HIS-111 Final Exam
When did Muhammad die? What did the "Shias" and "Sunnis" say about Muhammad's succession?
632 AD/ The Shias said he should be a blood relative and Sunnis said to elect elders.
Song Dynasty
960-1279 Neo-Confucianism Explosion of scholarship Bureaucratic elite Economic revolution
Tang Dynasty
618-907 Revived state structure "Middle Kingdom" Established tribute system
What was the cause of the Hundred Years War?
A dispute between England (King Edward III) and France (King Philip VI) over who controlled some territories in France
What profession did Muhammad choose? What did Muhammad demonstrate great talent for even in his early life?
A merchant/ His talents led him to be settle disputes
What are the four major "power groups" at the beginning of the Middle Ages?
Christian Church Franks Visigoths Lombards
Baldwin I of Jerusalem
He was the first count of Odessa from 1098 to 1100, and the first king of Jerusalem from 1100 to his death.
Gregory of Tours
Powerful bishop/protective churchman Wrote the history of the Franks in the late 6th century Featured stories of God's power: - Clovis's conversion - St. Martin's revenge
What was the Domesday Book? What was its contemporary purpose? Why does it remain important?
William the Conqueror wanted to keep tabs on England while he lived in France Set up surveys, old Anglo-Saxon tax lists Held testimonies of priests, villagers, sheriffs, and barons The book was a survey and census that held extensive inventory of land, livestock, taxes, and people Identified King's possessions. A very important source of information. Gives us a 'snapshot' of what life was like in the Middle Ages
Who were the Flagellants? Where did they emerge? How did they conduct themselves and to what outcome(s)?
Win they can win back God's passion by reenacting Jesus's crucifixion and whipping, extreme repentance. Very dramatic way of scourging away your sins. They emerged from Germany. They marched from city to city whipping themselves. Threat to the Pope. Enacted mass murder targeted the weak and innocent. Went a little insane with their sentence. "Miracles were being formed." Steals from churches and followed by various women. Treated like Rockstars. Pope calls for the Flagellants to be removed and disbanded, they were killed.
Henry I of England
Youngest son of William who was left nothing after his fathers death Struggled with brothers for control Seized crown in 1100 Strengthened and modernized kingship
Carolingian Dynasty
a Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne's father (Charles Martel) that ruled from 751 to 987
Godfrey of Bouillon
a French knight and Duke of Lower Lorraine in the Holy Roman Empire who led one of the First Crusades and helped establish the Christian Kingdom of Jerusalem Was the one who raided Jerusalem
Outcomes of the Hundred Years War?
Taxes to pay armies Requisitions for gain to support troops Ignited popular revolts in England that destroyed more property and resources Death of Joan d' Arc
Why do historians consider the year 1000 to have been a watershed moment?
The 1000 was considered to be a watershed moment because of independent local political units that were dominated by castles and controlled by the military elite.
How did Spain fall under the control of Muslims?
The Abbasids drove out the Umayyads out of the Islamic World into modern day Spain. The Umayyads took over and ruled with social and religious tolerance. But, due to the tax system required for anyone who is not Muslim, many Christians of Spain either adopted Arabic languages and customs, known as Mozarabs, or were pushed north by the Umayyads.
Why did Mohammad's parents send him live with the Bedouins when he was a young boy? What happened to his parents when he was young?
The Bedouins were believed to have deeper cultural values good understanding of the tribes and cultural life/ Both of his parents died
In what ways did political leadership manifest itself in France?
The Capetians and Hugh Capet launched a four-century dynasty Capetian prestige remained, allowing the line to go on and eventually building the powerful four-century dynasty Vassals and counts agreed that Hugh Capet could not rule France, but they also agreed not to kill him
When Muslims conquered Syria, what did they do in the Church of John the Baptist on Fridays? What happened in this church on Sundays? What did this church eventually become?
They prayed in the Church of John the Baptist on Fridays and Christians had church on Sunday. It eventually became a mosque for the Muslims.
How did Byzantium influence the emergence and growth of the Kievan Rus society?
Wanted to be treated with respect and noticed as a powerful nation so the Kievan Rus society converted to Byzantium's religion of Christianity so they could further form a connect with the Byzantium.
When was Mohammad born and where?
570 AD/ Arabian Peninsula
Saladin
(1137-1193) Powerful Muslim ruler during Third Crusade, defeated Christians at Hattin took Jerusalem Merged holdings in Syria Founded Ayyubid Dynasty
Petrarch
(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. Devoted himself to poetry Italian Love poems Latin Scholarly works and poems
Fourth Crusade
- 1202-1204 Innocent III called for recapture of Jerusalem - Western crusaders sacked the city of Constantinople - destroyed churches and killing innocent people.
What was the Truce of God?
