HIS 102 Final
What characteristics did Communist and Fascist dictatorships share?
Both engaged in state-controlled social engineering projects meant to replace individualism with a unified "people."
What was Britain's decisive advantage in its war with China?
Britain had control of the seas
What was the primary consequence of the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905?
Britain, France, and Russia began to see Germany as a threat to dominate all of Europe
Which of the following characterizes the support in Great Britain for the war with Iraq that began in 2003?
British Prime Minister Tony Blair supported the war, but the majority of the population was opposed
In the twenty-first century, which resource could Russia use to assert political influence?
Natural Gas
What did the notorious forgery "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" suggest Jewish elders were planning to do?
Dominate the globe
How did Lenin respond to the peasants' seizure of land when he rose to power in 1917?
He mandated land reform in order to offer his approval for what the peasants had already done.
Who was Theodore Herzl?
The founder of the Zionist Jewish national movement
How did the Soviet Union's treatment of Czechoslovakia in 1948 demonstrate its intention to consolidate its hold on eastern Europe?
Even though the Czech Communist Party had won significant electoral support, Stalin still orchestrated the overthrow of the government and establishment of a one-party Communist dictatorship
What did the West German minister of the economy do in 1957 to foster economic growth?
He emphasized free-market capitalism
By 1890, how had Japan met the challenge of Western expansion?
It selectively adopted those elements of Western society that were in keeping with Japanese tradition.
What was the result of the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885?
It set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among European colonial powers.
Which of the following is an accurate characterization of a socialist party in Europe prior to 1914?
The German socialist party talked revolution but practiced reformism.
According to Map 24.3: Asia in 1914, which Western power had the latest date of colonization in Asia?
The Japanese Empire
Delegates to the annual United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2012 voted to extend which protocol on climate change?
The Kyoto Protocol
The Marshall Plan in 1947 was a response to
a western Europe on the verge of economic collapse.
The United States between 1815 and 1932
absorbed the largest overall number of European emigrants.
During the First World War, the African colonial subjects of Britain and France
generally supported their foreign masters.
The Meiji Restoration restored the Japanese emperor to power in 1867 and
initiated a series of measures to reform Japan along modern lines.
Following the First World War, what was one of the most difficult domestic problems faced by governments?
Providing care for the large number of injured veterans
What medication proved to be effective in controlling malaria and allowing Europeans to venture into the mosquito-infested interior of Africa?
Quinine
Ottoman reformers launched a series of radical reforms in the nineteenth century known as the
Tanzimat
stagflation
Term coined in the early 1980s to describe the combination of low growth and high inflation that led to a worldwide recession.
What did Germany's Auxiliary Service Law require?
That all men between seventeen and sixty work at jobs considered critical to the war effort
collectivization of agriculture
The forcible consolidation of individual peasant farms into large, state-controlled enterprises in the Soviet Union under Stalin.
New Imperialism
The late-nineteenth-century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad.
de-Stalinization
The liberalization of the post-Stalin Soviet Union led by reformer Nikita Khrushchev.
global mass migration
The mass movement of people from Europe in the nineteenth century; one reason why the West's impact on the world was so powerful and many-sided.
multiculturalism
The mixing of ethnic styles in daily life and in cultural works such as film, music, art, and literature.
In the late 1920s, how did Adolf Hitler shape the Nazi Party's message to appeal to middle-class voters?
He deemphasized the anticapitalist elements of National Socialism and vowed to fight communism.
What new model for European expansion did Britain establish in Egypt?
A combination of trade, educational support, and technological assistance
In 1992, Francis Fukuyama declared that the world had arrived at
"the end of history."
When the Russian government launched rapid privatization in the 1990s, it provided each citizen with a voucher worth
10,000 rubles.
What is the average number of children families must have to maintain a stable population?
2.1 children
Unemployment in the United States averaged only 5 percent in the 1920s but in 1933 soared to about
30%
According to the best estimates, about how many people died in the Second World War?
50 million
In 1990, what percentage of the French population believed that there were "too many Arabs"?
70 percent
Crimean War
A conflict fought between 1853 and 1856 over Russian desires to expand into Ottoman territory; Russia was defeated by France, Britain, and the Ottomans, underscoring the need for reform in the Russian Empire.
When did Jews in Palestine proclaim the state of Israel?
After the British withdrew from Palestine in 1948
What was the Arab Spring event that took place in 2011?
An unexpected series of revolts in the Middle East
Why did Japan open its shores to Western trade?
As a response to U.S. military pressure
How was the Tet Offensive, launched by the Vietcong in January 1968, perceived in the United States?
As a sign that the war was not close to ending
How did the Soviet Union and eastern European Communist regimes treat displaced persons returning home after the war?
As politically unreliable because of their exposure to western European society
Based on Map 23.2: The Unification of Germany, 1864-1871, which German states did not become part of the North German Confederation in 1867?
Baden, Württemberg, and Bavaria
Kulturkampf
Bismarck's attack on the Catholic Church within Germany from 1870 to 1878, resulting from Pius IX's declaration of papal infallibility.
climate change
Changes in longstanding weather patterns caused primarily by carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuels.
On Map 30.1: Russia and the Successor States, 1991-2015, including the inset map, which area declared its independence in 1991 and fought with the Russian Republic to try to maintain independence?
Chechnya
Who wrote Divided Heaven (1963), a classic example of a novel that provided a critical view of life in East Germany but did not directly oppose communism?
Christa Wolf
What agreement did the United States develop to resolve the economic problems of Germany and international tensions in Europe in 1924?
Dawes Plan
Afrikaners
Descendants of the Dutch settlers in the Cape Colony in southern Africa.
In the 1950s and 1960s, what became the basic objective of all western European governments?
Economic growth
Louis Napoleon's great success with the economy included which of the following?
Encouraging new investment banks and railroad construction
What was the Paris Accord, signed in 1990 by twenty-two European countries, the United States, and the Soviet Union?
Essentially a general peace treaty that brought an end to both World War II and the Cold War
In 1954, Vietnam obtained independence from
France
Why was the Great Depression slow to affect France?
France was less industrialized than the other major continental powers in Europe and somewhat isolated from the world economy
As shown on Map 30.3: The European Union, 2016, which states are the original members?
France, Italy, Germany, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands
The following is an excerpt from Lenin's manifesto on behalf of the Congress of Soviets in Petrograd (Evaluating the Evidence 25.3): What does this passage imply about Lenin's plans with respect to the war?
He planned to make peace with Germany as soon as possible.
How did Mao Zedong gain the support of the peasantry in China?
He promised to expropriate land from the large landowners.
What did the Marshall Plan accomplish?
It prevented economic collapse in western Europe.
Why did Britain's abandonment of the gold standard not aid its recovery?
Many other wealthy countries abandoned the gold standard after Britain, blunting any advantage for Britain.
What was a major reason for the decline of western European birthrates?
Married women entering careers and the related drive for gender equality
Why did the August 1991 attempted coup by the Communist old guard in the Soviet Union fail?
Massive popular resistance rallied around Boris Yeltsin
What did the theories of Albert Einstein assert?
Matter and energy are interchangeable, linking the apparently infinite universe with the subatomic world.
What was the goal of the Muslim Brotherhood when it was founded in Egypt in 1928?
