High Middle Ages

Bourgeoisie

the craftsmen, artisans, merchants, and others, who were the socio-economic class between the peasants and the landlords. French middle class.

Papal States

... A location in central Italy ruled by the popes.

Scholasticism

..The use of logic to resolve theological problems..

How did the Pope's view their power?

They were central figures of power and influence. The overly aggressive religious fanaticism of the popes and the promise of redemption of sin made the popes and the crusades popular. In effect of this, the Catholic Church soon became the collective, uniting religious institution.

Guilds

business groups formed by crafts people and merchants. Ex: silversmiths

What ended Feudalism?

The Black Plague and the Crusades

What are some things that caused the revival of trade in Europe?

The Crusades The Vikings settled down and quit attacking and starting trading. They made thing safer for trade. Moguls unifying Asia and reviving The Silk Road

Interdict

"an ecclesiastical lockout," was also a powerful instrument. Whereas excommunication was directed against individuals, interdict suspended all public worship and withheld all sacraments other than Baptism and Extreme Unction in the realm of a disobedient ruler. Pope Innocent III successfully applied or threatened the interdict eighty-five times against disobedient kings and princes.

Magna Carta

..one of the most important documents in Medieval England. Signed between feudal barons and King John. It was a series of promises that the king would goovern England and deal with its people according to the customs of feudalism. It was an attempt by the barons to stop King John from abusing his power and causing the people of England suffering.

Magna Carta

1. gave Catholic Church many privileges 2. prevented king from being harsh on barons 3. promised laws that were good and fair i.e. everyone shall have access to courts; costs and money should not be an issue; no one should be punished without going through the legal system 4. 25 barons were responsible for making sure the Magna Carta was enforced

Hedonists

A different reaction to Black Plague. The opposite of the Flagellates. They believed they were likely to die, so they may as well have as much fun as possible before death.

Charter of Freedom

A legal document granted by the king that allowed people to run their own towns.

Manorialism

A lord's manor would include peasant villages, a church, farm land, a mill, and the lord's castle or manor house. Manors were self sufficient; all economic activity occurred on the manor. This meant that little to no trade occurred during this time period. Most of the peasants during the Middle Ages were serfs. Serfs were generally farmers who were tied to the land. They were not slaves because they could not be bought or sold, but they could not readily leave the manor either. Serfs were given land to farm in exchange for service to their lord. This service usually involved working the lord's fields, maintaining roads and the manor, and providing military service in times of war. Serfs paid taxes to their lord in the form of crops. This is also how the paid the fee to use the manor's mill or other services. The lords had responsibilities also under this system. In return for the service and fees paid by the peasants, they provided land and protection to them. Lords also had to pay fees and give service to high lords and the king. Feudalism affected all levels of society.

Burgher

A medieval merchant-class town dweller. German

High Middle Ages

A period during the 11th, 12th and 13th centuries in Europe characterized by rapid population growth which brought about great social and political change. The population grew from 38 million to 74 million.

What was the Hundred Year War?

A war fought between England and France over lands England possessed in France and feudal relationships. It was actually not fought for 100 consecutive years. It was on and off for about 100 years. It is fought in France. France is richer and has more people. England has the longbow. It's more powerful and faster to load than a crossbow. Then France starts using cannons during the end of the war. The availability of gunpowder allows this.

Joan of Arc

A young French peasant woman who led French troops against the English during the Hundred Years War. Her death unified the French people as a nation-state. 17 year old French peasant girl. She believed she heard heavenly voices telling her to save France. She spent a year in prison then was tried as a witch and was burned at stake.

What was life like for an apprentice?

