HIS 121B Midterm
Presidential Elections of 1876
(event) It was Rutherford B. Hayes (a republican from Ohio) against Samuel J. Tilden (a democrat from New York.) Tilden got the Popular votes while Hayes won the electoral votes and therefore won the election of 1876. This created what was called a constitutional crisis where, many did democrats refused to recognize Hayes as president, which led to the Hayes-Tilden Compromise. This compromise was meant to assuage Southerners opposition where Hayes used his presidential power to withdraw the remaining troops from the south, effectively ending reconstruction and also withdrawing the protection and support for African Americans in this hostile territory. It was one of the most disputed elections in presidential history. Due to 20 disputed electoral votes. Informal deal was struck to resolve the compromise: Compromise of 1877. In return for the Democrats' acquiescence in Hayes' election, the republicans agreed to withdraw federal troops from the south, ending reconstruction. It ceded power in the Southern states to the Democratic Redeemers.
13th Amendment
(law) 1864 passed by the senate 1865 passed by the house. formally abolished slavery. to the Constitution declared that "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." Formally abolishing slavery in the United States, the 13th Amendment was passed by the Congress on January 31, 1865, and ratified by the states on December 6, 1865. the language is brief and succinct and an escape clause (except for punishment)
15th Amendment
(law) granted African American men the right to vote by declaring that the "right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." Although ratified on February 3, 1870, the promise of the 15th Amendment would not be fully realized for almost a century. Through the use of poll taxes, literacy tests and other means, Southern states were able to effectively disenfranchise African Americans. It would take the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 before the majority of African Americans in the South were registered to vote. Enfranchisement should not be denied based on race.
John Roy Lynch
significance (1847-1939) was born in louisiana as a slave and became free after the emancipation proclamation of 1863. He was almost-wholly self-educated. African American Congressman of Mississippi. He was elected speaker of the house in the state of mississippi in 1873. He was the first African American Speaker of the house in this state, and the first to hold this position in the country. He was elected to the house of reps in the 1870s and 1880s. He wrote The Facts of Reconstruction (1913). He was one of the first to officially argue against the prevailing view of the Dunning School, conservative white historians who downplayed African-American contributions and achievements of the Reconstruction era.
Uplift
uplifting the race, through education. Racial Uplift on the Era of "the Negro Problem" Forge and maintain a positive identity in a U.S. society that reduced their existence to that singularly alienating phrase "the Negro Problem." The demise of slavery and emancipation had fueled African Americans optimistic pursuit of education, full citizenship and economic independence, all crucial markers for freedom. But these aspirations for social advancement, or uplift, Came under assault by powerful whites seeking to regain control over African American labor.
John Mercer Langston
Significance (1829-1897) he was an american abolitionist, attorney, educator, activist, diplomat, and politician. Along with charles Sumner he assisted with the drafting of the civil rights bill that was enacted as the civil rights acts of 1875, and he established the law department at howard University. He was also the first president of the historically black college Virginia State University. He was born free in Virginia and in 1888 langston was elected to the U.S. congress as the first representative of color from Virginia. During the Jim Crow era when there was much political suppression of African AMericans in government he was one of the only five african Americans elected to congress from the south before the former confederate states passed constitutions and electoral rules from 1890 to 1908 that essentially disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites, excluding blacks from politics.
P. B. S. Pinchback
Significance (1837-1921)African American Lieut.-Gov. Of Louisiana. From 1872-1873. Protested the disenfranchisement of former confederates. He was a former captain of the Union army. He had the physical appearance of a white man but his white skin gave him little advantage in the hurly-burly of reconstruction politics. He was one of the most prominent African American officeholders during the reconstruction era.
Robert C. De Large
Significance (1842-1874)--> was a republican member of the U.S. house of reps from South Carolina, serving from 1871 to 1873. He was earlier a delegate to the 1868 state constitutional convention and elected in 1868 to the state house of representatives. He supported relief measures with the full knowledge that whites would benefit as much as blacks.
De Jure/De Facto
De Jure (refers to the realm of that which is covered by legislation), De Facto (the realm that covers custom, covering ideas of racial practice), codified in legal practice and customs reinforced by law o Jim Crow (a Legal system and pattern of behaviors that are reinforced generationally) De jure segregation is separation enforced by law, while de facto occurs when widespread individual preferences, sometimes backed up with private pressure, led to separation. De Facto segregation that existed because of the voluntary associations and neighborhoods and de jure segregation that existed because of local laws that mandated segregation.