National liberation from European control and a return to shari'a law
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Peace treaty signed in March 1918 between the Central Powers and Russia that ended Russian participation in World War I and ceded Russian territories containing one-third of the Russian Empire's population to the Central Powers.
What was the principle of national self-determination promoted by Woodrow Wilson?
People should be able to choose a national government through a democratic process and live free from outside interference.
What was the main argument of logical positivism in the twentieth century?
Philosophy is only the logical clarification of thoughts.
neoliberalism
Philosophy of 1980s conservatives who argued for decreased government spending on social
What was the greatest impediment to nation building in the United States?
Regional differences exacerbated by slavery
How did Big Science foster the Green Revolution?
Research into agriculture greatly increased the world food supply, using fewer workers and resulting in more productivity per acre.
What did Jean-Paul Sartre mean by the expression "existence precedes essence"?
Since there are no timeless or absolute truths, people must struggle to define their essence after they are born, completely on their own.
Why did the Soviet army stop its advance on Warsaw in August 1944?
So that the German army could destroy a Polish insurgence that intended to resist the Soviet army as well
The German Communist Party, noisy and active in the 1920s, reserved their greatest hatred and sharpest barbs for
Social Democrats.
postindustrial society
Society that relies on high-tech and service-oriented jobs for economic growth rather than heavy industry and manufacturing jobs.
glasnost
Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev's popular campaign for openness in government and the media.
What does the "middle way" refer to?
The Scandinavian response to the Great Depression
détente
The progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions that emerged in the early 1970s
What was Germany's goal in the Battle of Britain?
To gain air supremacy in anticipation of an invasion of Great Britain
What was the primary goal of the opponents of the Nazis in the Protestant and Catholic churches?
To preserve religious life in Germany
What was Mikhail Gorbachev's goal in bringing reforms to Russia?
To revitalize the Soviet system in order to save it
Dawes Plan
War reparations agreement that reduced Germany's yearly payments, made payment dependent on economic prosperity, and granted large U.S. loans to promote recovery.
Map 27.3: World War II in Europe and Africa, 1939-1945 shows important sieges in which three cities?
Warsaw, Leningrad, and Stalingrad
Which of the following describes Eastern Bloc living standards in the 1970s?
Well below those in the West but well above those in the developing world
Christian Democrats in which country promoted a "social-market economy" based on a combination of free-market liberalism, some state intervention, and an extensive social benefits network?
West germany
According to Map 29.2: Democratic Movements in Eastern Europe, 1989, which country had the most popular demonstrations?
Yugoslavia
What was the long-established customs union among the German states?
Zollverein
Stalin's theory of socialism in one country
argued that the Soviet Union could build socialism on its own.
Otto von Bismarck's Kulturkampf refers to hisThe following is an excerpt from Lenin's manifesto on behalf of the Congress of Soviets in Petrograd (Evaluating the Evidence 25.3):
attack on the Catholic Church in the German Empire
The advancement in military weaponry and the space race
fostered a revolution in computer technology.
The Bretton Woods agreement of 1944
linked western European currencies to the U.S. dollar.
Bismarck's alliance system was designed to isolate France and to
maintain peace between Russia and Austria-Hungary.
The following is an excerpt from a 2007 speech in which Vladimir Putin outlined his views on global security, emphasizing the undesirability of a "unipolar world" (Evaluating the Evidence 30.1): In Putin's view, a unipolar world was incompatible with
modern civilization.
In the early twentieth century, the traditional arts and amusements of people in villages and small towns were overshadowed by
modern mass media such as cinema and radio.
The postindustrial society that emerged at the end of the 1970s
relied on high-tech and service-oriented jobs for economic growth rather than on heavy industry and manufacturing jobs.
The signatories of the 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact, initiated by French prime minister Aristide Briand and U.S. secretary of state Frank B. Kellogg, agreed to
renounce war as an instrument of international policy.
The following is an excerpt from Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden" (Evaluating the Evidence 24.2): Kipling's poem implies that non-Europeans are likely to
resent efforts to help them.
The following is an excerpt from a speech by Henry Cabot Lodge on immigration reform (Evaluating the Evidence 24.1): Lodge believed that unrestricted interracial sexual relations would result in
the decline of civilization.
At the end of the twentieth century, international trade was deeply affected by the development of the Internet and
the deregulation of financial systems.
The following is an excerpt from a speech by Henry Cabot Lodge on immigration reform (Evaluating the Evidence 24.1): Lodge believed that moral qualities
were inherent characteristics of each race.
Why was West Germany allowed to build an army after 1955?
A German army would permit Germany to assist in the defense of Europe from attack by the Soviet Union
The following is an excerpt from Joseph Stalin's address to the First Conference of Soviet Industrial Managers (Evaluating the Evidence 27.1): In Stalin's view, how far behind the advanced countries was the Soviet Union in the early 1930s?
50-100 years
Balfour Declaration
A 1917 British statement that declared British support of a National Home for the Jewish People in Palestine.
Lateran Agreement
A 1929 agreement that recognized the Vatican as an independent state, with Benito Mussolini agreeing to give the church heavy financial support in return for public support from the pope.
New Left
A 1960s counterculture movement that embraced updated forms of Marxism to challenge both Western capitalism and Soviet-style communism.
Who was the founder of the National Organization for Women?
Betty Friedan
German Social Democratic Party (SPD)
A German working-class political party founded in the 1870s that championed Marxism but in practice turned away from Marxist revolution and worked instead for social and workplace reforms in the German parliament.
totalitarianism
A radical dictatorship that exercises "total claims" over the beliefs and behavior of its citizens by taking control of the economic, social, intellectual, and cultural aspects of society.
What was the Boxer Rebellion?
A rebellion of traditionalist Chinese patriots who wished to expel all Westerners from China
What was crucial to the success of Count Camillo Benso di Cavour's plan to unify northern Italy in the nineteenth century?
A secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria
The following is an excerpt from Fedor Belov's account of life on a collective farm in the Soviet Ukraine in the early 1930s (Evaluating the Evidence 27.2): Which of the following best characterizes the events of 1933 to 1941?
After the Soviet-induced famine, the entire leadership of the kolkhoz was purged and conditions were allowed to gradually improve.
theory of special relativity
Albert Einstein's theory that time and space are relative to the observer, and that only the speed of light remains constant.
Based on Map 23.2: The Unification of Germany, 1864-1871, which new areas were added to the German Empire in 1871?
Alsace and Lorraine
Truman Doctrine
America's policy geared to containing communism to those countries already under Soviet control.
Homestead Act
An American law enacted during the Civil War that gave western land to settlers, reinforcing the concept of free labor in a market economy.
Enabling Act
An act pushed through the Reichstag by the Nazis that gave Hitler absolute dictatorial power for four years.
Why was Britain more ready to conciliate Germany than France following the Versailles peace settlement?
British had depended heavily on the German market for their exports before World War I.
What idea does the functionalist architecture of Le Corbusier promote?
Buildings should be built without ornamentation and instead be practical structures with clean, straight lines.
perestroika
Economic restructuring and reform implemented by Premier Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union in 1985
What was the principle by which the European powers established their claim to an African territory after the Berlin Conference in 1884 and 1885?
Effective occupation
In most European countries, how was emigration related to population growth in the late nineteenth century?
Emigration increased about twenty years after a rapid growth in population, as land became scarce.