1027 addendum Prohibited fighting between knights at certain times (could not fight from Thursday-Sunday) Enforcement fell to nobles, (if noble's knights fought, they were in trouble)
First Crusade
1099 CE, Jerusalem fell the Christian crusaders; the only successful crusade.
Second Crusade
1147-1149 Failed in its goal of recapturing the Crusader state of Edessa from the Turks Failure due to internal disagreements among the crusaders and led to the loss of Jerusalem in 1187
Third Crusade
1189 - 1192 Crusade led by King Richard the Lionhearted to recapture the city of Jerusalem from Islamic forces led by Saladin; failed in attempt.
Fourth Lateran Council
1215, called by Pope Innocent III, was a summons to spiritual reform; among things established: secrecy of the confessional, Real Presence, fixing the number of the sacraments, enforcement of clerical celibacy
Yuan Dynasty
1271-1368 A Mongol Dynasty Founded by Kublai Khan
The Great Famine
1315-1322 Three main hardships: - Heavy rains ruined crops - Farm animals died - Food prices skyrocketed Many ended up dying due to starvation 5-10% population loss Falling productivity
Ming Dynasty
1368-1644 Ousted Mongol rulers Reintroduced exams for civil service Restored the Great Wall Ming Treasure Fleet (1405-1433) Zhang He Goals were to impress foreigners, impose trade control, and extend tribute system
What was the role of Joan d' Arc?
16-year-old female warrior who inspired French victories - Inspired by Holy visions she had - Presented herself to dauphin Charles Battle of Orleans - Joan fought courageously - Wounded in battle - Led great victory Joan's fate was far less positive: - Captured by the English - Tried as a witch - Burned at the stake
Humanism (Renaissance)
A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements
What was the investiture controversy? What were some key events in its unfolding?
A conflict between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire regarding control of ecclesiastical offices. During that time, bishops had power to give land to vassals so they had a lot of political and economic power. (ministerium) Henry argued he has traditional to invest bishops Pope Greg. argued God gave the church power over worldly rulers Henry excommunicated, Gregory exiled Noble families chose sides: Staufur (pro-Emperor) Welf (supported Pope) Elected Frederick Barbarossa in 1152 to be king because he was the perfect candidate (mom was a Welf, dad was a staufur)
Alcuin
Anglo-Saxon monk English scholar recruited as advisor Brought Anglo-Saxon scholarly traditions Updated Vulgate Bible for liturgy
What was the Ka'ba in Mecca? What did all the tribes who worshiped at the Ka'ba have to do when they came to Mecca?
A shrine that represented all the different deities worshiped/ They had to put down their arms/No fighting
Boccaccio
A student of Petrarch Authored "Decameron." 100 tales told by 10 fictional refugees from Florence during the Black Plague
When the Crusaders arrived outside Constantinople, why was Emperor Alexius I furious? What was he expecting to receive when he called for aid from Urban II? What did Alexius finally do? How did he eventually "manipulate" Duke Godfrey of Guillon and his brother Baldwin?
Alexius I was furious because he didn't want thousands of Catholic warriors. He wanted 300 elite mercenaries. He tried to win over Duke Godfrey and his brother. He invited them to a secret meeting, telling them that he would give them food if they swore an oath of allegiance and give all the land they won over to Alexius.
Briefly explain the relationship between Urban II and Emperor Alexis I. Though devout enemies, was it surprising that they united under their religion? Why would Urban II agree to help Alexius?
Alexius and Urban II were rivals. It was not surprising because both Alexius and Urban II wanted the same thing, which was power, and glory. Urban II agreed to help Alexius so he could get Jerusalem and political power
Michelangelo
Another "Renaissance Man" Last Judgement on wall of Sistine Chapel Hands of God on ceiling
Who was Peter Abelard? What was his significance
Acclaimed teacher at a cathedral school at Notre Dame. Ruined career with tragic affair Founder of Scholasticism Became a monk and wrote a book (highly controversial) The Scholastic Summa, the summary of knowledge and intended to answer every possible question
Describe the role of the Visigoths
Alaric Reccared renounced Arianism for Roman Catholicism and gained papal support(Done Deal) Powerful in Spain Varieties in worship (Roman Christianity v. Arianism) Left spiritual power to the bishops Bishops supported King's secular power
In what ways did political leadership manifest itself in England?
Alfred the Great Domain grew as Alfred pushed back the Danes Recognized as King of all England Issued law codes that he drew from and for all English Kingdom. EVERYONE had to follow these laws
William Duke of Normandy
Also known as William the Conquerer. He fought for the thrown of England against Harold Godwinson when King Edward the Confessor died without an heir. Won the battle of Hastings, making him King of England Preserved Anglo-Saxon institutions (Writs and Shires) Introduced Feudalism to England from France
Christopher Columbus
An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journeys until the time of his death in 1503.
What happened to Mohammad as he meditated in a cave over one region? What message did Mohammad begin to preach?
An angel came to him in the form of a man instructed to recited the words of God. Mohammad began to recited the words of the Koran/ He preached monotheism
The Kieran Rus
An empire founded by Vikings in the city of Kiev Blended into Slavic population Wars, peace, religion, and trade with Byzantine
Why did the Crusaders want to seize Antioch prior to moving on toward Jerusalem? What would have been the likely result if they had not taken Antioch? How did Bohemond finally make entry into Antioch, fostering the eventual Christian takeover?