Ku Klux Klan
Identify -December 1865, loosely organized in Pulaski, Tennessee by several former confederate officers -1867 delegates from several states convened in Nashville, selected General Nathan B. Forrest as the Grand Wizard, and set out to glorify whites and bring down congressional reconstruction reforms
14th Amendment
Identify -February and March 1866 attempts at ensuring rights were vetoed by Johnson and the vetoes were upheld in congress, trying to counter the Black Codes -April 30, 1866 proposed by the Joint Committee on Reconstruction attempting to circumvent Johnson's vetoes, the bill outlined State's obligation to uphold the rights of its citizens, limited representation in congress for states that failed to do so, banned persons in federal offices who aided the CSA from serving again, and promised readmission to the union for ratifying the amendment -July 28, 1868 ratified to the US Constitution
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Identify -May 13, 1870 introduced by Senator Sumner -March 1, 1875 signed into law by President Grant
James T. Rapier
Identify -born in Alabama to free colored parents (November 13, 1837-May 31, 1883)
Jefferson Franklin Long
Identify -born in Georgia as a slave (March 3, 1836- February 4, 1901)
P. B. S. Pinchback
Identify -born in Georgia to a free mixed family (May 10, 1837-December 21, 1921)
S.C. Armstrong
Identify -born in Hawaii, white American family (January 30, 1839-May 11, 1893)
John Willis Menard
Identify -born in Illinois to a free black family (April 3, 1838-October 9, 1893)
James Lewis
Identify -born in Mississippi as a slave (1832-July 14, 1914)
Oscar J. Dunn
Identify -born in New Orleans, Louisiana as a slave (1826-November 22, 1871)
Homer Plessy
Identify -born in New Orleans, Louisiana to free mixed family, in the french/creole community (March 17, 1862-March 1, 1925)
Samuel J. Tilden
Identify -born in New York, white American family (February 9, 1814-August 4, 1886)
Henry Plummer Cheatham
Identify -born in North Carolina as a mixed slave (December 27, 1857-November 29, 1939)
Hiram Rhodes Revels
Identify -born in North Carolina to a free mixed/colored family (September 27, 1827-January 16, 1901) -1845 ordained as a minister, and imprisoned in 1854 for preaching to POC -1863-1865 served in Union Army, helped create 2 black Union regiments -1869 elected to Mississippi State Senate
George H. White
Identify -born in North Carolina, possibly a mixed slave (December 18, 1852-December 28, 1918)
Rutherford B. Hayes
Identify -born in Ohio, white American family (October 4, 1822-January 17, 1893)
Joseph H. Rainey
Identify -born in South Carolina as a slave (June 21, 1832-August 1, 1887)
Robert C. De Large
Identify -born in South Carolina to a free mixed family, members of the mulatto 'elite' in their community (March 15, 1842- February 14, 1874)
F L Cardozo
Identify -born in South Carolina to a free mixed/colored family (February 1, 1836-July 22, 1903) -1858 attended University of Glasgow, and studied in Edinburgh, becoming an ordained minister -1864 moved to New Haven, Connecticut and became a pastor -1865 returned to South Carolina got involved in politics
Thomas E. Miller
Identify -born in South Carolina, to free mixed parents, significant European descent, could pass for white (June 17, 1849-April 8, 1938)
Josiah Thomas Walls
Identify -born in Virginia as a slave (December 30, 1842-May 15, 1905)
Blanche Kelso Bruce
Identify -born in Virginia as a slave, learned how to read and write through a private tutor (March 1, 1841-March 17, 1898) -1864 escaped during the war -1864 started a school for black children in Missouri -1869 moved to Mississippi and owned considerable tracts of land and won a number of county level elections, for tax assessor, registrar of voters, and sheriff
John Mercer Langston
Identify -born in Virginia to a free mixed family of partial black, native, and white descent (December 14, 1829-November 15, 1897
Robert Brown Elliott
Identify -uncertain location, likely born in Liverpool, UK to parents from the West Indies (August 11, 1842-August 9, 1884)
Atlanta Compromise
September 18 1895: In all things purely social we can be as separate as the five fingers, and yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. Intrigued Northern whites and pacified southern whites who believed that Washington advocated for the subordination of African americans and segregation. Washington became renowned throughout the country for this speech and it established his ideologies to the wider public. Many people lauded it while others became skeptical of his ideologies.
