HI 101 History of Civilization Test 4 (PCC Mr. Goodson)
Bourgeoisie
craftsmen and artisans living in the shadow of the castle.and were protected by the lords, but not as tied down as serfs
Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
the Spanish power couple who ruled during the Reconquista and made it extremely dangerous for Jews and Muslims in Spain
lay investiture
the appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles
Romanesque to gothic
the architectural style that Europe came out of in the High Middle Ages and the style they used more
Reconquista
the attempt to have the christians over take Spain, menaing to kick the Moors out
Conciliarism
the belief that the majority of the power should be on the church council, not so much the pope
Summa Theolocia
the book Thomas Aquinas wrote
Childrens Crusade
the final Crusade in which the leader thought the pure in heart couldn't be stopped, hence they sent the purest forms they could find, kids
Bubonic Plague
the form of plague that killed the most people
Canute the Dane
the king of Dane who conquered Ethelred the Unready, but had weak kids
1st- clergy 2nd- nobles 3rd- everyone else
the new social classes and who were in them
vernacular writing
the non standard writing, more of how the common people spoke
primogeniture
the practice of passing things to the eldest son when the father dies
Venice (trade) Florence (culture) Rome (religion)
three major political cities
*Little European influence left *Trade was moe emphasized *Religious discontentment
three results from the crusades
inferno, pergatorio, and paradiso
three segregations in the Divine Comdey
Cistericians Franciscans Dominicans (the one thought to be heretical)
three types of monks
House of lords house of commons
two houses of parliament
created a truce to allow christians and muslims to both worship in the Holy Land
what agreement did Saladin and Richard come to
Unum Sanctum
what did Boniface write which excommunicated Philip and declared submission to the pope was required for sacrements
Domesday book
what did William the Conqueror use to keep track of his possessions and organize taxation
England vs. France (France won)
who fought the Hudnred Years War
Lorenzo Valla
who found the Donation of Constantine to be a fake while studying the old languages and original copies
Richard I Phillip II (made a small claim and was satisfied) Frederick of Barbarrosa (died before reaching HL)
the three kings that were part of the Crusade of Kings
Cathars
those who thought physical was always bad and spiritual was always good (leading to the conclusion Christ was not God)
Three Field System
A medieval innovation that increased the amount of land under cultivation by leaving only one-third fallow in a given year vs the before system of leaving 1/2 the field fallow
Wind/Water mills
very effective mechanical uses of wind and water power; became very widespread and was used to grind grain to produce flour
Battle of Hastings
what battle did William conquer Godwin in 1066
Dante
who wrote Divine Comedy
because of their kosher rules, diet, and washing of hands
why did the Jews die so much less during the Black Plague
AD 1096-1099
First Crusade where the Crusaders established four kingdoms in the Holy Land
Estates general
French form of parliament
AD 1440
Gutenberg invents the moveable type printing press
AD 1337-1453
Hundred Years War
the end justifies the means
Machiavelli's philosophy
AD 1215
Magna Carta
battle of Crecy
Major victory for the English where they used large 6ft long bows
AD 1066
Norman invasion with the Major Battle of Hastings
AD 1305-1378
Pope moved to Avignon and "Babylonian Captivity" of the papacy
AD 1453
Sack of Constantinople by Ottoman Turks leading to the end of the Byzantine Empire
Leonardo da Vinci
Sculptor and artist who painted the Last Supper
Carruca
a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare that had a huge impact on medieval agriculture
Aristotle
believed in hands on reasoning and his teachings began making a comeback in the scholastic era
For urban elite Individual emphasis Secular
characteristics of th eRennaissance
Flanders
city to produce high quality woolen cloth
Little Ice Age
climate change in the 13th century causing it to be cold which means smaller growing seasons leading to famine
Chivalry
code of conduct or ideal behavior. literally meant acting as though you owned many horses. warrior aristocracy using their power for good
Leonardo da Vinci
had an idealistic projection of realism
Aristocracy
held the power through the feudalistic era because of their possession of land
8
how many crusades were there total
Petrarch
humanistic philosopher that downplayed religion and emphasized the potential of man
Johannes Gutenberg
invented the printing press
Henry II
kind of england but also Duke of Normandy causing him to control more of France than the French king. best known for strengthening power in the royal courts by inputting common law
Ethelred the Unready
king Alfred's son who was taken over by the king of Dane
Thomas Aquinas
known as having the most profound voice in scholasticism
Venice
leading city for Italian trade
Fourth Crusade
led to the fall of the Byzantine Empire by the Sack of Constantinople
Frederick of HRE
led war against Italy because they kept causing trouble
Eleanor of Aquitaine
marriage with King Louis VII of France was annulled because of lack of sons. she then married King Henry II of England. She provided him with Richard and John
pneumonic plague
more deadly form of the plague that was more in the lungs
Third Crusade
most famous crusade known as the crusade of kings
*religious zeal *code of chivalry *adventure
motivation for crusades
Saracens or Seljuk Turks
muslims who obtained the Holy Land and the Pope was trying to drive out
old- trained monks for religious reasons new- trained city people for trades and higher understanding
old universities vs. new universities
Divine Comedy
one of the first vernacularly written works in Italy
Notre Dame
one of the most famous buildings using the Gothic style.
Otto the Great
one of the most important Roman Emperors who helped the pope with military power
Nicolo Machievelli
one of the most influential writers and wrote the prince
Theology
out of the common studies: medicine, law, and theology, what was held preeminent at this time
Guilds
people joining like minded producers; regulated the trade and reduced competition
patrons
people with cash that financed the artistic ventures in the renaissance
Ad Fontes
phrase that meant to the sources
Pope Urban II in 1095
pope who called for the First Crusade
Common law
precedents set by judges who ruled in the past that applied to all cities, towns, and suburbs
Capitalism
private enterprise within a relatively unregulated free market; individuals buying and selling
Scholasticism
reconciling of faith and reason; combining Aristotle's teachings with Biblical theology
Giotto
someone who began to bring back the "importance" of realism
Jerusalem in 1099
the First Crusade captured what city (which was their goal) and in what year
Availability of books Decline of use and availability of Latin
what effects did the printing press have
Phillip IV vs. Boniface VIII
what king wants to tax which pope which leads to the Popes excommunication
the lack of workable serfs
what led to the collapse of the feudal system
Great Schism
what was it called when two popes were elected and both tried to excommunicate each other leading great confussion
Peasants Crusade
what was technically the first crusade, though it was more of a joke than actually accomplishing anything
Established that the king is under the law, but it only really helped the nobles, not the commoners; at Runnymede
what was the Magna Carta and where was it signed
First Crusade
what was the only crusade to actually accomplish its goal
Council of Constance
where was the Great Schism finally resolved
Second Crusade
which crusade accomplished nothing but the muslims regaining the Holy Land
Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII
which pope excommunicated which king leading to the pope having more power than ever before
William the Conqueror vs. Harold Godwin
which two kings fought in the Norman conquest
Hugh Capet
who established the weak line of capetian kings
Saladin
who recaptured Jerusalem for the muslims
Edward the Confessor
who reigned after Canute the Dane
Joan of Arc
who turned the tide of the Hundred Years War
Tall and soaring with pointed tops used a new vault called flying butreces (directs the weight to the outside of the structure)
describe the Gothic style
Solid and bulky. rounded roofs and very dark with few windows
describe the Romanesque style
Bruneleschi
developed a new method of architecture and created a massive dome in Florentine
Edward I
first king to call for parliament
Bologna in 1088
first modern university in Italy, what year
Phillip IV the fare
king to establish estates general
Alfred the Great
king who battled the vikings into Dane