Antioch was the gateway to the Holy Land, and it was almost equally as Holy as Jerusalem. They would not have had reinforcements and resources and would have gotten taken over by Islam if they didn't take it over. Bohemond finally got in by bribing a traitor who was the commander of 3 towers. They then climbed the wall and broke down the gate.
What steps were taken by the living to avoid the bodies and odors of the dead? In what ways were the dead disposed of?
At first, plagued infected bodies were shunned from the towns, then Many fled their homes to avoid the plague as their loved one were dying or were dead. Many were buried in unmarked mass graves, some dumped in the ocean.
What was the course of events of the Hundred Years War?
Battle of Agincourt: - English continued to expand presence in France for 70 years - Crippled the French Weaponry - Foot soldiers and archers played important roles - French used heavy crossbows - English used rapid firing long bows France eventually pushed English out Joan d' Arc Victory at the Battle of Orleans and coronation of King Charles turned the tide for France French Victory!!!
Agamnet
Beaten by the Flagellants because he was Jewish. He was a merchant.
What was the Peace of God?
Began around 989 Bishops, counts, and lords prohibited certain violence Consequences was excommunication from the church which resulted in eternal damnation.
What social change led to the emergence of the mendicant orders?
Begging Orders The Franciscans (Saint Francis of Assisi): - Preached penance to all - provided food, shelter, and rode on horseback with servants The Dominicans (Saint Dominic): - Distained preachers like The Franciscans - Rejected material riches - Travelled on foot, preaching and begging
Why did Muhammad not preach against Judaism and Christianity? How did Muslims seethe Jews and Christians?
Believed that God revealed himself to many humans but they all went astray (Judaism & Christianity). Saw them as the people of the book.
How did China influence Japan?
Buddhism, Prince Taika & Prince Shotuku government reforms, and written language, bureaucracy, Confucianism, warriors
Why was the Investiture Controversy important?
By undercutting the imperial power established by previous emperors, the controversy led to nearly fifty years of civil war in Germany, and the triumph of the great dukes and abbots. The papacy grew stronger in its power and authority from the controversy.
How did China influence Vietnam
Chinese brought Confucian ideas, the civil service system, and a government bureaucracy to the Vietnamese.
From whom did the Carolingians derive their name?
Charles Martel Mayor of the Palace for the Merovingians Defeated invading Muslims from Spain in 732
Pepin
Charles Martel's son. first king to have the pope's blessing
Describe the role of the Franks
Clovis and his conversion of Christianity brings Christianity to the Franks Salic Laws: Formalized to defense feuds & vendettas Wergild = man's worth Value of Women Gregory of Tours
What are the various explanations of the conversion of Clovis to Christianity?
Clovis was battling with the Alamanni, prays to God that if his army wins, he will convert, Clovis army pulls through and Alamanni flee. Clovis ends up converting to Christianity. Contradictory sources: To gain favor with local bishops and population In thanks for God's help in victory.
Pope Leo III
Crowned Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor Accused of crimes by Roman aristocracy Fled Rome to seek protection from Charlemagne Made himself "emperor maker"
What was the Renaissance and why was it significant?
Cultural rebirth in Europe between 1350-1600 After the Black Death Humanism Gave people a reason to appreciate life again
Princess Joan of England
Daughter of the King of England who was to marry a prince of Spain, making the King of England's line the most powerful in Europe. Died of the Black Death at Bordeaux when the plague first arrived at the city. King believes he is powerless.
In what ways did this system benefit peasants?
Dependency and Protection
What was the significance of the Treaty of Verdun?
Divided the Carolingian Empire: Charles got France Louis got Germany Lother got "Middle Kingdom" (These are Louis the Pious son's)
Conquistadors
Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.)
What were the limitations, shortcomings, or evils of the system?
Elites control land, Serfs do all the work, pay all of the taxes, fees, and pay fines if they break the law. Peasants have no choice to move around, stuck in complete mandatory dependency and manipulation of the Lords (Modern-day social justice)
How did the development of a profit-based economy transform Western Europe?
Emerging cities Rise of a money economy, which redefined leaders' power and helped drive religious change Transformation of a landscape with villagers becoming cities where trader, merchants, and artisans gathered. Markets and Fairs Elites encouraged urban development to maximize profits. Medieval industry Guilds and early corporations Loans
Who were the leaders in the third crusade?
Emperor Fredrick I Barbarossa of Germany King Phillip II of France King Richard I (the Lion-Hearted) of England Leopold V of Austria
Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comenus
Emperor of Byzantine during the First Crusades Made deal with Christian Crusade Leaders to give them food if they swore an oath of allegiance and give all the land they won over to Alexius.
What was accomplished by the Crusades in the Holy Land?
Established 200-year presence in Holy Land Marked first stage of overseas expansion
Why do you think Byzantium flourished as the rest of Rome crumbled?