On Map 30.1: Russia and the Successor States, 1991-2015, which of the republics of the former Soviet Union did not join the Commonwealth of Independent States in 1991?
Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
Why did the Council of Europe fail to evolve into a European parliament with sovereign rights?
Great Britain consistently opposed conceding any real political power and sovereignty to the council.
Which countries are in the Triple Entente according to Map 25.1: European Alliances at the Outbreak of World War I, 1914?
Great Britain, France, and Russia
Serbian president Slobodan Miloševiæ's actions in 1990 hastened separatism and civil war in Yugoslavia. His ultimate goal was to establish
Greater Serbia.
In 1923, which German politician called off passive resistance in the Ruhr and agreed in principle to pay reparations?
Gustav Stresemann
How did the West German chancellor Helmut Kohl build support for German reunification in East Germany?
He offered the East Germans an economically advantageous swap of East German currency for West German currency.
The following is an excerpt from Lenin's manifesto on behalf of the Congress of Soviets in Petrograd (Evaluating the Evidence 25.3): What does this passage imply about Lenin's plans with respect to the war?
He planned to make peace with Germany as soon as possible
How did Ismail transform Egypt in the nineteenth century?
He promoted large irrigation networks for cotton production and export.
Which of the following characterizes the presidency of Vladimir Putin in Russia?
He reasserted anti-Western Russian nationalism and centralized political authority in the Kremlin.
Why did the conservative Bismarck pioneer the creation of an expansive system of social welfare?
He sought to blunt the attraction of socialism to the working classes and give them a small stake in the existing political system
Why did Bismarck enact high tariffs on grain from the United States, Canada, and Russia in 1878?
He sought to win support from both the Catholic Center and the Protestants Junkers, who had large land holdings.
Why was Mussolini expelled from the Italian Socialist Party?
He urged Italian entry into World War I.
Why did Charles de Gaulle withdraw France from NATO?
He viewed the United States as the main threat to French independence.
What was French premier Georges Clemenceau's opinion at the Paris Peace Conference?
He wanted to create a buffer state between Germany and France
Why did Hitler have the leadership of the SA storm troopers, roughly one hundred individuals, killed in 1934?
He wanted to win the support of the traditional military, but the SA leaders had expected appointment to top positions in the army.
The following is an excerpt from the exchange in the Nixon-Khrushchev "Kitchen Debate" (Evaluating the Evidence 28.2). In it, Khrushchev responds to Nixon's description of consumer goods in the United States: Khrushchev: According to Khrushchev, which of the following was an important difference between the Soviet Union and the United States?
In the Soviet Union, housing was a basic right
How did the East German government respond to the nationwide demonstrations against poor wages and working conditions in 1953?
It permitted Soviet troops to put down the revolt and jailed demonstrators, but then instituted reforms to respond to the demonstrators' strongest demands.
Why did Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich create such a sensation when it was published in 1962?
It portrayed in grim detail life in a Stalinist concentration camp.
What did the Swedish response to the Depression involve?
Increasing social welfare benefits and state spending on public works projects
Solidarity
Independent Polish trade union that worked for workers' rights and political reform throughout the 1980s
Why did Europeans find postcolonial migration troublesome?
Intellectuals worried that immigrant workers would never adopt European values and customs.
What was the purpose of the Enabling Act in 1933?
It gave Hitler dictatorial powers for four years
How did Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff react to Germany's loss in the war in the fall of 1918?
Not wanting to shoulder the blame, they insisted moderate politicians should take responsibility for the defeat.
How did the building of railroads in Latin America, Asia, and Africa facilitate Western economic interests as opposed to regional economic interests?
Railroad lines connected resource-rich inland cities to seaports to facilitate Western trade but did not link inland cities to each other.
As shown on Map 30.3: The European Union, 2016, which new members joined in 2007?
Romania and Bulgaria
In the nineteenth century, what country dominated the three-thousand-mile archipelago that is now Indonesia?
The Netherlands
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, an anti-Soviet military alliance of Western governments.
To receive Marshall Plan aid, European states were required to cooperate with one another. What was the result of this cooperation?
The Organization for European Economic Cooperation
Why were the Balkans considered the "powder keg of Europe"?
The Ottoman Empire had been forced to give up its territory in the region, leading to growing ethnic nationalism.
In the early twentieth century, why were extensive social welfare programs slow to form in Great Britain?
The conservative, aristocratic House of Lords resisted the formation of such programs until the king threatened to appoint new nobles who would support the programs.
The following is an excerpt from Fedor Belov's account of life on a collective farm in the Soviet Ukraine in the early 1930s (Evaluating the Evidence 27.2): According to Belov, how did the government justify taking almost all of the peasants' harvest?
The grain was needed to help keep up the pace of industrialization.
How did the process of Italian unification survive the French betrayal of Sardinia in its effort to unify Italy?
The nationalist leaders in central Italy overthrew their local princes and merged with Sardinia, despite the displeasure of the Great Powers.
What event finally galvanized NATO action against the Bosnian Serbs?
The slaughter of thousands of citizens in Srebrenica
The following is an excerpt from George Orwell's The Road to Wigan Pier, a study of conditions in northern England (Evaluating the Evidence 26.3): Why did Orwell think that unemployment figures underestimated the number of people who were in dire economic straits?
The statistics did not include the family members of the unemployed.
Holocaust
The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews and other groups deemed racially inferior during the Second World War.
What was the primary political weakness of the White forces as they fought against the Bolsheviks?
They had a poorly defined political program that failed to unite the enemies of the Bolsheviks.
Why did the Germans accept the Treaty of Versailles?
They had little alternative, especially as the naval blockade was still in place and the German people were starving
How did labor unions in Germany change in the early 1900s?
They increasingly focused on bread-and-butter issues rather than dissemination of socialist doctrine.
Which of the following characterizes the daily life of most immigrants to Europe in the twenty-first century?
They live in separate city districts marked by poor housing and crowded conditions.
Upon his election as president, why did Louis Napoleon sign conservative legislation increasing the power of the Catholic Church and depriving poor men of the right to vote?
To get the National Assembly to pay his personal debts and change the constitution so he could run for a second term
What was the all-important goal of the architects of the Meiji Restoration?
To meet the threat posed by outside powers
What did the leaders of the Prague Spring hope to accomplish in Czechoslovakia?
To reconcile socialism with internal party democracy, in which local decision by trade unions, managers, and consumers would replace rigid bureaucratic planning
Why did Russia invade Georgia in 2008?
To support a separatist movement in South Ossetia
New Economic Policy (NEP)
Vladimir Lenin's 1921 policy to reestablish limited economic freedom in an attempt to rebuild agriculture and industry in the face of economic disintegration.
The following is an excerpt from the Futurist manifest of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (Evaluating the Evidence 26.2): How did Marinetti and the Futurists see war?
War and its ideals will be idolized by Futurists.
The typical European immigrant was
a small farmer or rural craftsperson
As practiced in the 1930s, appeasement was
a British policy that aimed to give Hitler whatever he wanted in order to avoid war.
The October Manifesto in the Russian Revolution of 1905 granted full civil rights and promised
a popularly elected Duma or parliament.
The "cult of the Duce" (leader) promoted the image of Mussolini as
a powerful strongman embodying the best qualities of the Italian people.
