HHS4U1 – Exam Study Guide

Is going away to University worth going into debt?

**Key Points from the Article:** 1. **Cost of Campus Life:** Living away from home for university can add significant costs to a student's debt load. 2. **Mixed Financial Perspectives:** While some students believe the experience is worth the cost, financial planners caution against unnecessary debt. 3. **Student Loan Challenges:** Student loan amounts may not cover both tuition and housing expenses, leading some students to make concessions. 4. **Economic Considerations:** Financial planners advise creating a detailed budget to understand the full cost of moving out, including housing, food, grooming, and other expenses. 5. **Local vs. Away Considerations:** Rising tuition fees are causing more students to stay local to save on living expenses. However, the demand for on-campus housing remains high. 6. **Academic Benefits of On-Campus Living:** Living on campus can provide academic benefits, such as better access to support, faculty, and peer groups, leading to improved performance. 7. **Forced Decisions:** Some students may have no choice but to move out for school due to program availability or acceptance into a specific institution. 8. **Debt and Job Prospects:** Students are advised to consider the job prospects of their chosen field before taking on debt, as specialized and professional fields may offer a higher return on education. 9. **Alternatives:** Alternative programs, such as Home Share NL, or studying in cities with extended family, are suggested for those who cannot afford on-campus residence. 10. **Caution Against Entitlement:** Financial planners caution against accumulating debt for the sake of perceived entitlement, emphasizing the importance of responsible financial decisions.

Intermarriage

- (aka heterogamy) means marriage between partners who are from different social, racial, religious, ethnic, or cultural backgrounds (opp. of homogamy) - Intermarriage appears to be more common in Canada's urban communities, where there are currently no restrictions on intermarriage in Canada - Any kind of intermarriage relationship faces their own set of problems, especially concerning raising a child and taking into consideration the different racial identities or faith - Thus, compromise is essential for the couples to respects each other and find ways to share their lives; whether this means possibly compromising certain beliefs or customs or to accept their spouse's beliefs and customs as well as their own - The challenges of adhering to different value systems, family structure, and role expectations that are associated with that specific group will affect how the couple will negotiate their relationship at each stage

Sternberg's Love Triangle Theory

- According to Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love (2004), love consists of three components—intimacy (emotional closeness), passion (sexual and romantic attraction), and commitment. The ideal form of love for a romantic couple (Consummate Love) involves all three, but it is not easy to maintain, as the passionate spark tends to fade over time. - Romantic Love involves intimacy and passion without commitment and is more common in the teenage and young adult years. - Companionate Love involves intimacy and commitment without passion and is typical of close friends, and sometimes long-term marriages. - Infatuated Love involves passion only and often occurs at the very beginning of a relationship. - Empty Love involves commitment with no intimacy or passion, as in an arranged marriage—but it may grow into other forms of love over time. - Fatuous Love is like getting engaged after dating for three weeks—it involves passion and commitment, but no deeper intimacy.

Systems Theory (in regards to Role Expectations)

- According to this theory, couples must discuss the structures, or the hidden rules, of their new marital system. - Negotiation is an important element in this marital system - Definition: The process of conferring with others in order to reach an agreement. - Issues, significant or insignificant, which are involved in the negotiation process include: when, where, and how to eat, talk, have sex, argue, work, relax, purchase a house or car, go on vacation, etc. In this process, rules and division of labour are established as well as the decision-making for the marital system. - When marrying, the couple brings together two different family systems to create a third family system. - Thus, couples need to adapt the structures that each brings from their original family. Individuals take for granted the details of their original family system, perhaps making it difficult to collaborate with their partner in the development of their new family system. - Cohabiting couples (couples who live together without, officially, getting married) are a bit different. They have a more difficult time around recognizing their change in status and the negotiating process. - Those who bring the traditional ideals of men being the breadwinners and women taking care of the housework to those who are expecting a more modern approach to marriage will experience tensions related to establishing personal needs and social and economic responsibilities.