Expansion of imperial authority Conversion to Christianity Deep trade routes with other nations
What was the new "tribe" of Muhammad bound together by? What do the Muslims call the journey of the Muslims from Mecca to Medina in 622 and what does it mark on their calendar?
Faith/ Hijrah/ Day 1 of Islam
How did this system (power relationships that began to develop between landowners, vassals, and the peasantry) evolve?
Fall of Rome Who controls the land (who is the boss)? Invasions More security for protection but you have to work for that security (serf)
What factors made 14th-century much more precarious than the 13th-century?
Famine The Black Death Warfare Peasant Revolts The Church in Crisis
a. Guy de Chauliac
Famous French surgeon whose books were used to develop surgical knowledge for 200 years. Physician of the Pope, balance of elements to the body by leaches. Miasma. Does not believe in germs, believes that the spread of the plague was the imbalance within people. Continued to see patients when other doctors refused so see plague victims because he was curious about the disease and keeps a journal documenting everything about the plague. Survived the plague and wrote about it.
Alfred the Great
First great king of England King of Wessex Defeated the Vikings Fortified settlements Reorganized military into to operating units Taxed peasants (Danegeld)
Muhammad
Founder of Islam God's last prophet Orphaned as a child Uncle was the leader of the Quraysh (brings conflict) Becomes a successful trader
The Capetians
French dynasty ruling from the 10th century; developed a strong feudal monarchy.
Peter the Hermit
French religious leader who led one of the bands of the first crusades
Describe the role of the Lombards
Germanic barbarians Arian religion and Roman Christianity (brings trouble from the Pope) Pushed back the Byzantines Gained control of Italy Huge advantages in leadership traditions, military prowess, land and controlled over Roman institutions Contributions of Church buildings, maintenance of city walls (Italy), and masters of taxes Kings are both Arians and Roman, brings uncertainty and fear among the Lombardian people WarwiththeFranks Carolingian dynasty is created
What were some of the more significant African kingdoms of the Post-Classical Age?
Ghana Songhay Kongo Ethiopia Zimbabwe
What was the driving purpose behind exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries?
Gold, god, and glory
What were the different relations with China experienced by Korea?
Han dynasty Chinese military fought off the Mongols and established three kingdoms Silla dominance was established in 668 Goryeo took power in 936.
What were the different relations with China experienced by Vietnam?
Han military control in 111 BC Tang province in 618 Acculturation of elites Female Buddha Vietnamese Rebellion Battle of Bach Dang in 938 Vietnam gained their independence from China in 938
Who were the three men battling for England after Edward the Confessor died in 1066?
Harold Godwinson (cousin to Edward) Earl of Wessex Harald Hardrada (Viking King) King of Norway William, Duke of Normandy (distant cousin of Edward)
How did Charles Martel gain prominence?
He defeated the Muslims from Spain in 732
Pope Clement VI
He defended the Jews and told everyone that the Plague was due to God's rath. Did not believe the Plague would hit him. Ran from society, locking himself away from the people and the plague. Survived the plague.
Pope Boniface VIII
Head of the Catholic Church Ruler of the Papal States from 1294 to his death in 1303. Conflicts with King of France (and England) Creator of the Unam Sanctum Basically beaten to death by French royal agents
Otto I
Henry I of Germany son Creator of the Ottonian Empire Took Lombard crown in 951 Defeated Magyars in 955 Crowned emperor in 962
In what ways did political leadership manifest itself in Germany?
Henry I, Duke of Saxony, Grandfather to Hugh Capet Set up fortifications and reorganized army Defeated the Magyars in 933. Otto I (Son of Henry) created the Ottonian Empire that took the Lombard crown in 951 and defeated the Magyars in 962 Otto I was crowned emperor in 962 and Otto II was named the Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick Barbarossa
Holy Roman Emperor Elected King in 1152 Perfect Candidate Reconciled enemies between Staufurs and Welfs
Henry IV
Holy Roman Emperor Holy Roman Emperor Great Wealth Mines and estates in Germany Taxes from trade in Italy Ministerium opposed the pope (Pope Gregory VII) on the issue of lay investiture Henry IV argued he had traditional to invest bishops Pope Gregory VII argued God gave power to the church Henry IV was excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness Once forgiven, exiled Pope Gregory VII
Phillip II of France
King of France Grandson of Louis VI Crowned n 1180 Expanded France Flanders in 1190s Territories from England King John in 1204 Emerged as richest and powerful ruler in France
Hugh Capet
King of France elected in 987 and founding the Capetian dynasty (940-996) Grandson of Robert I
What were some of Charlemagne's military accomplishments?
Invaded Lombards in Italy Seized the Crown Defeated the Saxons Absorbed territory and forced Christianity at point of sword (Bloody Verdict or Verdun) Defeated the Avars Captured treasures Battled with the Muslims Suffered defeat established military buffer
What implication did the revelation that there is one god have for the disunited Arabian people? What appeal did Islam have for the downtrodden in Arabia?