Joseph H. Rainey
Significance
Vindication
race vindication African Americans having to prove themselves after the civil war as equal to white americans. Adherents to the vindicationist movements believe that their group is undervalued by the broader society, and they seek to rehabilitate and elevate their collective reputation. Argues that the minority group possesses qualities and abilities that are equal to or superior to those of the dominant group and the dominant group's prejudice against the minority is thus based on false premise. A significant strain of vindicationism emerges in early African American political thought. The vindicationist sentiment found in nineteenth-century African American political writing influenced anti colonial ideologies of twentieth-century Africa.
Accommodation
of the status quo, once we get to 1895 and 1896 the status quo was primarily for African Americans living in south. This is prevalent in the ideology of Booker T. Washington and it is something he conveyed in the Atlanta Compromise of 1895. Cast down your bucket where you are and in all things purely social we can be as separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress. Radical vs. accommodationist strategies. A strategy of black response to southern racial tensions.
Samuel J. Tilden
Significance (1814-1886) He was the 25th governor of new york and the democratic candidate for president in the disputed election of 1876. He won the popular vote while Rutherford B. Hayes won the electoral vote. He was the first individual to win an outright majority of the popular vote but lose the election itself. He helped to break the corruption of the tweed ring. To resolve the conflict congress created an electoral commission which voted along party lines and declared Hayes the winner. As part of the resolution, the leaders of the two parties reached the compromise of 1877, in which Hayes promised to end reconstruction in the South in exchange for democratic acceptance of the election result.
Rutherford B. Hayes
Significance (1822 - 1893) was an American politician from Ohio who served as the 19th President of the United States from 1877 to 1881. He assumed the presidency at the end of the Reconstruction Era through the Compromise of 1877. In office he ended Army support for Republican state governments in the South, promoted civil service reform, and attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War and Reconstruction. n 1876, Hayes was elected president in one of the most contentious elections in national history. He lost the popular vote to DemocratSamuel J. Tilden but he won an intensely disputed electoral college vote after a Congressional commission awarded him twenty contested electoral votes. The result was the Compromise of 1877, in which the Democrats acquiesced to Hayes's election and Hayes withdrew remaining U.S. troops protecting Republican office holders in the South. Hayes believed in meritocratic government, equal treatment without regard to race.
Oscar J. Dunn
Significance (1826-1871)→ of the seven blacks in the state senate in 1868 only Dunn had been a slave; and before the war he had purchased his own freedom. Was one of three African Americans who served as a Republican Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana during the era of reconstruction. He worked to achieve equality for the millions of blacks freed by the passage of the 13th amendment in 1864. He advocated for Universal suffrage and land ownership for all blacks, taxpayer-funded education of all black children, and equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment.
Freedmen's Bureau
(organization) A Federal organization that assisted freed slaves and tried to oversee labor contracts. Created by congress just before the end of the civil War (March 1865) , it was to aid refugees and freedmen by furnishing supplies and medical services, establishing schools, supervising contracts between freedmen and their employers, and managing confiscated and abandoned lands. It was very effective in the immediate postwar years and maintained a lively and comprehensive program of rehabilitation and relief. They were especially active in the field of labor and education. Mediated disputes between planter and laborer and settled matters of a civil or criminal nature where one or both parties were freedmen. Both the president (Andrew Johnson) and the former Confederates were especially opposed to their exercise of judicial authority. Southern Homestead act of 1866 extended the life of the Bureau. To the former confederates the bureau was a symbol of outside interference that many white southerners were expected to oppose. Both the former confederates and the president, did much to destroy the effectiveness of the Bureau.
Industrial Education
A part of African American uplift whereby Negros learned to be laborers with the most efficient and new techniques and technology. It was meant to have african Americans to engage in the Academic and manual fields of labor. Booker T. Washington tried to tech his stories that all forms of labor were honorable. Self-sufficiency! Mental training and manual training→ If they were skilled laborers then they would be useful to the community as a whole and they would. No use for training in latin and greek. They aim to teach everybody a little of almost anything Industrial Education for the Negro→ Booker T. Washington 1903 I would not confine the race to industrial life, not even to agriculture, for example, although I believe that by far the greater part of the Negro race is best off in the country districts and must and should continue to live there, but I would teach the race that in industry the foundation must be laid-that the very best service which any one can render to what is called the higher education is to teach the present generation to provide a material or industrial foundation.