Apprenticeship began in the teens and lasted from seven to ten years. Though it wasn't unheard of for sons to be apprenticed to their own fathers, it was fairly uncommon.1 Sons of master craftsmen were by Guild law automatically accepted into the Guild. Apprenticeship was not limited to males. While there were fewer girls than boys taken in as apprentices, girls were trained in a wide variety of trades. They were more likely to be trained by the master's wife, who often knew nearly as much about the trade as her husband (and sometimes more). Youngsters rarely had any choice in which craft they would learn, or with what particular master they would work; the destiny of an apprentice was usually determined by the connections his family had. For example, a young man whose father had a haberdasher for a friend might be apprenticed to that haberdasher, or perhaps to another haberdasher in the same guild. The connection might be through a godparent or neighbor instead of a blood relative. Apprenticeships were formally arranged with contracts and sponsors. Guilds required that bonds of surety be posted to guarantee that apprentices fulfilled expectations; if they did not, the sponsor was liable for the fee. In addition, sponsors or the candidates themselves would sometimes pay the master a fee to take on the apprentice. This would help the master cover the expenses of caring for the apprentice over the next several years. The relationship between master and apprentice was as significant as that between parent and offspring. Apprentices lived in their master's house or shop; they usually ate with the master's family, often wore clothes provided by the master, and were subject to the master's discipline. Living in such close proximity, the apprentice could and often did form close emotional bonds with this foster family, and might even "marry the boss's daughter." Whether or not they married into the family, apprentices were often remembered in their masters' wills. There were also cases of abuse, which might end up in court; though apprentices were usually the victims, at times they took extreme advantage of their benefactors, stealing from them and even engaging in violent confrontations. Apprentices sometimes ran away, and the sponsor would have to pay the master the surety fee to make up for the time, money and effort that had gone into training the runaway. The apprentices were there to learn and the primary purpose the master had taken them into his home was to teach them; so learning all the skills associated with the craft was what occupied most of their time. Some masters might take advantage of the "free" labor, and assign menial tasks to the young worker and teach him the secrets of the craft only slowly; but this was not all that common. An affluent craftsmaster would have servants to perform the unskilled tasks he needed done in the shop; and, the sooner he taught his apprentice the skills of the trade, the sooner his apprentice could help him properly in the business. It was the last hidden "mysteries" of the trade that might take some time to acquire. Apprenticeship was an extension of the adolescent years, and could take up almost a quarter of the average medieval lifespan. At the end of his training, the apprentice was ready to go out on his own as a "journeyman." Yet he was still likely to remain with his master as an employee.

Franciscans

As a more positive response to the spread of heresy and the conditions that caused it, Innocent III approved the founding of the Franciscan and Dominican orders of friars ("brothers"). Instead of living an isolated existence in a remote monastery, the friars moved among the people, ministering to their needs, preaching the Gospel, and teaching in the schools. The Franciscans were founded by St. Francis of Assisi (1182?-1226), who rejected riches and spread the gospel of poverty and Christian simplicity. Love of one's fellow human beings and all God's creatures, even "brother worm," were basic in the Rule of St. Francis, which was inspired by Jesus' example.

Causes of Black Death

Black Death was caused by infected rats. Fleas bite rats and then humans. The crowded conditions in cities caused it to spread. It began in China and because of trade quickly spread to Europe. There would be fewer cases in the Winter when the fleas died. Then it would return in the Summer, when more fleas entered through trade. Many believed it was caused by witches, some believed it was caused by Jews living in Europe, others believed it was punishment from God. Low crop yields prior to Black Plague weakened the population. Immense population growth in cities caused crowded and unsanitary conditions. Trade opening up in Europe brings the Black Plague from Asia. (Rats come over on trading ships)

Feudalism

Feudalism was a social, political, and economic system that dominated all aspects of medieval life. The economic portion of feudalism was centered around the lord's estates or manor, and is called manorialism. Feudalism affected all levels of society. The Feudal System Kings Give large land grants to Upper Lords called fiefs Give Protection Receives money, military service, and advice Upper Lords Give land grants to Lesser Lords Give Protection Receives money, military service Lesser Lords Give land grants to knights Receives money, military service Knights Give land to peasants/serfs Receives crops, labor Peasants/ Serfs Receives land to farm Pays with labor, crops

How did the revival of trade and cities during the High Middle Ages impact European Society as a whole?

First, there was the start of capitalism and a money economy. This was not fully developed yet, but it was beginning. The money economy was coming to replace barter as it was much easier to use money for all of the trading that now needed to be done. This led to the creation of banks and of trading companies where there were people whose livelihood came not from making goods but from buying and selling them. This can be seen as the start of capitalism. Second, there was a move away from feudalism and towards a system of towns that had their own rights outside of that system. Trade and towns were not really compatible with the old system of feudal lords with serfs and peasants tied to the land. Therefore, towns started to be granted charters of their own and the right to exist outside the feudal system. The feudal system was still strong, but this growth in trade and cities was starting to diminish its power.

Venice

In the High Middle Ages, Venice became extremely wealthy through its control of trade between Europe and the Levant, and it began to expand into the Adriatic Sea and beyond. Venice was involved in the Crusades almost from the very beginning. The Venetians also gained extensive trading privileges in the Byzantine Empire during the 12th century, and their ships often provided the Empire with a navy.