The following is an excerpt from the Manifesto of the Czechoslovak dissident group Charter 77 (Evaluating the Evidence 29.3): The authors of Charter 77 were inspired by
a sense of their own responsibility for the maintenance of human rights.
The American stock market crash of October 1929 was primarily the result of
an imbalance between real investment and speculation.
The following is an excerpt from George Orwell's The Road to Wigan Pier, a study of conditions in northern England (Evaluating the Evidence 26.3): According to Orwell, the depression led to
an increase in the consumption of cheap luxury items.
The following is an excerpt from Joseph Stalin's address to the First Conference of Soviet Industrial Managers (Evaluating the Evidence 27.1): In Stalin's view, if the people of the Soviet Union wanted to maintain their independence, they needed to
catch up with and surpass the West in terms of technology and industry as quickly as possible
In On the Inequality of the Human Races (1854), Count Arthur de Gobineau divided humanity into the white, black, and yellow races and
championed the "Aryan race" for its supposedly superior qualities.
Great Britain chose to seize land in Africa and Asia in the late nineteenth century because it
feared that France and Germany would seal off their empires with high tariffs, causing it to lose future economic opportunities.
The following is an excerpt from Giuseppe Mazzini's The Duties of Man (Evaluating the Evidence 23.1). Mazzini's words were addressed to Italian workingmen: According to Mazzini, nations are
part of God's design.
Germany's initial offensive was stopped on the outskirts of Paris at the Battle of
the Marne
Some Europeans warned that Europe's rapidly growing Muslim population was not only a security danger but also threatened
the West's tradition of freedoms, representative government, and toleration for difference.
In his philosophical writings, Friedrich Nietzsche argued that
the Western world had overemphasized rationality and stifled the authentic passions that drive human activity and true creativity.
The following is an excerpt from an eyewitness account of Bloody Sunday, one of the events that sparked the Russian Revolution of 1905 (Evaluating the Evidence 23.2): The author of this account was determined to make the point that
the protestors were peaceful and had done nothing to provoke the soldiers' attack.
People's Budget
A bill proposed after the Liberal Party came to power in Britain in 1906, it was designed to increase spending on social welfare services but was initially vetoed in the House of Lords.
Dreyfus affair
A divisive case in which Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against Dreyfus; after Dreyfus was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the church.
Petrograd Soviet
A huge, fluctuating mass meeting of two thousand to three thousand workers, soldiers, and socialist intellectuals modeled on the revolutionary soviets of 1905.
Orientalism
A term coined by literary scholar Edward Said to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures.
developed socialism
A term used by Communist leaders to describe the socialist accomplishments of their societies, such as nationalized industry, collective agriculture, and extensive social welfare programs.
What is "Orientalism"?
A term used by modern scholars to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures
total war
A war in which distinctions between the soldiers on the battlefield and civilians at home are blurred, and where the government plans and controls economic social life in order to supply the armies at the front with supplies and weapons.
Great Depression
A worldwide economic depression from 1929 through 1939, unique in its severity and duration and with slow and uneven recovery.
What was the first and most important of the Great Reforms in Russia?
Abolition of serfdom
Who was Alexander Kerensky?
An agrarian socialist who became prime minister of Russia in July 1917
What was the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916?
An agreement between Great Britain and France to divvy up parts of the Middle East after the war
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)
An economic organization of Communist states meant to help rebuild eastern Europe under Soviet auspices.
revisionism
An effort by moderate socialists to update Marxist doctrines to reflect the realities of the time.
What was the outcome of the decolonization of the Belgian Congo?
Belgium quickly withdrew from the Congo, granting it independence with irresponsible haste.
According to Map 24.2: The Partition of Africa, which European states acquired their first colonies after 1878?
Belgium, Germany, and Italy
What was "nativism" in the nineteenth century?
Beliefs and policies that gave preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants
What did the Balfour Declaration of November 1917, written by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour, announce?
Britain favored a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.
Why did Prussia and Austria attack Denmark in 1864?
Denmark was attempting to bring two provinces that belonged to the German Confederation into a more centralized Danish state.
What did Marcel Proust attempt to do in his novel Remembrance of Things Past?
Discover the inner meaning of bittersweet memories of childhood and youthful love
Brezhnev Doctrine
Doctrine that held that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any East Bloc country whenever it saw the need.
Which of the following helps explain the revolutions in the East Bloc in 1989?
East Bloc economies never really recovered from the economic catastrophe of the 1970s.
On Map 28.2: Cold War Europe in the 1950s, the "iron curtain" forms the western boundary of which countries?
East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria
Europe's Muslim population, estimated in 2010 at 20 million, appears likely to grow by 2025 to 35 million, which would be what percentage of Europe's projected population?
Europe's Muslim population, estimated in 2010 at 20 million, appears likely to grow by 2025 to 35 million, which would be what percentage of Europe's projected population?
The largest share of European foreign investment went to
European states and North America.
What pattern did migration out of Europe often follow in the nineteenth century?
Families and friends would coordinate their migrations so that they would settle together in a new land.
Young Turks
Fervent patriots who seized power in a 1908 coup in the Ottoman Empire, forcing the conservative sultan to implement reforms.
According to Map 25.4: Territorial Changes After World War I, which new states were once part of the Russian Empire?
Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland
What is the composer Arnold Schönberg known for?
His creation of twelve-tone music that abandoned traditional harmony and tonality
What was the "Europe First" policy adopted by the Allied Powers during World War II?
Hitler would be defeated before the Allies mounted an all-out assault on Japan
New Order
Hitler's program, based on racial imperialism, giving preferential treatment to the Nordic peoples; the French, an "inferior" Latin people, occupied a middle position, and Slavs and Jews were treated harshly as "subhumans."
Muslim Brotherhood
Islamic social and political reform group founded in Egypt in 1928 that called for national liberation from European control and a return to shari'a law (based on Muslim legal codes), and demanded land reform, extensive social welfare programs, and economic independence.
The following is an excerpt from West German chancellor Ludwig Erhard's reflections on the expansion of consumption in postwar Europe (Evaluating the Evidence 28.1): According to Erhard, why is consumer credit a good thing?
It allows for an expansion of production, which creates new income and purchasing power.
How was the revolution in Romania in 1989 different from the revolutions in the rest of eastern Europe?
It became violent and bloody when Communist leaders ordered security forces to slaughter thousands.
What was the result of Margaret Thatcher's effort to encourage low- and moderate-income renters to buy their apartments?
It created a new class of property owners.
What was the effect of the 1935 Nuremberg Laws?
It defined as Jewish anyone having three or more Jewish grandparents.
How did the United States respond to the decolonization movement in the first years after the Second World War?
It encouraged European nations to let go of their former colonies
What was the effect of Lenin's 1921 New Economic Policy (NEP)?
It encouraged peasants to sell their surpluses in free markets and allowed private traders and small manufacturers to do business again
What was the result of the Mexican War of 1848?
It exacerbated tensions between the northern and southern halves of the United States as debate erupted over the extension of slavery into territory acquired from Mexico.
What was the Nazi Party policy of "coordination"?
It forced existing German social institutions to conform to National Socialist ideology.
How did the Union of South Africa function differently than any other territory in Africa?
It functioned as a largely "self-governing" colony.
What was the result of Allied support of the White armies in the Russian civil war?