Historiography
Is the study of the methods of historians in developing an historical narrative. This narrative can often be imbued with the bias of the writers. Few writers challenged the dominant account of reconstruction outlined by the Dunning school. John R. Lynch published The Facts of Reconstruction and W.E.B. Du Bois wrote Black Reconstruction in America in the 1930s, which viewed reconstruction as a noble struggle for political and economic democracy. Outside of historically black colleges these works were largely ignored. At the time when John Hope Franklin wrote Reconstruction After the Civil war, African American historiography largely had little attention devoted to it. John Hope Franklin claimed that the postwar Republicans had been engaged in a genuine, if flawed, effort to solve the problem of race in the South by providing much-needed protection to the freedmen. The Reconstruction governments, for all their faults, had been bold experiments in interracial politics. There are ongoing debates about the nature of Reconstruction Historiography some declaring reconstruction a failure due to the carpetbaggers, African Americans, and Scalawags, while others saying it was a failure because it didn't adequately provide protections for African Americans.
Special Order No. 15
January 16, 1865, order from sherman
Black Codes
Laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866 and had the intent of restricting the freedom of African Americans after the passing of the 13th amendment. Made African Americans work in a low-wage economy that was based on low wages or debt. They were also enacted in some northern states. Enacted They deprived african Americans of basic constitutional rights to bear arms, assemble in groups etc.The Black Codes attempted to return ex-slaves to something like their former condition by, among other things, restricting their movement, forcing them to enter into year-long labor contracts, prohibiting them from owning firearms, and preventing them from suing or testifying in court. One of the greatest concerns of southern legislatures after the war.
Lynching
Mob violence is an extrajudicial punishment by an informal group. It is most often used to characterize informal public executions by a mob in order to punish an alleged transgressor, or to intimidate a group. It is an extreme form of informal group social control such as charivari,skimmington, riding the rail, and tarring and feathering, but with a drift towards the display of a public spectacle. It is to be considered an act of terrorism and punishable by law.[1][2] In the U.S. most perpetrators of lynchings were white and the victims black. The political message—the promotion of white supremacy and black powerlessness—was an important element of the ritual, with lynchings photographed and published as postcards which were popular souvenirs in the U.S.[6][7] As well as being hanged, victims were sometimes burned alive and tortured, with body parts removed and kept as souvenirs. lynching attacks on U.S. blacks, especially in the South, increased dramatically in the aftermath of the Civil War, after slavery had been abolished and recently freed black men gained the right to vote. Even more violence occurred at the end of the 19th century, after southern white Democrats regained their political power in the South in the 1870s. States passed new constitutions or legislation which effectively disenfranchised most blacks and many poor whites, established segregation of public facilities by race, and separated blacks from common public life and facilities.
Redemption
Redemption: if you are African American the language is often used is the language of uplift as ex slaves the vast majority had very large fundamental needs about 4,000,000 people · Confederate redemption-> trying to restore white supremacy and creating legislatures that want to overturn the various gains associated with reconstruction. The Redeemed legislatures are those who endeavored to disenfranchise African Americans, through various means (poll tax, literacy test, grandfather clause). Trying to clinch home rule o Poll taxà you have to pay to vote o Some of these measures also cut against poor whites They saw themselves as redeeming the South by regaining power (called themselves the redeemers.
Robert Brown Elliott
Significance (1842-1884)--> he was a reconstruction-era Congressman born in Massachusetts and studied in England. He settled in South Carolina in 1867. He began practicing law in the state capital and was the associate editor of the South Carolina Leader and was elected delegate to the 1868 state constitution convention. Later on he won a seat in the South Carolina House of reps. And in 1869, partly because of his military background, he became the first African American commanding general of South Carolina National Guard which as the state militia was charged with fighting the Ku Klux Klan. He took his seat in Congress in 1871. He fought the activities of the KKK. and he also opposed the granting of general amnesty to ranking ex-confederate military officers and civilians. In 1876 he was elected South Carolina Attorney General and his power was taken away when the democrats returned to power in 1879
Thomas E. Miller
Significance (1849-1938)--> he was a black politician and educator who was elected to the South Carolina congress and served from 1889 to 1891. He was born to a free black couple in South Carolina in 1949. He was a state house of reps representative in 1877. He served on the Republican State executive committee from 1878 to 1880. He was one of only five African Americans elected to Congress from the South in the Jim Crow era of the last decade of the 19th century. After that no African Americans were elected from the south until 1972. He was a prominent leader in the struggle for civil rights in the American South during and After reconstruction. He was also the first president of the historically black college South Carolina State university (a land grant school). Fought against the ratification of a new constitution in South Carolina that was meant to disenfranchise blacks.
