who determines the baby's sex?

the father

A preterm baby is one born more than:

three weeks early.

Synaptogenesis occurs:

throughout life

Vocabularies can be expected to continue to grow:

throughout the lifespan.

Piaget's concept of egocentrism means that young children are:

unable to consider another's point of view.

Piaget _____ young children's cognitive capabilities.

underestimated

Completing major motor milestones (such as crawling or walking) early is _____ to later intelligence.

unrelated

The pear-shaped muscular organ in a woman's abdomen that holds a developing baby is called the:

uterus.

Which factor has NO effect on a child's attachment security at age one?

whether the primary caregiver is a mom or dad

The basic premise of the 1960s natural-childbirth movement was that women should be able to have their babies:

without drugs or extensive medical interventions.

Fostering school self-efficacy involves praising children for:

working hard.

Infant mortality refers to deaths that occur within the first _____ of life.

year

In the United States, poverty is currently MOST prevalent among:

young children.

When asked why Jorge likes his friend Victor, he replies, "because we both love playing with swords." These boys are probably _____ children because they describe their friendships in terms of _____ qualities.

younger; external