Timeline of Types of Families: Agricultural Families

- Circa 11 000 years ago - More work needed to be done, therefore, more children needed to produced. - Food was farmed and animals were domesticated (no need for hunting and gathering). - Monogamous marriage became the preference (monogamy - married to one person). - Arranged marriages (endogamy) became more common. - Extended families became more prevalent - farming became a family affair and children stayed with the family into adulthood. - Men - soldiers, builders, merchants, politicians, artisans, etc. - Women's responsibilities began to shift inside the household. - Food surpluses helped create towns and cities. (Rise of civilization - Mesopotamia) - Patriarchy became prevalent - men became the decision makers.

Timeline of Types of Families: Contemporary Canadian Families

- Beginning in the early 1960s - women began working outside of home alongside men more prevalently. - Dual income families with no children, became more popular. (DINK) - Birth rate - 1.5 children per household. - More rights for women in the workplace - ie. Maternity leave. - Divorce rates increased as divorce was easier to attain. - Prior to post-war decade, the Great Depression made it difficult to pay for needs of the family. - Shift in immigration - created additional families and more ethnically diverse. - Same sex families becoming more prevalent.

Divorce Continued

- Canadian sociologist Emily Nett identifies two categories of divorce: Marriage "mistakes" and marriage "failures" - Suggests that 17% of divorces that occur in the first five years of marriage reflect the basic incompatibility of couples that made the wrong choice of partner - Those who divorce later have failed to adjust their relationship through critical transitions in their marriage - Greater risk of divorce is associated with factors that could affect compatibility, such as dissimilar backgrounds, teenage marriage, brief courtship, or a pregnant bride - Low socio-economic status, limited education, or stepchildren can lead to more difficult adjustments - The social exchange perspective suggests that when the costs of the relationship are high, or alternatives become more appealing than the marriage, individuals may choose to divorce - Factors such as incompatibility, irresponsibility, immaturity, or other factors such as infidelity, sexual deprivation, and cruelty result from deterioration of commitment in the relationship - The decision to divorce occurs in a three-phase process over a 2-3 year period (emotional and practical level): - Awareness Phase- one individual decides to initiate divorce, often after recognizing ongoing problems and a period of denial. Partners begin to withdraw from the relationship by shifting their energy to other roles - Separation Phase- couple plan the break-up of their marital system, settle child custody and financial issues, notify friends and family, and create separate households (accepting economic realities of divorce - Recognition Phase- individuals establish their separate lives and negotiate their new parental roles if they have children - Most divorced people make a satisfactory adjustment within a few years and many remarry

Timeline of Types of Families: Pre-Industrial Families

- Circa 1600-1800 - Marriage was solely for economic purposes (no love); married according to economic status. - Most couples were monogamous, had fewer children (not much labour needed); economy was poor. Housing was smaller too. - No time for innocence or playful childhood... economic issues. - Reaching the age of 7 or 8 - worked and helped with economic subsistence of family; worked according to gender roles. - Cottage industry (shoemaker, blacksmith, work from home) developed, impacting the family dynamic. - European settlers in Canada brought pre-industrial family system. - Women's roles became more defined as the population stabilized - household duties. Men - public figures. - Family included immediate members as well as the apprentices, servants, etc.

Cohabitation

- Cohabitation is an arrangement where people who are not married, usually couples, live together. They are often involved in a romantic or sexually intimate relationship on a long-term or permanent basis. - the state of living together and having a sexual relationship without being married.

Divorce

- Divorce results from the failure of a marriage to meet the expectation of one or both marriage partner - Divorce rates have fluctuated in Western societies to reflect the current social and moral values concerning marriage and the levels of control held by religion and state - The changes in the pattern in Canada can be explained by examining the changes in divorce law and in values related to marriage - In the early 20th century, considering traditional marriages, the emphasis was on economic, childrearing, and household responsibilities of marriage partners, the happiness of the individuals not considered - The development of romantic love as the basis for marriage and the changing economic role of women changed the criteria with which partners assessed their satisfaction with their relationship - The Divorce Act of 1968 reflected the expectation that marriage is based on love and allowed for divorce after a separation for 3 years after which the divorce rates increased - Currently estimated that one third of marriages will end in divorce - Those who have divorced are more likely to divorce a second or third time