Commercial Capitalism

In the feudal system, every man was a servant or vassal of his lord. However, widespread crisis erupted in the High Middle Ages in the form of famine, plague and war. Populations declined and peasants either left their lands or revolted, monarchies could no longer rely on feudal land owners for taxes and cavalries for military success. These challenges provided incentives for kingdoms to build up their own infantries. As the feudal system faded, Royal powers grew. Further, with the rise of the Ottoman Empire, European royalty had further incentives to secure new trade routes. As a result, royal powers began granting power to merchants and others who, in effect, gained monopolistic rights to a variety of business activities. This new group of power players included the Fuggers of Germany, the Medici's of Italy, and the De La Poles of England - among others. Many achieved great wealth and political influence, and established many of today's modern day business practices such as insurance, double-book-entry accounting, partnerships, and the rudiments of a banking system. Eventually, Royal Powers peaked in the form of Mercantilism. As new lands were discovered, raw materials were repatriated and finished goods where exported with the universal goal of maximizing exports and minimizing imports. The ever-neglected labor class grew tired of their coercive incentives related to intrusive monarchies, poor working conditions, and lack of property rights. This led to the English Civil War in 1642 and similar events across Europe. Eventually, royalty was forced to share powers with parliaments, and rules of law were established to support property rights. These factors opened the door to a variety of new opportunities for a broad populace.

Effects of Black Death

It marks the end of the High Middle Ages. Population reduced by at least 1/3. Culture: art revealed the despair that was felt during this time. There was an obsession with disease and death Economics: farmlands reverted back to pastures because there was nobody to work the land, farmers wouldn't farm, this leads to famine. Serfs demand wages and this leads to the revolt in 1381. Lords killed, manors burned, revolt crushed but feudalism never recovers.

Richard the Lionhearted

King of England, but he was actually from France. He became King through marriage. He actually only went to England twice while King. He mostly fights Crusades. When he dies, there is no clear heir to the throne.

What was life like in medieval cities?

Life in Medieval Cities and Towns The inhabitants of medieval cities were far from being homogeneous and distinguished themselves by clothing, way of living, occupation as well as by their rights and obligations. Thus the residents of medieval cities could be divided into four groups: The real citizens (merchants, craftsmen, bankers) who had all rights and privileges granted by the city charter or otherwise and participated in the government of the city. Nobles (lay nobles, clergy) who lived in medieval cities did not have city privileges and were not under city jurisdiction. Residents with special status and obligations (Jews) who were not members of citizenship and were not under city jurisdiction. They were a special class without any rights but they had certain obligations such as participation in maintenance works of the surrounding walls. Their chief occupation was trade and financial services. Jews were generally hated, frequently persecuted and often expelled for loaning money for high interests and for religious reasons. They lived in area that was designated as Jewish quarter or ghetto. Residents without any rights and without their own funds who were usually former serfs. They worked as servants and unskilled laborers. The residents of medieval cities and towns greatly distinguished themselves from the other classes of feudal society by personal freedom and their economic activity. In contrary to the serfs whose chief occupation was agriculture, the citizens were engaged in trade, craft and financial services. Their position in the feudal society was lower than nobility although some citizens were very wealthy and higher than the peasants. The medieval cities and towns were relatively small and had few thousand inhabitants. In contrary to the market towns, medieval cities were surrounded by walls which were strengthened with towers, fortifications and moats sometimes filled with water. City could have been entered only in daytime when the big, heavy and fettered city gates were opened. The city gates were closed during the night, while the streets were patrolled by a guard who was supposed to protect its residents from thieves and fires. There was no street lighting at night and the people lighted their way with torches which increased the risk of fire. However, replacement of wooden structures by brick ones reduced the risk of fire. All medieval cities and towns were notable for narrow streets and low inflow of daylight and fresh air. The water pumped from the wells was often infected and was a source of various diseases. The mortality rate was very high especially in children and infants, while the average life expectancy in the medieval cities was 35 years of age. Ill people were taken care by healers, while some cities had their own hospital and pharmacy. The apartments had small windows which were covered with animal hide or bladder. In the middle of an apartment was usually a fireplace, while cooking was done in a kettle which hang over an open fire. The main furniture was the bed, while chests were used for storing clothes. All women wore their hair long but they only combed it (never washed it) and rubbed their hair every three months with a special powder made of starch, rose and orange bloom, bay leaf, herbs. Taking a bath in a tub at home was extremely rare and was kind of a ritual which included whole family. First took a bath men in line from the oldest to the youngest and afterwards (in the same water) the female members of the family. Dirty - Garbage and contents of bedpans were generally thrown out of windows on the streets. Dogs, cats and pigs which run free in the streets. Low personal hygiene and extremely dirty streets resulted in frequent outbreaks of various diseases spread by rodents (rats, mouses) and other pests such as louses and fleas.