It helped the Bolsheviks, who could appeal to patriotic nationalism against the Allies.
Why did Austria-Hungary deliberately choose war in July 1914?
It hoped to stem the tide of hostile nationalism within its borders.
What was the result of the Maastricht Treaty?
It provided the basis for the formation of the European Union (EU) and defined criteria for membership in the monetary union
How did the Solidarity trade union in Poland understand its goals in the early 1980s?
It sought a self-limiting revolution to defend freedoms won in previous agreements with the Communist government.
What happened to Czechoslovakia four years after the Velvet Revolution in 1989?
It split into the Czech Republic and the Republic of Slovakia.
What was the consequence of Franklin D. Roosevelt's agreement with Joseph Stalin at the Teheran Conference that the British-American armies would launch a frontal assault on France?
Only Soviet troops would liberate eastern Europe.
What was China required to do in the Treaty of Nanking (1842) that ended the first Opium War?
Open up four large cities to unlimited foreign trade with low tariffs
What did the British use to break China's self-imposed isolation?
Opium
What were the two-front wars that military planners had anticipated prior to the First World War?
Russia had assumed a two-front war against Germany and Austria-Hungary, and Germany had assumed a two-front war against Russia and France.
What event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs?
Russian defeat in the Crimean War of 1853–1856
Lenin's New Economic Policy was a political compromise with
Russian peasants.
According to Map 23.1: The Unification of Italy, 1859-1870, what areas did Sardinia-Piedmont lose in 1860?
Savoy and Nice
"modern girl"
Somewhat stereotypical image of the modern and independent working woman popular in the 1920s.
Based on Map 28.2: Cold War Europe in the 1950s, which unaligned countries did not participate in the Marshall Plan?
Spain and Finland
Which European nations were neutral in World War I according to Map 25.3: World War I in Europe and the Middle East, 1914-1918?
Spain, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland
The following is an excerpt from William Pfaff's analysis of the 2005 French riots (Evaluating the Evidence 30.2): In Pfaff's view, how were the 2005 riots different than the 1968 riots?
The 2005 riots had nothing to do with power.
How did Lenin's and the Bolsheviks' view of the Marxist party in Russia differ from the Mensheviks' view of the party?
The Bolsheviks wanted a small, disciplined party, while the Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership.
appeasement
The British policy toward Germany prior to the Second World War that aimed at granting Hitler whatever he wanted, including western Czechoslovakia, in order to avoid war.
Which position did Christian Democrats across Europe endorse during the 1950s?
The Cold War against the Soviet Union
What did Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization campaign call for?
The Communist Party to retain its monopoly on political power
Common Market
The European Economic Community, created by six western European nations in 1957 as part of a larger search for European unity.
What happened to Armenian inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire during World War I?
The Ottoman Empire ordered their mass deportation from their homeland, resulting in about a million Armenian deaths from murder, starvation, and disease.
What aspect of American foreign policy under President George W. Bush most troubled leaders of the European Union?
The United States increasingly ignored international opinion and pursued its own interests unilaterally.
Triple Alliance
The alliance of Austria, Germany, and Italy. Italy left the alliance when war broke out in 1914 on the grounds that Austria had launched a war of aggression.
white man's burden
The idea that Europeans could and should civilize more primitive nonwhite peoples and that imperialism would eventually provide nonwhites with modern achievements and higher standards of living.
What was the Russian zemstvo?
The institution for local government established by the Great Reforms
What did the Western world hope to achieve through the global economic system?
The largest share of gains from trade, technology, and migration would flow to the West and its propertied classes.
What was socialist realism?
The requirement that artists and writers idealize the working class and the Soviet Union in their work
Meiji Restoration
The restoration of the Japanese emperor to power in 1867, leading to the subsequent modernization of Japan
What was the Holocaust?
The systematic effort of the Nazi state to exterminate all European Jews during the Second World War
Velvet Revolution
The term given to the relatively peaceful overthrow of communism in Czechoslovakia; the label came to signify the collapse of the East Bloc in general in 1989 to 1990
How did the Nazis seek to legitimize their racial policies?
They established research institutes and academies that measured and defined racial differences in order to present prejudice in the guise of enlightened science.
Why did Stalin and his supporters sponsor the first five-year plan?
They feared a gradual restoration of capitalism and, more importantly, wanted to catch up with the West and overcome traditional Russian "backwardness."
Why did nationalists oppose the proposed European Union Constitution?
They feared losing political sovereignty and cultural identity.
What were the duties of the German Einsatzgruppen (Special Task Forces)?
They followed the German army into Central Europe, systematically murdering "undesirables" as they moved from town to town.
What was the political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in late-nineteenth-century France?
To act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values
What was the goal of the Prussian parliament in the 1850s and 1860s?
To establish that it held final political authority and that the army was responsible to it
For artists such as the Dadaists and Surrealists, what was the purpose of art?
To expose the bankruptcy of modern society and produce radical social change
Great Rebellion
Two mid-nineteenth-century conflicts between China and Great Britain over the British trade in opium, which was designed to "open" China to European free trade. In defeat, China gave European traders and missionaries increased protection and concessions.
In his public calls for jihad (struggle) against the United States and the West, what grievances did Osama bin Laden list?
U.S. support for Israel in the Israeli-Palestinian crisis and U.S. military bases in Saudi Arabia
In addition to the emergence of married career women, why else have European birthrates declined substantially?
Uninspiring economic conditions
After the war, why did national governments quickly establish authority over questions of guilt and punishment for those who had collaborated with the Nazi regime?
Unofficial groups were seizing and executing alleged collaborators on their own.
February Revolution
Unplanned uprisings accompanied by violent street demonstrations begun in March 1917 (old calendar February) in Petrograd, Russia, that led to the abdication of the tsar and the establishment of a provisional government.
According to Map 23.1: The Unification of Italy, 1859-1870, which areas did Italy gain in 1866?
Venetia and the Papal States
The following is an excerpt from "Some Preconditions for Resolving the Ecology Crisis" (Thinking Like a Historian) by Rudolf Bahro, a founding member of the West German Green Party: In this excerpt, Bahrosuggests that a solution to the ecology crisis will require
an easing of hostility between countries.
The experience of women in the socialist systems of the East Bloc countries of the 1970s included
an extensive system of state-supported childcare that freed women to work outside the home.
James Joyce's Ulysses weaves ironic parallels between the adventures of Homer's hero Ulysses and
an ordinary man's aimless wanderings through the streets and pubs of Dublin.
The following is an excerpt from Adelheid Popp's The Autobiography of a Working Woman (Evaluating the Evidence 23.3): The passage suggests that Popp
believed that it was her duty to educate her fellow workers.
The ultimate goal of the plan for an international organization to coordinate coal and steel production in Europe in the 1950s was to
bind the six members of the European Coal and Steel Community so closely that war would be impossible
The following is an excerpt from Joseph Stalin's address to the First Conference of Soviet Industrial Managers (Evaluating the Evidence 27.1): In Stalin's view, if the people of the Soviet Union wanted to maintain their independence, they needed to
catch up with and surpass the West in terms of technology and industry as quickly as possible.
The following is an excerpt from an interview with the German politician Thilo Sarrazin, an outspoken critic of immigration into Germany (Thinking Like a Historian). In it, he explains what he would do to stop further immigration: As part of a strategy to limit the flow of immigrants into Germany, Sarrazin advocated
changing the benefit system.
