Hist 100 Final

Maritime Revolution

(1000-1300 CE) a lot more trade across Eurasia Anchorages/entrepots were first in Alexandria (Muslim) *trading networks Advanced maps in every part of the world o Ex - Tabula Rogeriana & Catalan Atlas (not oriented at all)o Fra Mauro's Mappa Mundi (1459) N Hemisphere, includes different types of ships

Magnetic Compass

(1100-1300 CE)- Song dynasty; Chinese sailors from Canton started to use magnetic needle compasses in the 11th century. By the 13th century, magnetic needle compasses were widely used on ships in the Indian Ocean and were starting to appear in the Mediterranean. (Pg. 342)

Pax Sinica & Map 7-2

(149-87 BCE) Internal peace in China ranging from the Gobi Desert in the north to the South China sea. A glorious period of internal peace and prosperity within China, specifically the Han Empire, where long distance trade flourished, cities grew, standards of living rose, and populations surged. World Historical Significance: The Han empire achieved the Pax Sinica through military conquest and empire expansion. The Pax Sinica occurred under Emperor Wu who was able to achieve this due to the retreat of the Xiongnu tribes. This relates to Week 9's content by showing that the Han Dynasty flourished and was able to achieve a time of peace. The Pax Sinica can also relate to the Roman Empire due to the fact that it helped the Silk Roads grow.

Anchorage/entrepots: 4 major ones

-Anchorages: maritime commercial hubs, which further facilitated the expansion of maritime trade. The 4 major Entrepots thrived between 1000-1300 CE along the trade route-rich southern border of Eurasia. Specifically, these ports were Alexandria/Cairo located along the Northern End of the Nile, Quilon near the southern tip of the Indian Peninsula, Melaka in the Malaysian Archipelago, and Quanzhou which is located along the eastern sea border of China Entrepots were cosmopolitan cities where ships could drop anchor; they served as transshipment centers, located between borders or in ports, where traders exchanged commodities and replenished supplies The Entrepots helped facilitate maritime trade and allowed cultures to spread their influence passivly and activly across eurasia. This term compares to Maritime trade as these ports are a result of heightened maritime trade during the time period Sources: 342-345 in the book, Slide 4 of "Connectedness of 'The World'" Powerpoint

Yuan Dynasty (relation to Mongols and significance)

-Founded by Kublai Khan (1215-1294), Chinggis Khan's grandson -Geographical context: Present day Beijing -Date: 1300-1400 -Brought down by the Red Turban Movement and the Plague -The Yuan dynasty collapsed and regimes in the Muslim world and Western Christendom were replaced by new political forms -Replaced by the Ming dynasty -pages: 369, 405-417

Tamerlane (and India "crisis")

-Tamerlane (Timur): ruler that brought down the Delhi Sulturnate with Turkish-Mongol support in 1398 -1336-1405, reign from 1370-1405 -Downfall was caused by the Plague (causing economic struggles), thus completely destroying the powerstructure in India -Attempted to restore the Yuan Dynasty -ppt 23 (slide 7) 1300-1500, Tamerlane Wiki

European Renaissance

1) 1300-1600, Italy (France, the Netherlands, England and the Holy Roman Empire) 2) The cultural flourishing of the Italian city states. "The Renaissance was all about new exposure to the old - to classical texts and ancient art and architectural forms" 3) The evolution and expansion of art, literature, and scholarly growth. Invention of the printing press occurred at this time. Fits into the "recovery" model by rebuilding the devastating affects of the plague through artistic and scholarly achievements. Renaissance = Rebirth. Growth of commerce occurred, amazing works of literature released (Shakespeare), new inventions such as the compass, gunpowder, etc. Revival of classical learning occurred. 4) Sculpture - Ferdinand and Isabella Entering Granada 5) Page 402-404

Zheng He

1) Zheng He was alive from 1371 to 1433 CE. He originated in China during the Ming Dynasty. 2) Zheng He was a Ming naval leader who established tributary relations with Southeast Asia, Indian Ocean ports, the Persian Gulf, and the east coast of Africa. Muslim eunuch military Chinese commander 3) Zheng He was an important military leader who ventured out to trade, collect tribute, and show China's power to the world. From 1405 to 1433 CE he commanded 7 expeditions with a goal of controlling trade and tribute. 4) WTWA page 377 primary source 10.4 " The Galle Trilingual Stone Inscription" (1411) 5) Reader page 307 "Voyages of Zheng He" WTWA page 409 PowerPoint 11/30/16 "Recovery in Afro-Eurasia"