Spousal Violence and Abuse Continued

- Domestic violence can be prevented by ensuring that individuals learn anger management, communication, and conflict resolution skills - Systems theory explains that the couples had established a pattern of interaction that is difficult to change (perp. will be remorseful or apologetic after bouts of violence, leading both partners to believe that violence will not happen again) - Social exchange theory suggests that women stayed because the consequences of leaving the relationship were worse than tolerating occasional assaults - Women usually experienced many bouts of violence before leaving - Factors that increase the likelihood that a man would assault his wife: - Unemployment for more than a month, personal bankruptcy, drop in wage or salary, taking additional job to make ends meet, child support or alimony payments, move to less expensive accommodations, one or more demotions etc. - These factors suggest a correlation between economic instability and domestic violence, but not casualty - Feminist theory argue that spousal violence is the misuse of power and control - The solution being to change the social structure so that there is greater equality between men and women, and to ensure that domestic violence is treated seriously by the legal system - Kathleen Ferraro identifies two stages that might occur after the cycle is broken - Terror- some women stay in violent relationships because their lives of their children have been threatened, but other attempt to hide from their ex - In some cases, the final stage is homicide- some women are killed by their partners or ex-partner and some women kill their partner - Women are much less likely to kill their partners and are most likely to act in defense - Decline in spousal assault rate for women since 1993

Timeline of Types of Families: Hunter-Gatherers

- Earliest human families - Women were essential to survival as child-bearers - very respected in the social hierarchy - Informal group marriage most prevalent - Family = a group of parents and their children - Division of labour, long-term relationships (reciprocity), regulation of sexual activity, and kinship relationships ensured the survival of all group members from birth to death. (Conway, 1997)

Infidelity

- Early man was encouraged to have many sexual partners to increase his chance of having offspring, while women tended to be very selective about her sexual partners to improve chances of the man staying to support offspring - Limiting sexual partners benefits society because it strengthens the conjugal family, ensuring greatest population growth and the support and socialization of the offspring - Adultery does not benefit society; ppl r taught its wrong - individuals have affairs when their needs are not met in marriages (Thus, most of the time, it is not actually about sex) - Men are more likely to have primarily sexual affairs while women are more likely to have an "affair" based on romance and affection, having sex only when they are "in love" - Women r generally more accepting of sexual infidelity, whereas men tend to be more concerned about their partner's sexual infidelity compared to emotional intimacys - Higher percentages of infidelity among men can be attributed to their greater opportunities for affairs and a societal double standard that expects men to engage in more sexual activity. - Affairs cause divorce 65% of the time

Focus on individualism vs. focus on duty and obligation (the latter being more common in Eastern culture)

- Erikson - "Identity" is founded on individualism (focus: independence and self-reliance - free-action of individuals) - Eastern cultures - "Identity" is based on duty and obligation - first to family and then to society... creates a "duty-based" moral code.

Developmental Theories: Conflict Theory

- Explains how power holds society together rather than functional interdependence. - basic principle is feedback as it influences members - Conflict theory, first developed by Karl Marx, is a theory that society is in a state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources. Conflict theory holds that social order is maintained by domination and power, rather than by consensus and conformity - Conflict theory is rooted in the idea that society is characterized by social inequality and power struggles. It suggests that individuals and groups compete for limited resources, leading to conflicts and tensions within society. - Conflict theory suggests that social order is not mainly based on agreement and shared values but is a result of power struggles and conflicts between different groups. In this perspective, those with more power and resources maintain control, often at the expense of less powerful groups. Social structures are seen as perpetuating inequalities, and institutions like the government and education can contribute to maintaining these power imbalances. Overall, conflict theory highlights the ongoing struggles for power and resources within society.