George H. White
Significance (1852-1918) was an American attorney and politician, elected as a Republican U.S. Congressman from North Carolina's 2nd congressional district between 1897 and 1901. He later became a banker in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and in Whitesboro, New Jersey, an African-American community of which he was a co-founder. White is the last African-American Congressman during the beginning of the Jim Crow era and the only African American to serve in Congress during his tenure. In North Carolina, "Fusion politics" between the populist and republican parties led to a brief period of renewed republican and African American political success in elections from 1894 to 1900. The democrats had regained control of the state legislature in the 1870s, but black candidates continued to be elected from some districts and locally, after disenfranchisement was achieved in new state constitutions and laws from 1890 to 1908, African Americans would not be elected again to congress until 1972.
Henry Plummer Cheatham
Significance (1857-1935)--> elected as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1889 to 1893 from North Carolina. He was one of only five African Americans elected to Congress from the South in the Jim Crow era of the last decade of the nineteenth century, as disfranchisement reduced black voting. After that, no African Americans would be elected from the South until 1972 and none from North Carolina until 1992. He encourage the establishment of institutions for African Americans and founded several state normal schools for training of black teachers.
Homer Plessy
Significance (1862-1925) Born in New Orleans. He was arrested, tried and convicted in New Orleans of a violation of Louisiana's racial segregation laws, he appealed through the state courts to the U.S. supreme court and lost. The result of this landmark case was the cementation of "separate but equal" as a national policy, which had wide consequences for civil rights in the U.S. The law legalized state-mandated segregation anywhere on the United States so long as the facilities provided for both blacks and whites were putatively "equal." Homer Plessy: black person with a light complexion (subject to the same type of discrimination of people like Ida B. Wells.) He was the plaintiff in the United States Supreme court decision Plessy v. Ferguson. o It is becoming harder to argue your case by the 1890s (because the withdrawal of federal troops, and the overturning of the Civil Rights Act, fewer judicial supports for anti-discriminatory laws) o 1896 This was a regional issue Plessy v. Ferguson (equal but separate, now separate but equal, codifying on a national level). Remained the law until Brown vs. the Board of education
John Willis Menard
Significance (April 3, 1838 - October 8, 1893) was a federal government employee, poet, newspaper publisher and politician born in Illinois to parents who were Louisiana Creoles from New Orleans. After moving to New Orleans, on November 3, 1868, he was the first black man ever elected to the United States House of Representatives.[1] His opponent contested his election, and opposition to his election prevented him from being seated in Congress.
Josiah Thomas Walls
Significance (December 30, 1842 - May 15, 1905) was born into slavery in 1842 near Winchester, Virginia. During the American Civil War, he was forced to join the Confederate army and work in support. was a United States congressman who served three separate terms in the U.S. Congress between 1871 and 1876. He was one of the first African Americans in the United States Congress selected during the Reconstruction Era, and the first black person to be elected to Congress from Florida. He also served four terms in the Florida Senate. of Florida was a strong advocate for federal aid to education. Walls was elected to the Florida Senate from the 13th district in the sessions of 1869, 1870, 1877 and 1879. Unseated by the democratic party in 1974. Due to a Democratic Party-dominated state legislature that passed a new constitution with provisions that disenfranchised most blacks, African Americans were closed out of the political system until after passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, when the federal government enforced rights.
