HIS 102 2

Which architectural feature characterized the middle-class single-family home?

A special drawing room for entertaining guests

How did Ismail transform Egypt in the nineteenth century?

He endorsed large irrigation networks for cotton production and export.

How did Muhammad Ali finance his modernization of Egyptian society?

He forced farmers to become tenants of large, private landowners who adopted commercial agriculture.

Which medication proved to be effective in controlling malaria and allowing Europeans to venture into the mosquito-infested interior of Africa?

Quinine

The Meiji Restoration restored the Japanese emperor to power in 1867 and

initiated a series of reforms to modernize Japan.

The Russian zemstvo was the

institution for local government established by the Great Reforms.

The national unification processes of Germany, Italy, and the United States in the middle of the nineteenth century were similar in that they all

involved violence and warfare.

Companionate marriage was marriage

based on romantic love and family values.

Which statement best describes the events at Fashoda in 1898?

British and French troops encountered one another in Africa, triggering a diplomatic crisis.

Approximately how many people died on the battlefields of the First World War?

8 million

Which reform was the first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia?

Abolition of serfdom

Which statement describes an attitude toward behavior and morality on which the middle class generally agreed?

Always adhere to a strict moral code.

Who was Alexander Kerensky?

An agrarian socialist who became prime minister of Russia in July 1917

Which statement best describes the result of the Mexican-American War?

It exacerbated tensions between the northern and southern halves of the United States as debate erupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico.

Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade?

As a response to U.S. military pressure

Why did socialist parties become more moderate by the late 1800s?

As socialist parties attracted larger numbers of members and won concessions, they looked more toward gradual change and less toward revolution.

Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?

Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve it.

How did Louis Napoleon believe that the people should be represented in government?

By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people

How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?

Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing.

Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?

Combination Acts of 1799

By which principle did the European powers establish their claims to African territory after the Berlin Conference in 1884 and 1885?

Effective occupation

Which statement describes a central component of the improvements in sanitation in the nineteenth century?

Excrement from outhouses could be carried off by water through sewers at low cost.

Which pattern did migration out of Europe often follow in the nineteenth century?

Families and friends would coordinate their migrations so that they would settle together in a new land.

In the 1890s, how did Sergei Witte seek to transform Russia?

He believed that Russia's industrial backwardness was limiting its power and implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West.

As an intellectual movement, Realism emerged first in which country?

France

The immediate cause of British entry into the First World War was the

German invasion of neutral Belgium.

Which statement describes content of the "war guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles?

Germany (with Austria) was responsible for the war and had to pay reparations.

Who were the Red Shirts in the nineteenth century?

Giuseppe Garibaldi's guerrilla army involved in the invasion of Sicily in 1860

How did Henri-Philippe Pétain maintain order among French troops by late 1917?

He made an unspoken agreement with the troops that there would be no more grand offensives.

How did Lenin respond to the peasants' seizure of land when he rose to power in 1917?

He mandated land reform that endorsed what the peasants had already done.

Which statement best characterizes Count Leo Tolstoy's central message in War and Peace?

Human love, trust, and everyday family ties are life's enduring values.

By 1890, how had Japan met the challenge of Western expansion?

It selectively adopted those elements of Western society that were in keeping with Japanese tradition.

Which statement describes the result of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?

It set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers.

Which statement describes the result of Allied support of the White armies in the Russian civil war?

It allowed the Bolsheviks to appeal to patriotism against the Allies.

Why did Italy, after declaring neutrality in 1914, decide to join the Triple Entente in 1915?

It was promised Austrian territory in return.

Gustave Flaubert tells the story of a frustrated middle-class housewife who has a sordid and adulterous love affair in his masterpiece,

Madame Bovary.

Which statement describes the primary consequence of the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905?

Many of the Great Powers began to see Germany as a threat to all of Europe.

Which terms were required of China in the Treaty of Nanking (1842) that ended the first Opium War?

Opening up four large cities to unlimited foreign trade with low tariffs

Which good did the British use to break China's self-imposed isolation?

Opium

How did the British obtain the opium that they smuggled into China?

Opium was grown legally in British-occupied India.

Realpolitik is most associated with which statesman?

Otto von Bismarck

Which statement best describes the principle of national self-determination that was promoted by U.S. president Woodrow Wilson?

Peoples should be able to choose national governments through a democratic process and live free from outside interference.

How did the expanding right to vote in the late nineteenth century affect national politics across Europe?

Politicians and parties became more responsive to the needs of the people they represented.

A European working-class male would most likely be found watching which sport in 1897?

Soccer

Which event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs?

Russia's defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856

Who assassinated Grigori Rasputin in 1916?

Russian aristocrats

Ottoman reformers launched a series of radical reforms in the nineteenth century known as the

Tanzimat

Which statement describes the outcome for Ukraine and Belarus, parts of the Russian Empire ceded to Germany in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, in the early twentieth century?

The Bolsheviks reconquered those territories during the civil war.

How did Lenin's and the Bolsheviks' view of the Marxist party in Russia differ from the Mensheviks' view of the party?

The Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplined party, while the Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership.

When Hungary gained independent status in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, how did it organize its domestic politics?

The Magyar nobility dominated both the peasantry and minority populations through the parliament.

Why were the Balkans considered the "powder keg of Europe"?

The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism.

Which definition best describes the Second Industrial Revolution?

The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the nineteenth century

In the early twentieth century, why were extensive social welfare programs slow to form in Great Britain?

The conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs.

How did the expansion of the Industrial Revolution affect the work life of the middle class?

The middle class established a range of new professions that required specialized knowledge and advanced education.

Which factor was the primary influence on whether European immigrants returned to their native lands?

The possibility of buying land in their home country

Which reform did France's Second Republic institute in 1848?

The right to vote for all adult men

In which way did Louis Pasteur's and Joseph Lister's discoveries aid European imperialism?

Their discoveries, when applied, helped Christian missionaries to win over natives.

Throughout the First World War, which mistake did military commanders repeatedly make?

They attempted to launch massive offensives designed to break through entrenched lines.

Which statement best describes the concerns of the early socialist thinkers about the emerging industrial society?

They believed that industrial society encouraged selfish individualism and fragmented communities.

Why did middle-class families spend considerable portions of their income on food?

They gave frequent, large dinner parties as their favored social activity.

Which statement describes the primary political weakness of the White forces as they fought against the Reds?

They had a poorly defined political program, other than hating the Reds.

How did labor unions in Germany change in the early 1900s?

They increasingly concentrated on bread-and-butter issues rather than revolution.

Upon his election as president, why did Louis Napoleon sign conservative legislation increasing the power of the Catholic Church and depriving poor men of the right to vote?

To get the National Assembly to pay his personal debts and change the constitution so he could run for a second term

How did Sardinia and its monarch, Victor Emmanuel, gain the reputation of being liberal and progressive?

Victor Emmanuel retained the liberal constitution, along with its substantial civil liberties, that was forced on his father in 1848.

In the nineteenth century, Edwin Chadwick gained fame as

an advocate of improved public sanitation.

Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf refers to his

attack on the Catholic Church in the German Empire.

Which name was given to the long-established customs union among the German states?

Zollverein

The October Manifesto in the Russian revolution of 1905 granted full civil rights and promised

a popularly elected parliament.

Count Arthur de Gobineau's racial theory divided humanity into the white, black, and yellow races and

claimed that the Aryan race was superior to the others.

Britain's decisive advantage in its so-called Opium Wars with China was its

control of the seas

The notorious forgery "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" suggested that Jewish elders were planning to

control the entire world.

Louis Napoleon's great success with the economy included

encouraging new investment banks and railroad construction.

In the United States, the Thirteenth Amendment in 1865

ended slavery and involuntary servitude.

The goal of the Prussian parliament in the 1850s and 1860s was to

establish that it held final political authority and that the army was responsible to it.

Romantics and early nationalists investigated folk songs, folk tales, and proverbs in order to

find the unique greatness of their respective peoples' histories and cultures.

During the First World War, the African colonial subjects of Britain and France

generally supported their foreign rulers.

After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussia

imposed severe peace terms on France.

Unlike other political parties, Marxist socialists

organized themselves into an international organization.

Following the First World War, one of the most difficult domestic problems faced by governments was

providing care for the large number of injured veterans.

The Boxer Rebellion was a(n)

rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China.

The greatest impediment to nation building in the United States was

regional differences exacerbated by slavery.

Walter Rathenau is remembered for his

role in Germany's total war mobilization.

In his pioneering work of quantitative sociology, Suicide (1897), Émile Durkheim concluded that ever-higher suicide rates were caused by widespread feelings of

rootlessness

The Russian Marxist Vladimir Lenin asserted that imperialism

signaled the eventual decline and collapse of capitalist society.

What was the underlying and singular cause for the US Civil War?

slavery

According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in

the economy as little as possible.

At the Troppau Conference in 1820, Klemens von Metternich and Alexander I proclaimed

their support for the principle of active intervention to counter threats to all autocratic regimes.

The goal of the New Imperialism of the late nineteenth century was

to create large political empires in the new imperial lands.

In 1917, the Germans aided Vladimir Lenin in overthrowing Alexander Kerensky's government by

transporting him across Germany in a sealed train.

The February Revolution in Russia in 1917 was a(n)

unplanned uprising in Petrograd that quickly spread throughout the country.

In the late nineteenth century, masturbation was

viewed with horror.

The Homestead Act, enacted during the Civil War, gave western land to settlers and reinforced the idea that the United States

would be based on free labor in a market economy.

Which new model for European expansion did Britain establish in Egypt?

A combination of military force, political domination, and an ideology of beneficial reform

Which factor was crucial to the success of Count Camillo Benso di Cavour's plan to unify northern Italy in the nineteenth century?

A secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria

Which statement best describes the content of the Balfour Declaration of November 1917, written by British foreign secretary Arthur Balfour?