Developmental Theories: Feminist Theory

- Explains the impact of sex and gender on behaviour, and considers issues of human behaviour from womens POV - Feminist theory challenges the notion that gender differences are solely biologically determined. Instead, it argues that gender is a social construct shaped by cultural, social, and historical factors. This perspective influences how individuals are socialized and how they develop a sense of identity. - Feminist theory is a perspective that analyzes and addresses the social, political, and economic inequalities between genders. It seeks to understand and challenge the historical and ongoing oppression of women and advocates for gender equality in various aspects of life, including relationships, workplaces, and societal structures. - Feminist theorists work to identify and challenge systemic biases and advocate for social, legal, and policy changes that promote gender equity. The goal is to create a more inclusive and just society where individuals of all genders have equal rights and opportunities. Feminist theory has evolved over time, incorporating insights from various disciplines and addressing the intersecting forms of oppression that impact different groups of women.

Legal definition of the Family

- Family is defined as a unit of emotional and financial dependency, whether it includes single parents with children, lGBTQ+ parents, or unmarried couples - Any legal exclusion for this socially and legally sanctioned state violates human dignity

Gender based theory

- Gilligan (gender-based theory)- innate biological diff between men and women and may be the reason they choose diff careers - Gender role theory emphasizes the cultural and societal expectations regarding the behaviors, attitudes, and responsibilities considered appropriate for men and women. - Socialization: Individuals are socialized from an early age into specific gender roles. This process involves learning and internalizing the behaviors, values, and norms associated with one's assigned gender. - Gender Stereotypes: Gender role theory acknowledges the presence of stereotypes that dictate how men and women are expected to behave. These stereotypes can limit individual expression and opportunities.

Taboo

- Humans developed taboos against certain types of aggression and sexual activity to ensure the survival of the species - A taboo is an action that is frowned upon and considered inappropriate to practice or even talk about within a cultural group. - prohibited or restricted by social custom.

Nuclear Family

- Husband and wife and their children - The term Nuclear Family came to define a family structure in which the wife maintained the house and cared for the children while the husband worked - are no longer as prevalent to the extent that they used to be

Erik Erikson - 8 stages of life

- Identity evolves and matures in eight stages - Each stage has a dilemma, and overcoming this dilemma is how you move on to the next stage Stages are gone through age and society - These stages challenge and define the type of person someone will be in the future * YOU CAN - - GET STUCK AT A STAGE IF YOU DON'T OVERCOME IT * - Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (Infancy from birth to 18 months) - Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Toddler years from 18 months to three years) - Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (Preschool years from three to five) - Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (Middle school years from six to 11) - Stage 5: Identity vs. Confusion (Teen years from 12 to 18) - Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Young adult years from 18 to 40) - Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle age from 40 to 65) - Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Older adulthood from 65 to death)

Spousal Violence and Abuse

- In 1998, 8% of women and 7% of men reported that they were a victim of violence, or the person mistreated by their partner in the past five years - Hitting a wife or child was seen as acceptable, even necessary discipline in the past - In the early mid-20th century domestic violence was assumed to be a private matter. Women who left their husbands were guilty of desertion where they lost custody of their children and were entitled to no support - When divorce was legalized in the early 20th century cruelty was grounds for divorce, but was difficult to prove - By the 1970's public opinion about violence within intimate relationships changed, and is now legally defined as assault - In this time, spousal violence was viewed as ineffective conflict resolution and the power struggle between husband and wives. This viewpoint was supported by evidence that spousal evidence occurred in relationships of all socio economic, religious, and ethnic backgrounds - The intergenerational cycle of violence describes evidence that individuals who experienced violence or abuse as a child, or observed the assault or abuse of their mothers are more likely to become either victims or perpetrators of violence in their intimate relationships - Social role theory suggests that individuals learn how to behave in a role such as "wife" or "husband" by observing and imitating significant role models. Thus, if violence is learned behaviour and spousal violence results from arguments, social role theorists suggest that victims and perpetrators of violence can learn to break the cycle of violence (through counselling etc.)

SIX Functions of the Family: Fifth function

- Maintain morale and motivate individuals to participate in society - spiritual sense of duty or economic necessity - Affective nurturance (meeting the emotional needs of individuals) & participation in appropriate social roles

Negotiation

- Negotiation is an important element in this martial system (the process of conferring with others to reach an agreement). - Issues, significant or insignificant, which are involved in the negotiation process include: where, when, and how to eat, talk, have sex, argue, work, relax, purchase a house or car, go on vacation, etc. - in this process, rules and division of labor r established as well as the decision-making for the marital system

Mating Theories: Social Exchange

- People analyze relationships according to the costs and benefits, and remain with partners who have positives that outweight the negatives - i.e. joe is more likely to stay with his partner who is supportive and caring. He values these attributes even thought his partner has a low paying job, something he perceives as a negative or a "cost".