The following is an excerpt from the exchange in the Nixon-Khrushchev "Kitchen Debate" (Evaluating the Evidence 28.2). In it, Khrushchev responds to Nixon's description of consumer goods in the United States: Khrushchev: Khrushchev claimed that Russians
had all the same consumer goods as Americans.
The following is an excerpt from Giuseppe Mazzini's The Duties of Man (Evaluating the Evidence 23.1). Mazzini's words were addressed to Italian workingmen: In Mazzini's view, the Europe of his day
had been disfigured by evil rulers
The Brezhnev Doctrine stated that the Soviet Union and its allies
had the right to intervene in any East Bloc country if necessary to preserve Communist rule
The target of the first of two atomic bombs dropped on Japan in 1945 was
hiroshima
The German government's printing of money to pay unemployment benefits to workers striking in the Ruhr against the Franco-Belgian occupation of 1923 led to
hyperinflation
After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussia
imposed a harsh peace on France
The growth of the middle class in the postwar era has been attributed primarily to
increased demand for technologists and managers
In Civilization and Its Discontents (1930), Freud argued that civilization required
individuals to renounce their irrational instincts in order to live peaceably in groups.
The following is an excerpt from Nietzsche's The Gay Science (Evaluating the Evidence 26.1): Nietzsche believed that _____________ had killed God.
modern society
The following is an excerpt from the Futurist manifest of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (Evaluating the Evidence 26.2): This passage reflects the Futurists' celebration of
modern technology
The following is an excerpt from the Futurist manifest of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (Evaluating the Evidence 26.2): This passage reflects the Futurists' celebration of
modern technology.
In the twentieth century, Werner Heisenburg established the "uncertainty principle," which postulates that
nature itself is ultimately unknowable and unpredictable and lacks any absolute objective reality.
The Homestead Act, enacted during the Civil War, gave western land to settlers and reinforced the idea
of free labor in a market economy.
Poland differed from the other Eastern Bloc states in the 1970s and 1980s because
of its independent agriculture and vigorous church.
The deindustrialization of Europe meant that by 2005, the once-booming manufacturing sector employed only about
one in three workers.
In response to the growing power of Solidarity in Poland, Wojciech Jaruzelski, a general and head of the Polish government, suddenly
proclaimed martial law and arrested Solidarity's leaders.
Samizdat literature referred to books, periodicals, pamphlets, and newspapers that were
published secretly and passed from hand to hand.
Some scholars conclude that owing to European population declines, Europeans need to
recognize that Europe needs and should welcome talented newcomers.
After the Second World War, the Soviet Union
reestablished a harsh dictatorship
How did real wages for workers and peasants in the Soviet Union in 1937 compare with those in the Russian Empire in 1913?
they were lower
The Helsinki Accords of 1975 called for
respect for human rights and the recognition of existing political boundaries.
Walter Rathenau is remembered for his
role in Germany's total war mobilization
In nineteenth-century Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi was a
romantic nationalist.
It is estimated that between 1993 and 2003, illegal immigration into the European Union
rose from 50,000 to about 500,000 persons per year.
The Russian Marxist Vladimir Lenin asserted that imperialism
signaled the coming decay and collapse of capitalist society.
The following is an excerpt from John McCrae's poem "In Flanders Fields" (Evaluating the Evidence 25.1): This poem was written from the point of view of
the dead
The Persian Gulf War in 1991 clearly demonstrated
the effort of the United States and western Europe to promote international consensus under U.S. guidance.
In his writings on human psychology, Sigmund Freud asserted that
the id is the unconscious source of sexual and aggressive instincts.
The following is an excerpt from Wilfred Owen's poem "Dulce et Decorum Est" (Evaluating the Evidence 25.1). It describes the death of a soldier by poison gas: Owen's poem can be read as a critique of
the patriotic fervor that accompanied the war
The following is an excerpt from Wilfred Owen's poem "Dulce et Decorum Est" (Evaluating the Evidence 25.1). It describes the death of a soldier by poison gas: Owen's poem can be read as a critique of
the patriotic fervor that accompanied the war.
The parliamentary government in Italy was breaking down at the time of the Fascist march on Rome in October 1922, largely because of
the violence perpetrated by Mussolini's own black-shirted militants.
Rudyard Kipling's "white man's burden" referred to
the white race's supposed duty to civilize inferior, nonwhite races
In the 1960s and 1970s, what was the purpose of eastern European economic policies such as Hungary's New Economic Mechanism and East Germany's New Economic System?
to introduce some economic liberalization and encourage the production of consumer products
In the following excerpt from The Second Sex (Evaluating the Evidence 29.2), Simone de Beauvoir offers her views on traditional marriage: In Beauvoir's view,
traditional marriage is a kind of death for women.
The following is an excerpt from William Pfaff's analysis of the 2005 French riots (Evaluating the Evidence 30.2): In this passage, Pfaff suggested that ____________ was a key underlying cause of the riots.
unemployment
Britain and France finally confronted Hitler with the threat of war when he
used the pretext of German minorities in Danzig to threaten Poland
Following the failure of his program of nationalization and public investment in the early 1980s, French president François Mitterrand
was forced to introduce austerity measures.
modernism
A label given to the artistic and cultural movements of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries; these movements were typified by radical experimentation that challenged traditional forms of artistic expression.
What did the Schlieffen Plan call for in 1914?
A lightning attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia
stream-of-consciousness writing
A literary technique, used by such writers as Virginia Woolf and James Joyce, in which a character's thoughts and feelings are described as they occur as a means to explore the human psyche.
League of Nations
A permanent international organization, established during the 1919 Paris peace conference, designed to protect member states from aggression and avert future wars.
logical positivism
A philosophy that sees meaning only in those beliefs that can be empirically proven; it therefore rejects as nonsense most of the concerns of traditional philosophy, from the existence of God to the meaning of happiness.
existentialism
A philosophy that stresses the meaninglessness of existence and the importance of the individual in searching for moral values in an uncertain world.
five-year plan
A plan launched by Joseph Stalin in 1928 and termed the "revolution from above," aimed at modernizing the Soviet Union and creating a new Communist society with new attitudes, new loyalties, and a new socialist humanity.
World Trade Organization (WTO)
A powerful supranational financial institution that sets trade and tariff agreements for more than 150 member countries and so helps manage a large percentage of the world's import-export policies. Like the IMF and the World Bank, it promotes neoliberal policies around the world.
What was the policy of détente that Social Democrats in Europe pursued?
A progressive relaxation of Cold War tensions
eugenics
A pseudoscientific doctrine that maintains that the selective breeding of human beings can improve the general characteristics of a national population, which helped inspire Nazi ideas about "race and space" and ultimately contributed to the Holocaust.
hundred days of reform
A series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge.
Color Revolutions
A series of popular revolts and insurrections that challenged regional politicians and Russian interests in the former Soviet republics during the first decade of the twenty-first century.
Arab Spring
A series of popular revolts in several countries in the Middle East and North Africa that bought an end to authoritarian, often Western-supported regimes.
Tanzimat
A set of reforms designed to remake the Ottoman Empire on a western European model.
Popular Front
A short-lived New Deal-inspired alliance in France led by Léon Blum that encouraged the union movement and launched a far-reaching program of social reform.