It meant the tribes had to become a one people/ It had a strong social justice message.
Where does the plague originate and what is its path of destruction?
It originates from Central Asia from the Mongols, who spread it through trade. It came from the flees on rats on cargo ships. They spread from Caffa, to Sicily, Italy, and then all over Europe. Then it targets the Islamic states and then ends in Russia.
Why was poetry important to the Bedouin culture? What were two constant themes of Bedouin poetry?
It told the story of different tribes and linked them to their ancestors as well as victories/ The 2 constant themes were war and conflict
Consequences/Aftermath of the Black Death?
It took out a portion of the population, marginal land returned to pastures, meadows, or forests Landlords diversified crops Switched from farming to livestock Better situations for peasants (jobs, food, and education)
Louis VI of France
King of France Expanded and defended royal authority Exercised power over vassals Called to military service Collected dues/taxes Creating a thriving economy with Paris being the commercial and academic center Tax revenues flowed into Louis's treasury First husband of Eleanor of Aquitaine (Henry II's wife)
For what reasons were Jews singled out as scapegoats in the late 1340s? In what ways were they demonized and persecuted? In what geographical regions were these events most prevalent? What groups were responsible for these attacks? What were the long-term implications of this persecution? In what place(s) did they find sanctuary?
Jews were scapegoats because they believed the Jews offended God. They thought that the Jews contaminated the springs and well water after many Jews were tortured to confess, they contaminated the waters. St. Valentines Day, Jews burnt at the stake in over 15 cities all over Germany, Switzerland, and France. Violence was to appease an angry God. Survivors become refugees. Poland was a safe haven for the Jewish people because the Polish leader had respect for them.
Explain the rift before Henry II and Thomas Becket. What caused it? How did it end? Repercussions?
King Henry II extended monarchial power through royal justice courts The churches resisted King Henry II's extension of royal courts Saw it as an infringement on church courts Contest started there Becket refused to allow clergy to come before the royal courts This enraged King Henry II and commanded his men to kill Thomas Becket Thomas Becket was murdered in 1170 by King's men at Canterbury Cathedral Cause uproar, king stricken with grieve, so King Henry dressed in cloth garbs and did a public penance Was forgiven
Saint Louis
King Louis IX of France Praised for: - care for poor & sick - penances self-inflicted - participation in church serviced
Richard the Lion-Hearted of England
King Richard I Son of Henry II King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199. Known for boldness and bravery Commanded army as a teenager Leader in the 3rd Crusade Died defending territory n France
Philip IV
King of France Asserted judicial authority over the church Pope Boniface VII claimed only the Pope could punish priests The King forbade export of precious metals, money, or jewels
Louis IX
King of France from 1226 to 1270. He was one of the most popular kings of France: - maintaining dignity of throne - accepted limits on authority vis-à-vis church He led the Seventh Crusade to the Holy Land Canonized in 1297 as a saint by Pope Boniface VII in recognition of his faith and services to the Church. Became Saint Louis
What were it's features? (power relationships that began to develop between landowners, vassals, and the peasantry during the 9th and 10th centuries)
King, Lords, Lower Lords (Vassal), Knights (lower Vassals), (ELITES) Peasants/Serfs Peasants/serfs 95% of population Pope, Bishop, Priests, Monks, People (Serf) ELITES
Describe the nature of the warrior culture associated with this period
Kings, Counts & Dukes at the top Castellans below, but on the rise Knights at the lower levels. Knights marked military revolution Lords and Vassals often lived together but Vassals lived in the Great Hall where dining, entertainment, and slumber took place among the Vassals Youths (unmarried knights, apprentices to knights)
What is name of holy book of Islam?
Koran or Quran
What is the name of holy book of Islam? How did it come to be? What was its significance?
Koran/First oral descriptions then it was written down/significance was it had God's teachings and messages on it, but it is told in an elegant and tender way that seems powerful, yet beautiful.
In what ways did this system benefit landowners?
Landowners did not have to plow the fields. Got the counts to not be on their backs
Pope Urban II
Leader of the Roman Catholic Church who asked European Christians to take up arms against Muslims, starting the Crusades (First Crusade to be specific) Leader of the Council of Clermont Made agreement with old rival Byzantine Emperor Alexius Comenus for Jerusalem and political power
What was the impact of Slavic and Bulgar incursions in the Balkans?
Link between Europe and Byzantium was severed Trade and communication ended Land got smaller and smaller, making Byzantium more likely to be taken over.
What were the different relations with China experienced by Japan?
Looked to Korea/China as models Yamato prince adopted cultural & political models Shotoku Taishi Moved to own bushido (samurai chivalry) of society Shinto: blend of ancestor reverence and Buddhist influence
Louis the Pious' Sons
Lothar, Charles the Bald, and Louis the German
What are the estimated mortality rates associated with the plague?
Many questioned their faith with God, and many went on a binge on drinking, flirting, and stealing of houses devastated by the plague. Fights sprouted. However, those who survived got married and started families. 33-50% of Europe's population was taken by the Black Plague.