Mating Theories: Propinquity Theory

- People are likely to be attracted to a partner who lives in close physical proximity or nearness to them - i.e. you are more likely to find a partner at the same college or in the same apartment building because you are physically near that person

Mating Theories: Evolutionary Theory

- People base their choice of mates on sexual selection - People are programmed to find qualities that they perceive as healthy and fertile as more attractive - I.e. women are attracted to men who look strong and aggressive as it would have made them able to reproduce and provide. Likewise, men are attracted to women with an hourglass figure as it indicates fertility and youthfulness

Mating Theories: Ideal Mate

- People develop an image of what their ideal mate should be like. This image may be shaped by the dating experiences they have, or the type of a parent they were raised with. - This theory supports the notion of love at first sight - i.e. a woman may choose a mate who is taller than her and handy around the house because her father was like that, and it's what she associates a male partner to be like.

Mating Theories: Complementary Needs

- People select a mate who makes up for characteristics that they lack - I.e. A man who is shy might select a partner who is outgoing because it complements his personality

Mating Theories: Social Homogamy

- People select their partners based on similarities in appearance, education, age, race, values, and ideas about roles - I.e. two people who share the same religious beliefs and have the same ideas about becoming parents are likely to be a good match

Timeline of Types of Families: Urban Industrial Families

- Post-Industrial Revolution. - Men started to work outside of the house - production of factories in the urban areas. - Children no longer required to work and were to attend school until they were 16 (est. 1871) - 20th century - families became smaller (decrease in birth rates). - Women were dependent on husband's salaries. - The role of women was to take care of children; the role of men was that of financial support (breadwinners). - Women were important for child-rearing, but had little say in the financial matters of the household.

SIX Functions of the Family: Second function

- Provide physical care for their members, including the adults, their children, and their dependent elderly members - Hardship occurs if these members receive no care unless society has alternatives

SIX Functions of the Family: Fourth function

- Responsible for controlling the behaviour of their members to maintain order within the family and society. Monitor and evaluate behaviour of individuals and provide feedback - Social control contributes to socialization and protects the reputation of family

SIX Functions of the Family: First function

- Responsible for the addition of new members of the population through reproduction - Growing population = better economy

Same Sex/LGBTQ+ Marriages and Relationships

- Same-sex relationships have always existed; according to Greek philosopher Plato, there were three sexes: those with two male halves, those with two female halves, and those with one of each. - In Plato's Greece, homosexual relationships were commonplace and were considered normal. - Today the legal debate concerning same-sex marriages challenges society; the root of this debate being whether homosexuality is normal and, thus, acceptable - Religious opponents of homosexual relationships quote from the Bible to argue that God condemns them, whereas other religious scholars argue that literal interpretation of the Bible no longer governs most sexual behaviour. - Gays and lesbians want stable love relationships based on affection and companionship and do not mimic heterosexual gender roles, with partners playing complementary male female roles - Questions concerning whether same-sex relationships are normal and whether they benefit society reflect the functionalist point of view - Symbolic interactionism can be used to examine how being gay or lesbian affects the individual identity and the nature of homosexual relationships - Systems theory can be used to explain how couples establish their lives together - Developmental theory can be used to explain how enduring same-sex relationships progress through a series of stages as couples adjust their relationships through crises

Anthropology

- The scientific study of the development of the human species and of the various cultures that make up humanity. - Social Anthropology: -Focuses on the social organization of living peoples. - Physical Anthropology: -Links with natural sciences such as biology and genetics. -Examines the evolution of humankind over the last few million years, and compare the genetic characteristics of humans with other biologically similar animals such as apes, gorillas, and chimpanzees. - Cultural Anthropology: -Examines and compares the cultures of living peoples. - field study: participant observation