Why did socialist parties become more moderate by the late 1800s?
As socialist parties attracted larger numbers of members, they looked more toward gradual change and less toward revolution.
On Map 27.4: The Holocaust, 1941-1945, which of the following groups of camps are only extermination camps (as opposed to concentration camps)?
Auschwitz, Chelmno, Belzec, and Majdandek
Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Spain faced terrorist actions by an insurgent movement of
Basque separatists
Which nations joined the war on the side of the Central Powers?
Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire
What was an important factor in both the rapid growth of the American stock market in the 1920s and its collapse in October 1929?
Buying on margin
How did Louis Napoleon believe that the people should be represented in government?
By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people
How was the flow of goods directed around the globe in the nineteenth century?
By new communication systems, such as the telegraph, that could direct ships from port to port
Gabriel Marcel found the answer to the postwar broken world in
Calvinist theology
Christian Democrats
Center-right political parties that rose to power in western Europe after the Second World War.
How did the role of Christian churches change in postwar Europe?
Church membership and attendance declined significantly.
What did Richard Nixon do following his election to the U.S. presidency in 1968?
Gradually reduced American involvement in the Vietnam War
After 1860, why did foreign aggression diminish in China until near the end of the century?
Europeans had obtained their primary goal of commercial and diplomatic relations
What did the "war guilt clause" in the Treaty of Versailles declare?
Germany (with Austria) was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations.
Which countries in August 1939 signed a nonaggression pact that led directly to war?
Germany and the Soviet Union
What issue contributed to tensions between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 1900s?
Germany's decision to build a large fleet of battleships
What part of Otto von Bismarck's alliance system did William II abandon?
Germany's nonaggression pact with Russia
Which nations made up the Central Powers and allies according to Map 25.3: World War I in Europe and the Middle East, 1914-1918?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire
According to Map 26.1: The Great Depression in the United States and Europe, 1929-1939, which European countries had the highest levels of unemployment?
Germany, Norway, and Austria
The nineteenth-century Danish theologian Søren Kierkegaard taught that
God's existence could not be proven, but believers must take a leap of faith and accept the existence of a majestic God.
What was the consequence for European national governments in meeting the fiscal standards to join the monetary union?
Governments had to reduce health and social benefits for their citizens.
How did the pieds-noirs complicate the experience of decolonization in Algeria?
Having lived in Algeria for several generations, these European Algerians threatened revolt against France if France did not oppose the Islamic independence movement.
In the 1890s, how did Sergei Witte seek to transform Russia?
He believed that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening its power and greatness and implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West.
Why did Stalin call for the mass murder of the kulaks?
He believed that as landowners they would eventually embrace conservative capitalism and become great enemies of socialist progress
How did Stalin use the murder of Sergei Kirov to his own advantage?
He blamed the murder on "fascist agents" within the Communist Party and launched a purge of the party itself that solidified his own control.
In the twentieth century, what was John Maynard Keynes known for?
He denounced the Treaty of Versailles for economic reasons.
How did Muhammad Ali finance his modernization of Egyptian society?
He forced farmers to become tenants of large, private landowners who adopted commercial agriculture
How did Henri-Philippe Pétain maintain order among French troops by late 1917?
He formed a tacit agreement with the troops that there would be no more grand offensives.
How did Mussolini build support from big business in Italy?
He left big business to regulate itself and never purged it members.
What effect did the Dreyfus affair have on late-nineteenth-century France?
It revived republican distrust of Catholicism
Why did Italy, after declaring neutrality in 1914, decide to join the Triple Entente in 1915?
It was promised Austrian territory in return.`
Who was the only Communist leader able to successfully resist Soviet domination?
Josip Broz Tito
By ______________, Hitler ruled practically all of continental Europe.
July 1940
Who was the director of Triumph of the Will, a brilliant piece of cinematic propaganda based on the 1934 Nazi Party rally at Nuremberg?
Leni Riefenstahl
What did the Petrograd Soviet Army Order No. 1 state?
Military officers were to be stripped of their authority, and power was to be placed in the hands of elected committees of soldiers.
Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA)
Military organization formed in 1998 by militants who sought independence from Serbia
Which political group dominated the parliamentary governments of Germany in the mid to late 1920s?
Moderate businessmen
The following is an excerpt from Fedor Belov's account of life on a collective farm in the Soviet Ukraine in the early 1930s (Evaluating the Evidence 27.2): Which of the following most accurately describes peasant life on a kolkhoz?
Most of the land was owned by the state, but each peasant family had a small amount of land of their own.
Black Shirts
Mussolini's private militia that destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist Party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of northern Italy.
What type of policies do the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization pursue?
Neoliberal economic policies promoting free markets and trade
According to Map 26.1: The Great Depression in the United States and Europe, 1929-1939, which American states are in the Dust Bowl?
New Mexico, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas
According to Map 26.1: The Great Depression in the United States and Europe, 1929-1939, which American states contain the highest percentage of population receiving unemployment relief?
North Dakota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, and New Mexico
How did the British obtain the opium that they smuggled into China?
Opium was grown legally in British-occupied India.
Which of the following cities survived World War II relatively unscathed?
Paris
The following is an excerpt from Giuseppe Mazzini's The Duties of Man (Evaluating the Evidence 23.1). Mazzini's words were addressed to Italian workingmen: According to Mazzini, nations are
Part of god's design
According to Map 29.2: Democratic Movements in Eastern Europe, 1989, which country was the first to display a democratic movement?
Poland
Map 28.1: The Aftermath of World War II in Europe, ca. 1945-1950, shows Germany losing territory to which states?
Poland and the Soviet Union
nativism
Policies and beliefs, often influenced by nationalism, scientific racism, and mass migration, that give preferential treatment to established inhabitants over immigrants.
nonalignment
Policy of postcolonial governments to remain neutral in the Cold War and play both the United States and the Soviet Union for what they could get.
How did the expanding right to vote in the late nineteenth century affect national politics across Europe?
Politicians and parties became more responsive to the people they represented.
displaced persons
Postwar refugees, including 13 million Germans, former Nazi prisoners and forced laborers, and orphaned children.
Who is Vladimir Putin?
President of Russia beginning in 2000
The neoliberal policies of the 1980s promoted which of the following?
Privatization of state-owned businesses
Why did the rapid economic liberalization of Russia work poorly?
Production of many items was concentrated in one or two giant factories.
Which battle was the decisive turning point in the clash between the Soviet Union and Germany?
Stalingrad
Who was Poland's first non-Communist prime minister in 1989?
Tadeusz Mazowiecki
The following is an excerpt from Lenin's manifesto on behalf of the Congress of Soviets in Petrograd (Evaluating the Evidence 25.3): What does this passage imply about Lenin and allies?
That they enjoyed the support of the vast majority of ordinary Russians
Treaty of Versailles
The 1919 peace settlement that ended war between Germany and the Allied powers.
According to Map 27.2: The Growth of Nazi Germany, 1933-1939, by the end of 1938, Nazi diplomatic activities had changed the status of or added to Germany which of the following areas?
The Rhineland, the Sudetenland, and Austria
According to Hitler's New Order, which European race was considered subhuman along with the Jews?
The Slavic race
At the time of the Yalta Conference in 1945, why was the position of the Soviet Union much stronger in negotiations with the United States and Great Britain?