What were medieval cities like?

Medieval cities were surrounded by walls and moats filled with water and bridges leading to the city gates where was the entrance in the city. The center of the city was the market square, an open area where were located town hall, the main church and various shops and the market stalls during the time of markets. The houses were arranged in lines on a small area, while the streets were very narrow. Except for the town hall, church and houses of nobles which were built of stone and bricks, the majority of houses in medieval cities was built of wood. Since medieval cities were often destroyed by fires wooden buildings and houses were eventually replaced by brick ones.

Cistercians

Part of the monastic reform movement, the Cistercians's abbeys were situated in solitary places, and their strict discipline emphasized fasts and vigils, manual labor, and a vegetarian diet. Their churches contained neither stained glass nor statues, and the puritanical Bernard denounced the beautification of churches in general.

Money Economy

Prior to a money economy (during the Manorial System), all thing were purchased through the barter system. Once people started trading good outside of their Manor, they began using gold and silver as currency. From this banks and trading companies developed.

Flagellates

Religious (often monks) people who believed that God was punishing people with the Plague. Their rational was that if God is punishing people, then we must punish ourselves to show God we care.

The Renaissance

The period that leads Europe from the Middle Ages to the Modern Era. 1200 - 1500

Excommunication

The pope's chief weapon in support of its authority were spiritual penalties. The most powerful of these was excommunication, by which people became anathema, "set apart" from the church and all the faithful. A person who was excommunicant could not act as judge, juror, notary, witness, or attorney. That person could not be a guardian, an executor, or a party to any contracts. When one died as an excommunicant, one received no Christian burial; and if by chance he or she was buried in Consecrated ground, the body was dug up and thrown away. An excommunicant who entered a church during Mass was to be expelled, or the Mass discontinued. After the reading of a sentence of excommunication, a bell was rung as for a funeral, a book closed, and a candle extinguished, to symbolize the spiritual death of the guilty person.

Aristotle

The rediscovery of Aristotle's philosophy led Thomas Aquinas and other thinkers of the time to develop Scholasticism.

Dominicans

The second order of friars was founded by St. Dominic (1170-1221), a well-educated Spaniard who had fought the Albigensians in southern France. There he decided that to combat the strength and zeal of it opponents, the church should have champions who could preach the Gospel with the dedication of the Apostles. Dominic's order of friar-preachers dedicated themselves to preaching as a means of maintaining the doctrines of the church and of converting heretics. The enthusiasm and sincerity of the friars in their early years made a profound impact on an age that had grown increasingly critical of the worldliness of the church. But after they took charge of the Inquisition, became professors in the universities, and served the papacy in other ways, the friars lost much of their original simplicity and freshness. Yet their message and zeal had done much to provide the church with moral and intellectual leadership at a time when such leadership was badly needed.

King John

Unpopular King of England. He was not very successful in his military campaigns abroad. He lost lands in Northern France and therefore lost income. He tried to make up for this by introducing higher taxes without consulting the barons. This was against feudal customs. John also angered the Roman Catholic Church. As a result the pope banned church services in England, which angered the people. The pope even excommunicated King John in 1209.

Flanders

Wool producer. During the late Middle Ages, Flanders' trading towns (notably Ghent, Bruges and Ypres) made it one of the richest and most urbanized parts of Europe, weaving the wool of neighbouring lands into cloth for both domestic use and export. As a consequence, a very sophisticated culture developed, with impressive achievements in the arts and architecture, rivaling those of northern Italy. As part of Belgium, Flanders was initially the poorer half of the country, which was dominated by less populated but heavily industrialized French-speaking Wallonia. In the second half of the 20th century, however, there has been a gradual shift of political and economic power to Flanders, which, having modernized its economy, is now more wealthy and prosperous than its southern counterpart.[2] Territory situated in the northwestern part of what is now Belgium and what are now parts of northern France and the Netherlands.

Black Death

also called Black Plague, Bubonic Plague; it killed 25 million people in Europe; 1/3 - 1/2 of the population; it causes swelling of lymph nodes, painful boils, high fevers, chills, death of skin, vomiting blood and death