Sociology

- The scientific study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society. - Functionalist Schools -The Branch of sociology that studies society as a whole and analyzes how the parts of a society should work to achieve stability and well-being for all members (like studying the human body). - Conflict School -The branch of sociology, or the theory, based on the work of Karl Marx, that studies how humans compete for scarce resources. Two of the key resources examined are power and control in society. (This is the ability to produce goods to meet needs and wants). - Symbolic Interactionist School -The branch of sociology that focuses on the beliefs and actions of individuals and the meanings that individuals give to their beliefs and actions. (focus: small-scale interactions between individuals). - case studies - interviews - statistical analysis

Psychology

- The systematic study of people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. - Behavioural Psychology: -The move toward studying behaviour, which is observable and therefore can be studied more objectively than the invisible mind. -Goal of behavioural psychology (as described by Watson): "the prediction and control of behviour." -Encouraged the use of animals in psychological experiments as they thought the principles of behaviour would remain consistent. - Psychoanalysis -Followers of this school tried to probe the innermost experiences (thoughts, feelings, emotions, fantasies, and dreams) of their subjects, with a view to treating patients who suffered from severe anxieties and tensions. - Cognitive Psychology -Studies how people perceive and deal with their environment, how people learn and remember, where in the human brain memories are stored, how humans acquire and use language, and how they reason and make decisions. - experiments

Origin(s) of the Family

- We will never know for sure the origin of the family - this occurred before written history. -To help us, we look to the work of physical anthropologists like Jane Goodall and Dian Fossey as well as cultural anthropologists who studied isolated groups. -Physically, the human brain is very big. - It is difficult for babies to hold their heads up, so they need a family to help with development. -Humans probably lived in hordes or bands like current primate relatives. - However, humans developed taboos against certain types of aggression and sexual activity to ensure the survival of the species. -Thus, a system of social organization, based on kinship, replaced a social hierarchy based on size and strength of the alpha male. -Simple division of labour likely existed based on sex and age. -Survival depended on the success of hunting (males) and gathering (females). -Economic activities were based on mutual co-operation.

What is important for women vs. men?

- Women now graduate from high school, college and university at a higher rate than men (but they are still underrepresented in higher-paying jobs). - Importance for women - implicit rewards of competence and people-oriented goals. - For men - importance lies in extrinsic rewards - higher pay and status. - According to Gilligan, women form identity through relationship with others; men through individual accomplishments.

Developmental Theories: Social exchange theory

- a psychological theory that attempts to explain the social factors that infleunce how individuals interct within reciprocsal relationships - explains although individuals r constrained by role expectation, they act within each role to maximize the beniifits they will receive n to maximize the costs to themselves - influences mate choices - Social exchange theory is a sociological and psychological perspective that views social interactions as transactions in which individuals seek to maximize their rewards and minimize their costs. It is often applied to interpersonal relationships, including romantic relationships, friendships, and interactions in various social contexts. While social exchange theory is not a comprehensive developmental theory, its principles can be relevant to understanding certain aspects of individual and relational development. - Social Exchange Theory is like a mental calculator people use in relationships. It says that even though people have certain expectations in their roles (like being a partner), they still act in a way that brings them the most benefits and least costs. So, when choosing a partner, individuals think about what they can gain and what they might have to give up in the relationship. It's like a mental weighing scale for decision-making in relationships.

Challenges of the Family Life Cycle

- adjustment to marriage - birth of a child - teen years - children leaving home - retirement - growing old together

Developmental theories: systems theory

- attempts to explain how groups of individuals interact as a system, a set of different parts that work together n influnce one another in a relatively stable way over time - basic principle of this theory is feedback, a process by which the system informs its members how to interact to maintain the stability of the system - systems theory is an approach that looks at the world as interconnected and interdependent systems, where individual parts work together to create a whole. It emphasizes understanding how these parts influence each other and how systems adapt and change over time. In the context of developmental theories, systems theory considers individuals as part of larger systems, such as families or communities, and explores how these interactions impact growth and change.