Vasco da Gama

1. 1497-1499, after the black death, around Africa to India, Eurocentric 2. He is a world traveler. He traveled Africa and had a role in the connectivity of the Afro-Eurasian world. 3. Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India. He is important in connecting the world. Zheng Hu was more influential though. 4. Herodotus, Histories 4.42 and Arrian Anabasis VIII 5. PPT 11/16/16 and 11/21/16

Blood sacrifice in the Americas

1. 300-600 CE Mayan Empire 2. Ritual performed to feed their ancestor. 3. it was very important it was to honor the gods, it's significant because it compares the political and social structure of the Americas to the rest of the world. Sacrifice was popular among Afro-Eurasian countries and the concepts between that and the Americas were fairly similar. 4. on page 301 in the text, the Royal Bloodletting Ritual limestone 5. pages 294-295

Ottoman Empire

1. The Ottoman empire started in the 14th century in Southern Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa -Topkapi, The palace started in 1459 in Istanbul, Political headquarters of the Ottoman Empire, and the command post of the empire which represented a crucial transition in Ottoman rulers. -Devshirme, System of taking non-Muslim Children in place of taxes in order to educate them in Ottoman Muslim ways and prepare them for service in the sultan's bureaucracy. -Janissaries, A corps of infantry soldiers and bureaucrats who owed direct allegiance to the sultan -Harem, Muslims separate area reserved for wives and female servants 2. Nomadic warriors who transformed into bands who roamed the borderlands between Islamic and Christian worlds, embraced Suni view of Islam. 3. Most powerful force in the East Mediterranean and Western Asia 4. The Topkapi Palace 5. Powerpoint slide 24, WTWA starting on 392

Chimu Empire

1.1200-1460 CE on the west coast of South America near the Andes Mountains near modern day Peru 2.The Chimu Empire developed in the early second millennium in the fertile Moche Valley. They had a highly commercialized economy that was agriculture based (driven by cotten), complex irrigation systems, and a core city called Chan Chan which had a population of 30,000. 3. The Inca's eventually conquered the Chimu empire and was a developing culture in the America's since Axial Age thinking was only present in the Afroeurasian area of the world. This empire was united by culture rather than a central government. The Incan Empire also spread beyond the borders created by the Chimu's and met the Spaniards. 4. The ruins of Chan Chan covered 15 square miles was divided into neighborhoods for nobles, artisans, and commoners. 5. Textbook pages 364-366, ppt slides from 12/5 -America's and "The World" (slide 12)

Toltecs

1000 CE in Mesoamerica (modern day Mexico city). A combination of migrant groups, farmers from the north and refugees from the south fleeing the strife that followed Teotihuacán's demise It was a commercial hub, a political capital, and a ceremonial center. The Toltecs filled the political vacuum left by the decline of Teotihuacán and tapped into the commercial network radiating from the rich valley of central Mexico. The Toltec Temple is a ceremonial architecture at the center of the city (pg. 367). In the textbook pg. 366-367

cogs/junks/dhows

1000-1300CE in China types of ships. Dhows maximized monsoon trade winds on arabian sea and indian ocean with triangular sails. Junks sailed south china seas, large enough to carry 500 men with a dozen sails. Cogs sailed the Atlantic, single mast and square sail, linked Genoa to locations as distant as Azores and Iceland. expanded Afro-Eurasian trade, improved navigation, created a bigger variety for what can be shipped across seas Sources: the Antique Chinese Compass on page 342. these compasses were used on these different types of ships to help navigate the Indian and Mediterranean ocean. WTWA pg 342, ppt 21 connectedness

The schism

1054 in Rome Separation between Eastern Orthodox churches (Constantinople) and western/Roman Catholic churches (Pope Leo IX) Divided Western and Eastern Europe; created two separate churches Distinctiveness of "The World" on 11/14 Slide #8. Chapter 9 page 327 in WTWA

Crusades: Interaction between W. Europe and Abbasids

1095 marked the beginning of the crusades. It was time when Jerusalem was under Muslim rule.4 A wave of attacks against the Muslim world, in attempt to free Jerusalem. spread Christianity, expanded the territories of many European countries, increased trade, spread knowledge and began an era of persecution and war against non-Christians that continued with the Inquisition. The Crusades also dramatically increased the wealth and power of the Roman Catholic Church. Sources: "Two Views of the Fall of Jerusalem" in Companion Reader, pp. 265-269. Pg. 360 in Worlds Together, Worlds Apart.

