HIS212 Test 1 (Give Me Liberty Ch. 15-16 Key Terms) Mississippi College Pickett

Enforcement Acts

(3- 1870 & 71) outlawed terrorist societies and allowed the president to use the army against them

Bargain of 1877

Haye's representatives agreed to recognize Democratic control of the entire South and to avoid further intervention in local affairs; Democrats promised not to dispute Haye's right to office and to respect the civil and political rights of blacks

carpetbaggers

Northern Reconstruction officials who "packed all their belongings in a suitcase and left their homes in order to reap the spoils of office in the South"; however, the majority were former Union soldiers who decided to remain in the South when the war ended

scalawags

Southern born White Republicans, former Confederates considered them traitors to their race and religion

vertical integration

a company that controls every phase of the business from raw materials to transportation, manufacturing, and distribution (Carnegie- steel)

"great upheaval" of 1886

a wave of strikes and labor protests that touched every part of the nation

sharecropping

allowed each black family to rent a part of a plantation, with the crop decided between worker and owner at the end of the year; guaranteed the planters a stable resident labor force; slaves preferred to gang labor b/c they could work without day to day supervision, but became increasingly oppressive

Ghost Dance

an Indian religious revitalization campaign; leaders foretold a day when whites disappear and, buffalo would return, and they could once again practice their ancestral customs "free from misery, death, and disease"

Freedmen's Bureau

an agency established by Congress in March 1865, to attempt to establish a working free labor system

Sherman Antitrust Act

banned all combinations and practices that restrained free trade; language was so vague it was almost impossible to enforce

Colfax Massacre

bloodiest act of violence during Reconstruction (Colfax, LA); armed whites assaulted the town with a small cannon; hundreds of former slaves were murdered, including 50 members of a black militia unit after they had surrendered

Dawes Act

broke up the land of nearly all tribes into small parcels to be distributed to Indian families, with the remainder auctioned off to white purchases

"bonanza farms"

covered thousands of acres, employed large numbers of agricultural wage workers (few, most farms were still family)

Patrons of Husbandry

critics of the railroads came together; moved to establish cooperatives for storing and marketing farm output in the hope of forcing the carriers " to take out produce at a fair price"

Civil Rights Bill of 1866

defined all persons born in the US as citizens and spelled out rights they were to enjoy without regard to race

Intestate Commerce Commission

ensured that the rates railroads charged farmers and merchants to transport their goods were "reasonable" and did not offer more favorable treatment to some shippers over others; first federal agency intended to regulate economic activity; lacked power, had little impact

Social Darwinism

evolution was a natural process in human society as in nature, and government must not interfere

Knights of Labor

first group to try and organize unskilled workers as well as skilled, when alongside men, and blacks as well as whites (but excluded Asian immigrants on the West Coast); strikes, boycotts, political action, and educational and social activities

Social Gospel

freedom and spiritual self-development required an equalization of wealth and power and that unbridled competition mocked the Christian ideal of brotherhood

"robber barons"

industrial leaders "who wielded power without any accountability in an unregulated marketplace"

"captains of industry"

industrial leaders "whose energy and vision pushed the economy forward"

Black Codes

laws passed by the new southern governments that attempted to regulate the lives of the former slaves; aroused the most opposition to Johnson's Reconstruction policy (granted legalized marriage, ownership of property, limited access to courts, but denied rights to testify against whites, serve on juries or state militias, or vote)

"trusts"

legal devices whereby the affairs of several rival companies were managed by a single director

Civil Rights Act of 1875

outlawed racial discrimination in places of public accommodation like hotels and theaters

14th Amendment

placed in the constitution the principle of citizenship for all persons born in the US, and which empowered the federal government t protect the rights of all Americans; prohibited states from abridging the "privileges and immunities" of citizens or denying them the "equal protection law"

15th Amendement

prohibited the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race

Ku Klux Klan

served as a military arm of the Democratic Party in the South; terrorist organization that committed some of the most brutal criminal acts in American history

Reconstruction Act

temporarily divided the South into five military districts and called for the creation of new state governments, with black men given the right to vote (begins Radical Reconstruction)

Slaughterhouse Cases

the (Supreme Court) justices ruled that the 14th Amendment had not altered traditional federalism; most of the rights of citizens, it declared, remained under state control

gospel of wealth

the idea that those who accumulated money had an obligation to use it to promote the advancement of society (Carnegie)

greenbacks

the paper money issued by the Union during the Civil War (withdrawn from circulation by Republicans)

crop-lein system

to obtain supplies from merchants, farmers were forced to take up the growing of cotton and pledge a part of the crop as collateral (property the creditor can seize if a debt is not paid); interest rates were extremely high and the price of cotton fell steadily, many farmers found themselves still in debt after marketing their portion of the crop at years end; they had no choice but to continue to plant cotton to obtain new loans

Redeemers

victorious Democrats (TN/NC/TX); claimed to have redeemed the white South from corruption, misgovernment, and northern and black control