Gender Roles and Culture: Socialization

- significant role change in last 100 years - women employed - girls now socialized for employment - dreams incorporate occupational family n community roles

Extended Family

- today, multiple parents and grandparents are recognized to be important to the lives of children - a family that extends beyond the nuclear family, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and other relatives, who all live nearby or in one household. - a family that includes not only parents and children but also other relatives (such as grandparents, aunts, or uncles)

Non-Normative Crises: Challenges

- unemployment - infertility - illness - infidelity

Functionalism in terms of gender roles and culture

1. **Stability and Order:** - Functionalism suggests that social institutions, including gender roles, exist because they serve a purpose in maintaining stability and order in society. Gender roles are often seen as contributing to social harmony by providing clear expectations and norms for individuals based on their assigned gender. 2. **Division of Labor:** - Functionalism proposes that the division of labor based on gender is functional for society. In traditional societies, this division often involved men taking on roles related to work and defense, while women took on roles related to caregiving and maintaining the household. This specialization is believed to enhance efficiency and overall societal functioning. 3. **Cultural Norms and Values:** - Functionalism acknowledges the role of cultural norms and values in maintaining social order. Gender roles, as cultural norms, help guide behavior and expectations, providing a sense of predictability and coherence in social interactions. 4. **Socialization:** - Gender socialization, the process by which individuals learn and internalize societal expectations related to gender, is considered functional in functionalist perspectives. Through socialization, individuals acquire the necessary skills and behaviors associated with their gender roles, contributing to the overall stability of the social system. 5. **Role of Family:** - Functionalism places importance on the family as a key social institution. In terms of gender roles, families are seen as socializing agents that transmit cultural values and expectations related to gender to the younger generation. This socialization contributes to the continuity of cultural norms.

Cooley - Looking Glass Theory

A person develops their self-image based on the responses of others as well as their perception of how others see and judge them. A person's perception of how others see them can result from both verbal and nonverbal responses from others.

Technology Family

Conceiving a baby without having sexual intercourse

Role Expectations in Marriage

Contemporary Marriage - Contemporary men and women seek friendship, caring, and support from their partner, in enduring intimate relationships based on companionship, not parenthood. - In modern marriages, women bring financial and educational resources to the marriage; they look for fulfillment and independence in their marriages. - the current or modern understanding and practices of marriage in today's society. It reflects the evolving nature of marital relationships, influenced by changes in social, cultural, economic, and legal factors. Companionate Marriage - equality, intimacy, and commitment. Attaining this is a process over the first year of a marriage (perhaps even longer). - a type of marital relationship characterized by emotional intimacy, mutual support, and companionship between partners. This concept gained prominence in the early to mid-20th century, particularly in Western societies, as a departure from the more traditional and patriarchal model of marriage. - In summary, companionate marriage focuses on emotional connection and mutual support, while contemporary marriage reflects modern values, diverse family structures, and a commitment to equality and individual fulfillment.

SIX Functions of the Family: Sixth function

Economic function of producing and consuming goods and services. Members of family work to produce goods and then use their income to consume the goods and services for their families.

Symbolic Interactionism in terms of gender roles and culture

Here are key aspects of Symbolic Interactionism in terms of gender roles and culture: 1. **Symbolic Meaning of Gender:** - Symbolic Interactionism highlights that gender is not simply a biological fact but a socially constructed concept. Gender identity and roles are seen as products of social interactions, where individuals attribute symbolic meanings to behaviors, appearances, and roles associated with masculinity and femininity. 2. **Role of Symbols and Language:** - Symbols, including clothing, language, gestures, and other cultural artifacts, play a crucial role in shaping and expressing gender identities. Through interactions, individuals learn and internalize the meanings attached to gender symbols and use them to communicate their gender identity to others. 3. **Labeling and Stereotypes:** - Symbolic Interactionism examines how labels and stereotypes associated with gender are constructed through social interactions. Individuals may be labeled or stereotyped based on perceived gender norms, influencing their self-concept and behavior. 4. **Identity Formation:** - The theory emphasizes that individuals actively engage in identity formation through social interactions. Gender identity is not predetermined but is a result of ongoing processes of negotiation, self-reflection, and interaction with others. 5. **Micro-level Interactions:** - Symbolic Interactionism focuses on micro-level interactions and how they contribute to the construction of gender roles. Everyday interactions, such as communication styles, body language, and facial expressions, reinforce and challenge cultural expectations related to gender. 6. **Interaction in Different Contexts:** - What is considered appropriate gender behavior in one setting may differ from another, and individuals may adapt their behavior accordingly.