How far had Muslim troops conquered by 670? How big was the Muslim empire in 200 years?
Mohammad began to spread the Islamic faith. They conquered as far as present-day Morocco to the Indus River. The Muslims empire in 200 years spread from Spain to India.
What happened to Mecca in 630 AD? How many men did Muhammad now have at his disposal and what did they do to the people of Mecca?
Mohammad had about 313 men at his disposal. Eventually, his army was 10,000 strong. Mohammad embraced the Meccans.
Why did Muhammad instruct his followers to pray toward Mecca?
Mohammad instructed his followers to face the Kaaba when praying because it was the temple of the first true Muslim.
What did Muhammad do at the shrine of the Ka'ba?
Mohammad marched around it 7 times and destroyed the idols inside.
Describe Charlemagne
Most powerful king of Early Middle Ages Complex/Contradictory Character Devout, but bloodthirsty Admired by the Pop, yet was upset at papal coronation Supported learning, but likely illiterate Created the Missi Dominici
What was the Great Schism and what was its significance?
Move of the Pope closer to France caused an outcry Eventually two popes reigned - Urban VI in Rome - Clement VII in Avignon Split the church Due to all of Europe drawing sides and everyone excommunicated, the Council of Constance met to resolve the crisis Elected Martin V in 1417 Resolved the Great Schism
Why do you think Islam spread as fast as it did?
Muhammad's domination of Mecca and how he obtained followers.
What did the followers of Mohammad begin to call themselves?
Muslims
What were some of the more significant American kingdoms of the Post-Classical Age?
North America: 1. Mound-builders 2. Pueblo 3. Iroquois Mesoamerica: 1. Toltec 2. Aztec Andean: 1. Inca
Battle of Hastings
October 14, 1066 English infantry held the high ground Norman cavalry and archers attacked Norman knights feared English battle-axes and retreated English pursued William rallied troops and counter-attacked Norman archers wore down English army King Harold was killed in the battle Norman victory!
How did the Crusaders take Jerusalem in the First Crusade? In what year? What tools (of divine intervention, perhaps) helped them overcome the massive walls that surrounded the city? Was the First Crusade a success? Explain.
On July 14, 1099, after the discovery of the Holy Lance, the Crusaders took over Jerusalem by building siege towers to take over the walls of the city. Duke Godfrey found a weak spot in the wall, and it was there where they broke in. The First Crusade was in 1098. They used mobile siege towers as tools to help them overcome the walls surrounding the city. The First Crusade was a success because the Crusaders took Jerusalem. Also, everyone speaks about the Crusades and still uses the word "Crusades" to inflict fear today.
Ongoing Disputes in the Holy Roman Empire
Once Henry was excommunicated and Gregory exiled, Noble families chose sides Staufur (pro-Emperor) Welf (supported Pope) Elected Frederick Barbarossa in 1152 because he was the perfect canidate Mother was a Welf Father was a Staufer Reconciled enemies
How did China influence Korea?
One of the original three kingdoms, the Goguryeo, was itself heavily influenced by China. And another, the Silla, openly allied with the Tang against its foes. Also adopted new philosophies via China: first, Buddhism and later, Confucianism.
Leonardo da Vinci
Original "Renaissance Man" painter, inventor, writer, botanist, mathematicians, architect, engineer Works included the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper
What was the nature of the Black Death? Explain its origins, the course of events
Origins began in Central Asia from flees on rats 1347: Caffa on Black Sea 1348 Jan. : Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and Marseille 1348 July : Aragon, Italy, the Balkans, and most of France 1349-50: Germany, England, and Scandinavia Spread to the Islamic world Dance of Death - preoccupation with death that influenced art and literature (skeletons) Vary reactions : fanatical piety, drunken orgies, fleeing cities, came together with loved ones
What would result in the Unam Sanctum?
Papal bull that was issued by Pope Boniface VIII in 1302 - Declared supremacy over everyone (kings included) - Philip declared Boniface a "false pope" * Accused of heresy, sexual perversion, etc. This papal bull resulted in royal agents invading Boniface's palace in order to capture him for trail in France Pope Boniface was beaten badly, but released when locals forced the troops away Boniface died days later due to his injuries.
The Five Pillars of Islam
Shahadah (Faith) Salah (Prayer, 5 times) Sawm (Fasting, Ramadan) Zakah (Almsgiving) Haji (Pilgrimage, Mecca)
Who did Pope Boniface have problems with?
Phillip IV of France Edward I of England Due to both asserting jurisdiction over the church
Feudalism in Europe
Political system in which land is exchanged for protection. 1. King (no real power; only figurehead) 2. Lords (receive a fief from the king) 3. Vassals (lesser lords) 4. Knights (warrior class) 5. Serfs (provided free labor)
Explain the significance of Fourth Lateran Council, 1215?