Jizya Tax

11,12,13th century, India Per capita, a yearly tax on certain non-Muslim subjets Since it was done in different areas such as the Mediterranean, Southwest Asia, and Christian & Jewish communities the fact that they did a similar practice shows how connected the world was. Sources: 5) page 346, 351

Tabula Rogeriana

1154 by Arab geographer, al-Idrisi, sponsered by King Roger II map accompanied by commentary contained information about 10 regions and 7 climate zones early attempts to figure how the world was shaped, possibly used for trade Sources: it is an ancient source in itself WTWA pg 380, ppt 21 connectedness

Chinggis Khan

1155 - 1227 from East China to Afghanistan and Persia (in the west) He was the supreme ruler of the Mongol expansion and valued for his leadership and military conquest. The world significance that rose from Khan was conquest and expansion of the Mongol Empire. As the armies swept into Southeast Asia and Islam territory, they applied political integration and built on existing trade links. Sources: -One source from the Companion Reader was a text written between 1228 and 1252 called The Secret History of the Mongols. This is the best source we have as historians for his early life. -In WTWA, the pages included 369-371. In the Companion Reader, it was page 256.

Manufacturing

11th Century, Song Dynasty Technical production of goods, 1st manufacturing revolution occured in Song Dynasty The manufacturing revolution allowed for an increased amount of goods to be made and sold, which subsequently resulted in a domino effect of such revolutions occurring across the globe. It equaled that of the European iron production in the early 18th century Sources: Ouyang Xiu and Fan Zhen, Consciption and professional soldiers in Song China (pg 288-290) Page numbers in text 352

Printing

1300 CE, Song Dynasty The print culture crystallized the distict identity of China through book publishing and printing The use of printing established a common language and increased the ability to educate the population. The practice eventually diffused to most parts of the world Page Numbers in text: 357

Map 10.9 of Sub-Saharan Africa

1300 in Sub-Saharan Africa Map shows increase in commercial context and the influence of the religious and political dimensions of Sub-Saharan Africa. How Africa expanded towards Eurasia and become part of the interconnectivity with trade. page 363 in WTWA

Red Turban Rebellion

1300's in China Diverse religious movement in China during the fourteenth century that spread the belief that the world was drawing to an end as Mongol rule was collapsing. Blended China's diverse cultural and religious traditions, including Buddhism, Daoism, and other faiths. It's leaders emphasized strict dietary restrictions, penance, and ceremonial rituals. Significant because china's people of all diverse cultural and religious traditions all came together to undercut the power of the last Yuan Mongol rulers. Primary source 11.3 page 415: Talks about everyone coming together and trying to restore order pg. 386 Powerpoint: 11/30/16: Recovery in Afro-Eurasia (1300-1500 CE) Slide 6

Catalan Atlas

1375 by Abraham Cresques second map produced, mixture of practical information and story telling reflected European map making of the 1300s because of nautical lines which could only be made by a compass Sources: it is an ancient source WTWA pg 380-381 ppt 21 connectedness

Kubilai Khan

13th century in China, Tibet and northern parts of India He was a brother of Chinggis Khan and led Mongolian conquest into and rule over China, Tibet and India. One significance Kubilai had on the world was his finding of the Yuan Dynasty and capital at Dadu (present-day Beijing). The conquest changed the political and social landscape in Eastern Afro-Eurasia. Sources: -The painting in WTWA of the Mongol warriors depicts the conquest and expansion under the brother's rule. -The pages in WTWA include 371-372.

Hulagu

13th century in Iran, Syria, Egypt, Byzantium and Armenia. He was another brother of Chinggis Khan and led Mongolian conquest into and rule over Iran, Syria, Egypt, Byzantium and Armenia.

Fra Mauro's Mappa Mandi

1459 a monk named Fra Mauro from venice map that includes banners with detailed information, shows coastlines, geographical features, cities, drawings of different ships that sailed the seas Sources: it is an ancient source WTWA pg. 380-381

Spanish Inquisition

1481 began in Spain war between Catholics and non-Catholics, predominantly Muslim, in the Iberian Peninsula that was started by the royal family of Spain after the marriage of Ferdinand & Isabella. huge deportation happening which is changing migration patterns Sources: Picture on 401 Ferdinand and Isabella Entering Granada 400-402

Antonine Plague

165-180 CE, Roman Empire Plague of Galen, Small-pox or measles; killed up to 2000/day at Rome. Mortality rate of 7 - 10% and possibly 13 - 15% in cities and armies The Antonine Plague brought down the Roman Empire, but it also paved the way for Christianity PowerPoint: 10/26/16: Transregional Approach to Roman Empire and Han Dynasty slide9