The Soviet army already occupied much of eastern Europe.
According to Map 24.1: European Investment to 1914, which areas appear to be receiving the largest amount of British investments?
The United States and Canada
Why did OPEC declare an oil embargo on the United States in 1973?
The United States had aided Israel in its war with Egypt and Syria in 1973.
Triple Entente
The alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia prior to and during the First World War.
War Communism
The application of centralized state control during the Russian civil war, in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work
ethnic cleansing
The attempt to establish ethnically homogeneous territories by intimidation, forced deportation, and killing
Maastricht Treaty
The basis for the formation of the European Union, which set financial and cultural standards for potential member states and defined criteria for membership in the monetary union.
kulaks
The better-off peasants who were stripped of land and livestock under Stalin and were generally not permitted to join collective farms; many starved or were deported to forced-labor camps for "reeducation."
Why did the possibility of a federation of Italian states under the presidency of a progressive pope disappear after the revolutions of 1848?
The cautious support for unification that Pius IX had offered before 1848 turned into hostility after he was temporarily driven from Rome during the revolutions of 1848.
Which of the following was true of World War II?
The death toll far exceeded that of World War I.
To what extent did the New Imperialism result in economic gains and why?
The economic gains were limited because the new colonies were too poor to buy European goods and offered few immediately profitable investments.
European Union (EU)
The economic, cultural, and political alliance of twenty-seven European nations.
globalization
The emergence of a freer, more technologically connected global economy, accompanied by a worldwide exchange of cultural, political, and religious ideas.
How did Bismarck structure the North German Confederation in order to secure the authority of the Prussian emperor?
The emperor controlled the army and foreign affairs, and universal male suffrage permitted him to go directly to the people if middle-class liberals resisted his bills in the legislature.
What did the New Left advocate?
The establishment of socialism with a human face that would avoid the worst excesses of capitalism or Soviet-style communism
Where did Nazi administrators initially gain experience in mass murder?
The murder of Germans with physical and mental disabilities prior to the war
What belief drove native opponents to European colonial rule?
The nationalist assertion that every people had a right to control their destiny
How did Helmut Kohl's neoliberal policies in Germany in the 1980s affect the Germany economy?
The policies increased unemployment in heavy industry but led to solid economic growth
Reichstag
The popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871.
What was the primary factor that influenced whether European immigrants returned to their native lands?
The possibility of buying land in the home country
decolonization
The postwar reversal of Europe's overseas expansion caused by the rising demand of the colonized peoples themselves, the declining power of European nations, and the freedoms promised by U.S. and Soviet ideals.
functionalism
The principle that buildings, like industrial products, should serve as well as possible the purpose for which they were made, without excessive ornamentation.
What did Rachel Carson seek to expose in her book Silent Spring?
The rampant overuse of pesticides
How did the Ottoman Empire's efforts at reform in the latter half of the nineteenth century undermine the empire's stability?
The reforms created equality before the law for all citizens, which increased religious disputes and split Muslims into secularist and traditionalist camps.
What was a characteristic of the multitiered society established by deindustrialization in the twenty-first century?
The top tier of society was a small, affluent group of highly paid experts, executives, and professionals.
What was the fatal turning point in the Russian prosecution of the war?
The tsar's decision to assume command of Russia's armies, leaving the government in the hands of the strong-willed, autocratic tsarina
How did the war on the eastern front differ from the war on the western front?
The war on the eastern front remained more mobile, with Germany in a more dominant position.
What did the era of stagflation in the 1970s demonstrate about the social welfare states in western Europe?
The welfare state was capable of preventing mass suffering and sustaining political stability and democracy.
What is the consequence of globalization for national economies?
They are much more vulnerable to worldwide economic panics
Throughout the First World War, what mistake did military commanders repeatedly make?
They attempted to mount massive offensives designed to break through entrenched lines.
Why did the German military command recommence submarine warfare in the Atlantic despite knowing that it would lead the United States to enter the war against them?
They believed that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to Britain's rescue.
How did the moderate Social Democrats in Germany put down the radical Communist Spartacist Uprising?
They called on bands of demobilized soldiers called Free Corps to crush the uprising
What was the common effect of western-front offensives during the First World War?
They caused the slaughter of massed infantry units
How were governments able to use empires to ease social tensions and domestic political conflicts in the nineteenth century?
They encouraged the masses to savor foreign triumphs as examples of national glory and prestige.
How did Jean-Paul Sartre think that people could live authentically in the twentieth century?
They must choose their actions fully aware of their responsibility for their behavior.
How did France and Belgium react when Germany refused to make its second reparations payment?
They occupied the Ruhr district
How did German Social Democrats recover their losses in the 1907 election and become the largest party in the Reichstag in 1912?
They took on a more patriotic tone and broadened their base.
What did Heinrich von Treitschke believe was the significance of colonies?
They were essential to great nations.
Why were Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary the most successful eastern European nations at economic modernization?
They were flexible in the adoption of economic policies and had an enthusiastic entrepreneurial class.
What problem was faced by most of the underground resistance groups who opposed the Nazis?
They were not well unified, for they had differing political goals.
How did some British women seek to affect British colonialism in India in the nineteenth century?
They worked to improve the lives of Indian women, moving them closer to Western standards through education and legislation.
How did Sardinia and its monarch, Victor Emmanuel, gain the reputation of being liberal and progressive?
Victor Emmanuel retained the liberal constitution—and its substantial civil liberties—that was forced on his father in 1848.
Why were Jewish immigrants in the nineteenth century unlikely to return to their native land?
Violent anti-Semitism in eastern Europe
In Stalin's Soviet Union, women
could enter the ranks of specialists in industry and science
Changes in the structure of European society after the Second World War were primarily the result of
economic and technological transformation.
Mikhail Gorbachev, who became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985, tried to reform the Communist system through perestroika, or
economic restructuring
Boris Yeltsin's role in the disintegration of the Soviet Union included
emerging as a radical reform Communist who embraced the democratic movement and led Russia to declare independence from the Soviet Union.
The Allies adopted the principle of the unconditional surrender of Germany and Japan in order to
further encourage mutual trust among the Allies.
The following is an excerpt from an interview with the German politician Thilo Sarrazin, an outspoken critic of immigration into Germany (Thinking Like a Historian). In it, he explains what he would do to stop further immigration: Sarrazin believed that a majority of Turks in Germany
had a poor command of the German language.
In twentieth-century literature, the stream-of-consciousness technique uses
internal monologues to explore the psyche.
The following is an excerpt from Franz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth (Evaluating the Evidence 28.3). In it, he discusses the role of violence in decolonization: According to Fanon, decolonization
is always violent.
The following is an excerpt from Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden" (Evaluating the Evidence 24.2): Kipling's poem implies that non-Europeans are
more like wild animals than civilized humans.
With the failure of the United States to ratify the Versailles treaty, many French leaders placed their hopes for future security on
strict implementation of the treaty.
Who began the wave of social unrest that almost toppled Charles de Gaulle's Fifth Republic?
students
The Great Depression did not hit Britain as hard as the United States or Germany in part because
the British economy had moved away from international markets and toward production of goods for the domestic market.
The United States invaded Iraq because American leaders asserted that Iraq
was still developing weapons of mass destruction despite a 1991 promise to end all such programs.