Pope Innocent III Revised traditional regulations and decrees regarding the status of Jews within Latin Christian society: - Christians shall be withdrawn from associations with them - Jews shall be distinguished from Christians in dress, sexual intercourse between the two is forbidden - Jews shall not be appointed to public offices - Converts to the Faith from among the Jews must not observe the old customs of the Jews - The expedition to Recover the Holy Land
Innocent III
Pope who led the Church at the height of its power in the Middle Ages First university-trained pope - Theology at Paris (Church writing enhanced power) - Law at Bologna (Lawmaker/Reformer) Fourth Lateran Council leader
What was accomplished by the Crusades in Europe?
Reintroduced wisdom of Aristotle Stimulated trade Introduced exotic goods from East
What were the four main topics powering the 12th-Century Renaissance?
Religion - Rise of Papacy Politics - Administrative Kingship Commerce - Towns/Cities - Money Economy Education - Aristotle's work - Rise of University
Describe typical 9th-century Manor
Reorganized with focus on productivity Villages, Arable fields, vineyards, meadows, and woodlands for an abundant of: 1. houses for peasants 2. agriculture 3. wine-making 4. livestock 5. timber & hunting Peasants could not be separated from the family nor displaced. Lords relied on the peasants to do their skilled jobs Peasants depended on the landlords, owed dues, debts and services.
Sui Dynasty
Reunified China in 589 Established canals linking north and south China Fell in 619 after military defeat to Korea
In what ways do you find the other forms of "crisis and chaos of the Late Middle Ages" to be woven into this film?
Revolts, famine, and war ravage the continent that cause crisis and chaos to be woven into the Black Plague.
What was the Anarchy?
Royal civil war between two royal families Royal power waned during civil war Stephen's coalition unraveled Maud's son, Henry II took the throne
Missi Dominici
Royal officials under Charlemagne who traveled around the country to enforce the king's laws
What and where were the primary trade routes that contributed to accelerating connections during post-classical trade in the Medieval Ages?
Silk Road (Middle East and Asia) Sand Roads (Northern and Western Africa) Sea Roads (Maritime Trade)
Justinian and Theodora
Sixth-century emperor and empress of the eastern Roman Empire, famous for waging costly wars to reunite the empire Known for Golden Age achievements in Constantinople and the expansion of the empire
What was accomplished by the Crusades?
Slowed the advance of Islamic power and may have prevented western Europe from falling under Muslim suzerainty. Stimulated trade Reintroduced wisdom of Aristotle Introduced exotic goods from East
Louis the Pious
Son of Charlemagne Recruited Benedict of Aciane as monastic reformer Uniform way of life across empire
Henry II of England
Son of Maud, daughter of Henry I (grandson) King in 1154 and was responsible for creating the common law and jury systems. Marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine added Aquitaine to existing holdings Ruled more territory than the King of France Destroyed or confiscated castles and regained royal land Extended monarchial power through royal justice in Eyre System Issues with the Church, causing him to conduct public penance
Edward I of England
Sought to tax church properties in 13th-century Boniface VII defended power as matter of principle - Claimed only the Pope could tax priests King declared all clerics who refused to pay taxes to be outlaws
What three power dynamics were present in the Late Middle Ages?
Spain France England
Cortes
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).
King John of England
Succeeded the throne after his brother Richard I died French lands confiscated by Philip II of France Sought to regain land Harsh ruler by increasing fee, establishing new feudal dues, and coercion of vassals' widows. Defeated at the Battle of Bouvines (Noble rebellion) Was forced to accept barons' demands at Runnymede Created the Magna Carta
What Caused The Anarchy?
Succession crisis because Henry I's only legal male heir died in a shipwreck Henry I designated his daughter, Maud, as successor Some nobles did not accept a female monarch, causing civil war to erupt between two French counts: House of Anjou, Geoffrey, Maud's husband House of Blois, Stephen, Henry's brother-in-law Nephew Stephen II took the throne Contest between the families
What were the Medieval dynasties during the Post-Classical Age of China?
Sui Tang Song Yuan Ming
What did Muslims build on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem? Why was it built there?
The Dome of the Rock was built. The rock within is where Abraham almost sacrificed his son. Rival with a Christian Church
Clovis
The Franks first Christian king. Overthrew Visigoths in Gaul Carved out large kingdom in France Outpaced Alamanni and Burguandians
What tensions will ultimately lead the Franks and Lombards into Conflict?
The Popes in Rome feared the Lombards would attempt to take over Rome, who were Arians, to Pope Zachary tell the Franks he will bless one of the Franks political leaders Pepin as the ruler of the the Franks if they help them defeat the Lombards. Pepin's family becomes the Carolingians and Pope Stephen II called onto Pepin to fight the Lombards, resulting in the reshaping of Western Europe.
How did the Shi'ite/Sunni rift develop?
The Shi'ites believed blood relatives of Muhammad should rule, therefore favoring leaders like Ali. The Sunnis, however, advocated for free choice of leadership, and wanted to elect their leaders. They favored Abu Bakr.
State-church tensions?