Jefferson Franklin Long
Significance (March 3, 1836 - February 4, 1901) was an American politician from Georgia. He was the second African American sworn into the US House of Representatives, and the only African American to represent Georgia until Andrew Young was elected in 1972[1]. Long was the first African American to speak on the floor of the US House[2], opposing the Amnesty Bill that exempted former confederate serving in the House from swearing allegiance to the Constitution[3].Long was born a slave near the city of Knoxville in Crawford County, Georgia on March 3, 1836. He taught himself to read and write, an illegal act for slaves. Long became a successful merchant tailor in Macon, Georgia. Long was elected as a Republican to the Forty-first Congress to fill the vacancy caused when the U.S. House declared Samuel F. Gove not entitled to the seat and served from January 16, 1871 to March 3, 1871. Despite his brief tenure in the US House, he was able to promote several reconstruction acts.
James T. Rapier
Significance (November 13, 1837 - May 31, 1883) was an African-American politician during the Reconstruction Era. He served as a United States Representative from Alabama, he served from 1873 until 1875. Born free, he was educated in Canada and Scotland before being admitted to the bar in Tennessee.[1] He was a nationally prominent figure in the Republican Party as one of seven blacks serving in the 43rd Congress. He worked in 1874 for passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875, which guaranteed access to accommodations. was a strong advocate for federal aid to education. As a black delegate at the constitutional convention, he successfully sponsored a resolution asking congress to remove the political disabilities of those who might aid reconstruction, illustrating a lack of vindictiveness to the south after the end of slavery. "Was the only African American that was at all prominent (during a time of fear of 'Negro Domination' in Alabama); after serving as assessor of internal revenue in Alabama he went on to congress
F L Cardozo
Significance -1868 SC delegate at state constitutional convention -as chair of education committee he advocated for integrated public schools -1868-1872 elected SC Secretary of State, becoming first black in US to hold statewide office -1872-1877 elected SC State Treasurer, following the Compromise of 1877, new Democratic governor Wade Hampton demanded he resign -wrongfully convicted of conspiracy in November 1877, and served 6 months in jail, later pardoned in 1879
Hiram Rhodes Revels
Significance -1870 voted 81-15 in the Mississippi State Senate to fill the State's US Senate seat -Southern Democrats opposed this citing the March 6, 1857 Dred Scott decision, which held the plaintiff had no grounds to file a suit because he was not a US citizen, stating that he had therefore not met the 9 year citizenship requirement -contested from many different sides, he was seated on a vote of 48-8, becoming the first black senator to do so
14th Amendment
Significance -April 30-May 2, 1866 immediate response in Memphis was rioting and indiscriminate attacks on members of the black population -July 30, 1866 New Orleans riot, massacre of black people and supporters of radical reconstruction -1866-1867 10 formerly confederate states reject the fourteenth amendment -1867, after considerable harsh debate several northern states ratified the 14th amendment
Blanche Kelso Bruce
Significance -March 4, 1875-March 4, 1881 became the first black person to serve a full term in the US Senate -February 14, 1879 first black person to preside over the US Senate and only former slave to do so -1878 important figure in management of the Freedmen's Savings Bank
Ku Klux Klan
Significance -countless acts of terrorism and crimes, ranging from mass killings, to whippings and mutilations of black and white 'undesirables' -1868 Governor Brownlow of Tennessee, proponent of radical reconstruction, backed the legislature in creating the Ku Klux Laws - 1869-1871, Arkansas, NC, SC, and Mississippi followed suit -hiding face, prima facie evidence of guilt -1869, Arkansas governor declared martial law in 13 counties, used militia, reinforced KKK notions about resisting reconstruction - May 1870 Enforcement Act, persons affecting qualified electors would face consequences -February, 28 1871 Amended Enforcement Act, federal supervisors deployed for elections -April 20, 1871 Third Enforcement Act, permitted president to suspend Habeas Corpus and use federal troops to enforce martial law, Grant used it on Oct. 17, 1871
James Lewis
Significance 1832 - July 11, 1914) was a soldier and politician in Louisiana. After the war he became politically active in what was an especially violent time in Louisiana and New Orleans politics. During reconstruction, Lewis initially worked for the Freedmen's Bureau raising money for schools. Lewis emerged from the period a leader in the New Orleans Republican Party and for much of the 1870s, 1880s, 1890s, and 1900s he held state and federal level appointed government positions, usually in the United States Treasury Department, and for a long time in the position of surveyor-general of Louisiana and Mississippi. He also was a leader in the Grand Army of the Republic, a civil war veterans organization.