Britain supported the creation of a national homeland for the Jewish people in Palestine.

How was the flow of goods directed around the globe in the nineteenth century?

By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port

How did the culture of sports change in the late nineteenth century?

Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized spectator sports became popular.

Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864?

Denmark was attempting to bring two disputed provinces into a more centralized Danish state.

Which statement describes the breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work?

Diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled.

Why did Bismarck enact high tariffs on grain from the United States, Canada, and Russia in 1878?

He sought to win support from both the Catholic Center Party and the Protestant Junkers.

What was French premier Georges Clemenceau's position at the Paris Peace Conference?

He wanted to create a buffer state between Germany and France.

Why did many late-nineteenth-century feminists advocate for property, educational, and voting rights?

Many women wanted or needed to work outside the home and lacked the legal protections to do so.

The First and Second Internationals both provide evidence for

Marxist attempts to transcend national boundaries.

Who wrote Frankenstein in 1816?

Mary Shelley

Folklorists like Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm employed Romantic ideas in service of which other concept from the middle of the nineteenth century?

Nationalism

How did the process of Italian unification survive the French betrayal of Sardinia in its effort to unify Italy?

Nationalist leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia, despite the displeasure of the Great Powers.

Which statement best characterizes early-nineteenth-century British cities?

Nearly all land was used for buildings, which meant that parks or other open spaces were almost nonexistent.

In December 1825, some 3,000 Russian army officers inspired by liberal ideas staged a protest against which new tsar?

Nicholas I

How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?

Railroad lines connected resource-rich inland cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade but did not link inland cities to each other.

Which statement accurately characterizes British military activities in the Middle East during World War I?

The British were unable to take Constantinople but took other Ottoman cities and fomented Arab rebellion throughout the sultan's empire.

Which statement is an accurate characterization of a socialist party in Europe prior to 1914?

The German socialist party talked revolution but practiced reformism.

In the nineteenth century, which country dominated the three-thousand-mile archipelago that is now Indonesia?

The Netherlands

How did Bismarck structure the North German Confederation in order to secure the authority of the Prussian emperor?

The emperor controlled the army and foreign affairs, and universal male suffrage permitted him to go directly to the people if middle-class liberals resisted his bills in the legislature.

Why did illegitimacy rates decline after 1850?

The higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers

Which statement best describes the core concept of Social Darwinism?

The human race was driven by unending economic competition that would determine the survival of the fittest.

How did the Ottoman Empire's efforts at reform in the latter half of the nineteenth century undermine the empire's stability?

The reforms established equality before the law for all citizens, which increased religious disputes and split Muslims into secularist and traditionalist camps.

How did the Western powers react to the declarations of independence by Syria and Iraq shortly following the First World War?

They invaded the two regions and defeated the independence movements.

How were governments able to use empires to ease social tensions and domestic political conflicts in the nineteenth century?

They presented imperialism as a necessity and foreign victories as examples of national glory and prestige.

Why did social scientists develop statistical methods to test their theories?

They sought to analyze the massive sets of numerical data that governments had collected.

How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths?

They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment.

How did German Social Democrats recover their losses in the 1907 election and become the largest party in the Reichstag in 1912?

They took on a more patriotic tone and broadened their base.

Which characteristic set white-collar workers apart from other elements of the lower middle class?

They were dedicated to the middle-class ideal of upward social mobility.

Which statement best describes what Heinrich von Treitschke believed was the significance of colonies?

They were essential to great nations.

In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, which conclusion did Andrew Ure come to about conditions in most factories?

They were not harsh and even quite good.

In 1914, the Schlieffen Plan called for

a rapid invasion of France through neutral Belgium before turning on Russia.

The typical European emigrant was

a small farmer or rural craftsperson.

The United States between 1815 and 1932

absorbed the plurality of European emigrants.

The political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in late-nineteenth-century France was to

act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values.

After years of scientific investigation and reflection, Charles Darwin concluded that

all life had gradually evolved from a common ancestral origin.

Germany's Auxiliary Service Law required that

all men between the ages of seventeen and sixty work at jobs deemed crucial to the war effort.

The flaw in Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of evolution was

his assertion that characteristics acquired in life could be passed on to offspring.

Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor

improved only after 1840.

One of the social functions of the labor aristocracy's strict moral code was to

maintain their unstable social and economic position.

The all-important goal of the architects of the Meiji Restoration was to

meet the threat posed by outside powers.

Georges Haussmann's contribution to nineteenth-century life was

modernizing Paris through a massive rebuilding program.

Middle-class fathers in the late nineteenth century, as opposed to their fathers and grandfathers, were expected to

spend some time playing with their children.

As the nineteenth century progressed, the upper middle class

tended to merge with the old aristocracy.

Germany's initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at the Battle of

the Marne.

In 1849, the revolution in Hungary was subdued with the help of 130,000 troops sent by

the Russian Empire.

Charles Fourier, a utopian socialist, envisioned mathematically precise communities called "phalanxes" and also argued for

the abolition of marriage, free unions based on love, and sexual freedom.