The churches resisted Henry II's extension of royal courts Saw as infringement on church courts Contest between Henry II and Thomas Becket Thomas Becket refused to allow clergy to come before royal courts. He was murdered in 1170 by Henry II's men at Canterbury Cathedral Henry II was filled with grief, and did a public penance
What various factors played into the eventual decline of the plague?
The cycle is broken; the outbreaks cannot maintain itself because of how low the population was. Also, the healthy and mainly wealthy fled to the countryside to get away from urban and city infected populations and came back once the plague declined. There was also the implementation of quarantines. The healthy and uninfected would remain in their houses and not leave or interact with others, and those who were infected stayed in a controlled place and did not mingle with the healthy.
Quran
The holy book of Islam Changed Bedouin focus: Old: the here & now New: "There is no God, but God, and Muhammad his prophet" Corrects Christian polytheism
Describe the power relationships that began to develop between landowners, vassals, and the peasantry during the 9th and 10th centuries
The lords need "faithful men" to protect them and carry out orders, and the King relies on the vassals to: Muster troops Collect taxes Administer justice Prosperous vassals looked to lord for more land (fiefs) and poor vassals depended on lords for shelter and food. Peasants worked at the bottom and served as serfs Serf's dependency was involuntary and inherited Worked as lord's laborers Paid taxes and dues to lord
What did the Bedouin tribal leaders decide about Mohammad and his new faith? What saved Mohammad and his followers in AD 622?
They decided that him and his message must be removed/ They were saved by Mohammad belonging to his uncle's tribe.
How do Muslims feel about visual representations of God and Mohammad? How is Mohammad depicted in early representations of him.
They feel that visual representations of God and Mohammad are dangerous/ He is shown with a covering over his face with a white cloth because he wasn't a divine being
What is the nature of the Black Death... symptoms, progression, mode of contagion?
The plague was first brought into Europe by the Mongols from Central China. The disease had flu like symptoms. Then black spots called buboes came about and spread all over their bodies. It came on cargo ships, flees on rats would carry the disease. It was spread by the air. Within 2-6 days after being infected, symptoms will show.
What political, cultural, and social factors contributed to the rapid expansion of the Islamic World?
The political factors were Muhammad becoming somewhat of a leader and the battle between his tribe and the Meccan tribes resulted in a mass spread of Islam. The cultural factors were that everyone, man, women, and children were created equal, and everyone was seen as a devote worshiper of God (Allah). The social factors were the everyone was created equal because they all worshipped the same God, therefore everyone was seen as equal. This is what caused the rapid expansion of the Islam.
Why did the Crusades begin? What was so important about Jerusalem? Who was in control of it at the end of the 11th century? What did Pope Urban II have to do with the First Crusade?
They began because the Muslims attacked Jerusalem, and the crusades were made by Christians (mainly Catholic) to retake Jerusalem. It was the center of life, and Jesus was crucified there for Christians. To the Jews, it was the place where the Temple of Solomon, and for Muslims, it was where Muhammad ascended to heaven. The Turks were in charge at the end of the 11th century. Pope Urban II had a master plan to retake Jerusalem and put Rome (Catholic Church) back on the map. He did this by making a treaty with his old rival Alexius I, King of the Byzantines.
Upon what various causes did medieval people blame the emergence and spread of the plague?
They believed that the spread of the plague was due to God's rath, and they decided to whip themselves in order to be forgiven. Trade was to Blame. Most historians today generally agree that the plague was likely spread through Eurasia via these trade routes by parasites carried on the backs of rodents.
In what ways did this system benefit vassals?
They promised homage and fealty for fiefs
Significance of Donation of Pepin?
Treaty with the Lombards in which the Lombardian land was returned to the Pope Italy left Byzantine orbit and aligned with the Franks
Bohemond of Antioch
also known as Bohemond of Taranto, was the prince of Taranto from 1089 to 1111 and the prince of Antioch from 1098 to 1111. He was a leader of the First Crusade, leading a contingent of Normans on the quest eastward.
What was the Bayeux Tapestry? What was its purpose? Why is it still important today?
embroidered cloth nearly 70 meters long and 50 centimeters tall that depicts the events leading up to the Battle of Hastings in 1066 Depicts the death of Harold Godwinson, King of England Purpose was to justify the Norman Conquest of England before God. In 58 scenes, it tells the story of the events surrounding this key event in Anglo-French history. Important piece of art, primary source that tells the story of the Norman Conquests of England
How did the Columbian Exchange impact relationships between European invaders and the indigenous populations of the Americas?
exchanged goods and ideas, but also disease killed off Native American populations
What was some of the issues addressed in the Fourth Lateran Council?
included 70 canons, first was transubstantiation/sacraments; marriage (proclamations about new sacrament of marriage); condemnation of heresies, banned new orders, required yearly confession; control and power of the church becomes more consistent and consolidated
Charlemagne's Empire
largest empire in the west since the Roman Empire Sought to build upon Roman traditions: Imperial Learning Arts Building