Tarim Mummies

1800 BCE- 200 CE, Northwest China DNA links from Mesopotamia, Ukraine and the Indus Valley A series of mummies found in Tarim, China that Caucasian features, reddish-blonde curly hair and had no spoken language. Taller than most people, with blue eyes. It shook the western world with confusion, because mummies were usually an Egyptian practice. This means that this approach reached China (transregionally) Powerpoint 10/26/16, slide 6

Diaspora

1st Century, Roman period Definition: Judaism and Jewish people spread through Mediterranean because of the diaspora. The diaspora is when Jewish people were discriminated, persecuted, and pushed out of the Roman Empire and in certain areas with a large population. The reason why is because in populated areas such as the roman empire, there was other religions and beliefs, such as Christianity, becoming universalized. Interesting enough, Christianity was a product from the root religion Judaism. The reason why Judaism was not being universalized throughout the 1st century, even as a root religion for a universalized religion like Christianity, was for many reasons. Reasons such as it was not able to adapt because there were no ministers or scholars spreading and teaching the religion, there was no translation of texts, such as the Torah, that described and evaluated the religion, and there was "barriers" that would stop people to convert to the religion such as circumcision. Going back to the topics of texts in this religion, there were Levitical texts that were similar to the 10th commandments. When comparing them, we see that the 10th commandment were simpler to understand and more appealing than the more descriptive Levitical texts. This matters to world history because we see how ideas and beliefs move throughout history and how they adapt and change to who and what we are today. This fit to the theme of universalizing religions because we compared how and why this religion was not a main universalized religion. Other terms and ideas that came up with this topic was Christianity, universalizing religions, trans-regional and comparative approach. Page in Companion reader: 205 Conversion to Constantine (you can argue how Christianity was able to universalize while Judaism wasn't able to) Page numbers in textbooks: 274 and 138, Chapter 8 The power point: (Around November 2, Week 10) "Universalizing" Religions and the "Fall" of Empires as World Historical Developments 300-600 CE

Han Dynasty

206 BCE- 220 CE Started in Eastern China and worked westward until they stumble upon barriers (either other people or geographical barriers) Chinese Empire that ruled 300 million square miles, and had 12,233,062, million households, about 58 million people World Historical Significance: Significant during the Globalizing Empires, and is compared significantly to the Roman Empire such as in similar size, similar iconic leaders, similar ancestor worship, similar record keeping, and similar patterns of state/empire formation. Roman Empire and Han Empire experienced a moment of peace that facilitates trade. Han opened up trade again and improved trade routes by facilitating and expanding trade along the silk roads. -Yellow Turban Uprising- Economy base revolt -The Han Empire never really had contact with the Romans; they traded with Rome but were not very concerned with Rome. Rome was more concerned with Han. Han was trading with Rome, but not directly, there were middlemen involved. Finally in 166 CE, Rome and Han made direct contact while trading but the Hans were not very impressed with the goods from Rome. -Emperor Wu was the longest ruler and most eventful in Chinese history. Followed the Daoist principle of wuwei- he did not interfere with the empire too much, he allowed it to run on its own.

Fall of Han

220 CE - The strain of military expenses and tax pressure on landowners and peasants drained the empire - To make matters worse, natural disaster lead to crop failures - Landowners were no longer able to pay taxes on land - This crisis minister Wang Mang to take over and make an attempt to foster economic activity and make reform for the poor - These attempts failed miserably and were met with violent resistance from peasants and landholders - The Yellow River changing its course and causing mass death contributed to his demise as well - He was overthrown in 23 CE by a group of rebellious peasants - China still has the same borders that the Han Dynasty established - 90% of modern day still consider themselves Han Chinese Sources: - Companion Reader, Chapter 7 - Sima Guang, Han Battle Tactics - Keeping the Records of the Military - Book: p. 235-245 - Companion Reader, Chapter 7

Qin Dynasty

221-207BCE Short lived Chinese rule before the Han Dynasty. Capital at Xianyang. Integrated most of China and layed the groundwork for the Han Dynasty. Militaristic regime during the period of warring states. Divided China into 36 provinces known as Jun which was similar in the way the Roman Empire divided their territories. Both the romans and the Qin Constructed a road system and standardized the writing system so it could be easier to write. It compares to the roman empire in the way that it collapsed due to constant warfare, heavy taxation, and weak leadership.