S.C. Armstrong
Significance an American educator and a commissioned officer in the Union Army during the American Civil War.[1]He is best remembered for his work after the war as the founder and first principal of the normal school which is now Hampton University. He was the mentor of Booker T. Washington who praised him in his book Up From Slavery as someone who truly sought the help the African American community in the South After the civil war. At the end of the war he joined the Freedmen's bureau and with the help of the American Missionary Association, he established the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute. Where black students could receive post-secondary education to become teachers, as well as training in useful job skills while paying for their education through manual labor. During Armstrong's career the prevailing concept of racial adjustment and accomodation promoted by whites and african Americans equated technical and industrial training with the advancement of the black race and racial uplift.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Significance was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era in response to Civil rights violations to African Americans "to protect all citizens and their civil and legal rights. Giving them equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service. The bill was passed by the 43rd United States Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1875. The law was generally opposed by public opinion, however african Americans favored it. it was not effectively enforced. Eight years later the, the supreme court ruled in the Civil Rights Cases (1883) that the public accommodation sections of the act were unconstitutional. Drafted in 1970 by senator Charles Sumner, a dominant radical republican in the senate, with the assistance of John Mercer Langston, a Prominent African American who established the law department at Howard university.
Jim Crow
between 1877 and the mid-1960s it was a prominent minstrel character the was an exaggerated representations of a black men and was also derisive slang for black men. System of racial subordination, enacted by laws with the support of the social environment. Under Jim Crow, African Americans were relegate to the status of second class citizens, and it was more than just laws it was a way of life. They propagandized the ideal that african American men and women were morally corrupt, lazy and overall inferior to whites. Jim Crow laws were based on the theory of white supremacy and were a reaction to reconstruction. In the economic hardships of the 1890s, racism appealed to whites who feared losing their jobs to blacks. Newspapers and propaganda supported the bias of white consumers towards african Americans. The laws passed due to the rewriting of state constitutions and supreme court cases such as plessy v. ferguson support the social milieu of the time and advocated segregation of the races. This made public facilities for blacks and whites separate but equal. Southern states also began to limit the voting rights of African Americans. And created a poll tax, literacy tests, grandfather clauses and proof that you owned property.
Emigration
cast down your bucket where you are. After the civil war African Americans began a migration out of the South to the midwest and to other states (mostly kansas, oklahoma, and florida). Many moved to communities in Kansas and Oklahoma and there they created all black communities. Partially a response to racial violence in the south. Also the emigration of Northerners to the south (carpetbaggers) for economic opportunities that the decimated south presented for establishing industry and creating businesses in the place of those destroyed during the war. Southerners mostly did not accept these carpetbaggers and they sometimes faced the brunt of violence from white southerners. Pap Singleton led 300 African Americans to Kansas. Believed they would have greater economic opportunities in the places that they migrated too.
Dunning School
for most of the 20th century, the dunning school named after William A. Dunning of Columbia university, dominated historical writing and popular thinking about reconstruction. In a nutshell, it portrayed the period after the Civil War as the lowest point in the whole saga of American democracy. Blacks according to this view, are innately incapable of exercising the rights of political democracy, an orgy of corruption and misgovernment followed, presided over by African Americans, carpetbaggers and scalawags (white southerners who turned their back on their backs on their race and cooperated with blacks in this misgovernment. Eventually patriotic groups like the Klu Klux Klan restored what was politely called home rule (to put it more accurately, white supremacy). Dunning portrayed Reconstruction as a corrupt outrage perpetrated on the prostrate South by a vicious and vindictive cabal of Northern Republican Radicals. Reconstruction governments were based on "bayonet rule." Unscrupulous and self-aggrandizing carpetbaggers flooded the South to profit from the misery of the defeated region. Ignorant, illiterate blacks were thrust into positions of power for which they were entirely unfit. The Reconstruction experiment, a moral abomination from its first moments, survived only because of the determination of the Republican Party to keep itself in power.
John Roy Lynch
identify -born on a plantation in Louisiana into slavery (September 10, 1847-November 2, 1939)
Hampton Institute
is a private historically black university founded in 1868 by black and white leaders of the American Missionary association after the civil war and provided education to Freedmen. In 1878 it established a program of teaching Native Americans (which was a fairly unusual undertaking). General Samuel C. Chaplain was the first principal of the school. One of the first models for industrial education which was thought to teach African Americans to be subordinate. Attended by notable historical figures such as Booker T. Washington. The educational work of the HAmpton institute was spread by Booker T. Washington.