SIX Functions of the Family: Third function

Socialize children by teaching them skills, knowledge, values, and attitudes of their society

Staying Home vs Going Away

Pros of Leaving Home 4 University: - Rite of Passage n Professional Network: offering the opportunity to discover independence n adulthood. Living in uni dorm provides supportive envior 4 personal growth n the formation of lasting friendships, can also contribute to professional network. - Campus Life n Job Market Edge: uni location is a crucial factor, n students who move away develop deeper ties to peers n larger school community. Participation in extracurricular activities on campus enhance soft skills - teamwork, providing an edge in job market. - Parental Perspective: Parents view their children leaving 4 uni positively, experiencing a shift towards more peer-like relationship. - Choosing the Right uni: The best uni 4 a student may not be in their city. Specialized programs, school size, course selection, n co-op opportunities should be considered when making decision. - Reduced Commuting Time: Living on or near campus reduces commuting time, allowing 4 more study time and positively impacting health n environment. Cons Leaving Home 4 uni: - Debt: Moving away 4 uni can signif increase living expenses, adding to student debt. High student debt can have long-term financial consequences, affecting net worth, savings, n ability to make big purchases. - Noisy Roommates: Shared housing can be stressful due to noise n disruptions, impacting study n sleep. - Growing Pains: Struggles in relationships w parents r common as students establish independence. Homesickness can be challenging, w a small % of students experiencing intense homesickness, potentially leading to dropping out. Cultural Adjustment: New surroundings may stress students from diverse backgrounds. Connecting with similar cultures helps ease this adjustment.

Progress for women in society

The progress for women in society has been substantial over the years, marked by advancements in various areas. It's important to note that progress is uneven and challenges still exist, but here are some key areas where positive changes for women have been observed: 1. **Education:** - Significant progress has been made in women's education globally. More women have access to primary, secondary, and higher education, contributing to increased literacy rates and expanded career opportunities. 2. **Workforce Participation:** - Women's participation in the workforce has increased, with more women pursuing diverse careers and entering traditionally male-dominated fields. Efforts to address gender wage gaps and promote workplace equality continue. 3. **Leadership Roles:** - There has been a gradual increase in the representation of women in leadership roles across various sectors, including politics, business, academia, and non-profit organizations. Women are breaking barriers and assuming positions of influence. 4. **Legal and Policy Changes:** - Legal and policy changes have been implemented to address gender discrimination and promote women's rights. These include laws against gender-based violence, maternity leave policies, and affirmative action measures. 5. **Political Participation:** - Women's political participation has seen progress, with more women involved in political processes as voters, activists, and elected officials. Some countries have implemented gender quotas to increase women's representation in political bodies. 6. **Reproductive Rights:** - Advances in reproductive rights have given women greater control over their reproductive choices. Access to contraception, family planning services, and legal abortion has improved in many places. 7. **Social Attitudes and Stereotypes:** - So

3 Stages of Marriage:

Warm relationship - Relationships are romantic, warm, and respectful. Focus: exploration, sexual attraction, and idealization of the partner. Individuals build their selfesteem in creating their ideal relationship. Conflict - individuals become more demanding to meet their own needs. This creates instability and requires partners to change their behaviour. Individuals are disappointed as relationship is less rewarding. Compromise and Negotiation - couples do this to create a relationship that meets their needs as much as possible. Relationship - more realistic, mature, and stable.

Ethnocentrism

means to apply one's own culture or ethnicity as a frame of reference to judge other cultures, practices, behaviors, beliefs, and people, instead of using the standards of the particular culture involved.

North American "Dream"

pursuing occupational goals, leaving home, finding a partner.

Systems Theory

role of men will need to adjust in order to accommodate women's changing role to reach equilibrium (homeostasis)