Res Gestae of Agustus and Peutinger Table

30 BCE- 14 CE, Roman Empire Res Gestae: a writing by Augutus, referring to friendship and interactions through emissaries/ambassadors. Peutinger Table: a map of road and trade networks during the time of Augustus' rule, which depicted a false conception of Eurasia. The Res Gestae shows transregional connectivity in the means it can be created through friendship and good relations with other countries. The Peutinger table is significant because it had an impact on trade and attempts to understand nearby regions at the time. 10/26/2016 Powerpoint: Transregional Approach of Roman Empire and Han Dynasty// Slides 5 & 7

Barbarian Invasion: Rome and Goths, China and Xiongnu, N. Wei

300 - 600 CE, Europe & East Asia Roman and Han empire fell due to the Barbarian Invasion. Interactions with Xiongnu and later the N. Wei "Barbarians" led by Xiaowen. Sack of Rome by Alaric and the Visigoths. As the empires are falling the universalizing religions are spreading. It allowed for the dark ages, Mongol empire and Islamic empire. Ancient Sources: The Rise of Chinggis Khan in WTWA Pg. 256 Page Numbers/ Powerpoint: Powerpoint date November 2nd, Slide #18; Textbook #275-276, #286

Wang Mang & The Gracchi

300 BCE- 300CE Wang Mang- A Han Minister that took the throne in 9 CE and started a new Dynasty. He was overthrown in 23CE. Tried to help the poor class, take from the wealthy, and boost the economy. Failed. Gracchi- Tiberius and Gaius, Roman Tribunes in 133CE, tried to fix inequalities, boost economy, help poor. Failed. They both tried to address the poor class, with the use of slave and peasant labor. Similar world leader beliefs. Similar outcome in effectiveness. "Diodorus Siculus, On the Slave Revolt in Sicily (136-132 BCE)", The focus on slave labor and the negative effects. pages 244 & 250 WTWA Powerpoint: 10/26/16 Transregional approach to Roman Empire and Han Dynasty - slide 3

Han Dynasty China and Imperial Rome

300 BCE-300 CE Han China and Imperial Rome overcame geological and political barriers to connectivity and made direct contact through trading (e.g. silk road)

Agricultural diffusion

300-600CE, covers the Islamic world, China, afro-Eurasia One of the purposes was that it brought new crops and foods from India. In China, rice was the main crop and it advanced their cultivation. Sources: Companion Reader—page 240, discusses the agricultural technologies and general knowledge of farming The map is found on page 320 in the textbook and it was relevant during the Vikings, Charlemagne, and Tang section lecture however, the powerpoint does not have much information on it

Sasanians and Sogdians

310-380 CE in Persia and also along the silk road The Sasanians and the Sogdians were people of the Sasanid and Sodian Kingdoms in Persia The Sasanians and sogdians were a universalized empire who are best known as the "Lords of the silk roads". They controlled much of mediteraninan trade and they also developed silk weaving industries. And although most of their silk products haven't survived their style greatly influenced later Chinese and Muslim cloths. They also controlled trade over the indian ocean where products were rapidly being distributed around the region. 4. Sasanian King Shapur II gold plate found at this link http://gallery.sjsu.edu/silkroad/civilization.htm Source: Page 279 and 280 from the textbook Where did the Sasanians and sogdians make their largest impact? — Along trade routes over the Indian Ocean What religion did the Sasanians follow? - Zoroastrianism The Sasanians replaced who as rulers of the Iranian plateau? - Parthinians

Xiongnu

3rd century BC to the last Century AD in Ancient Central Asia The most powerful and intrusive of the nomadic people; originally pastoralists from the eastern part of the Asian steepe in what is modern-day Mongolia. They appeared along the frontier with Cjina in the late Zhuo dynasty and by the third century BCE had become the most powerful of all the pastoral communities in that area. One of the world historical siginificance happened during the Qin dynasty that extend their borders to the north and west which including the land that part of the Xiongnu, The Qin also established a road and massive defend wall along the northern boarder The Xiongnu lived to the North West of China during the Chin empire and had their pastoral lands seized to open up land for Chinese settlement.Chin conscripts build roads and the beginnings of the Great Wall here (although this was not the actual wall). When the Chin empire fell due to constant war and conscription (required participation in the war), and the Han empire took over, the Xiongnu confederacy reconquered their pasture lands Pg 242 ppt 15 slide 8

Three Phases of Islam's Spread

4 "rightly guided" caliphs (632-661) First four successors following Muhammad: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali Umayyad Dynasty (661-750) Abbasid Dynasty (750-1258) The four caliphs were the successors after Muhammad died, the Umayyad Dynasty (a branch of one of the Meccan clans), and the Abbasid Dynasty (a family that took over through conquest) Established the new faith. Spread the Islamic religion through military conquests, a strong empire, and widespread appeal. The idea that the spread of Islam was very enticing to people because it provided a new and easier way towards connecting to God (Allah). They didn't have to flee or abandon their former life and no jizya tax (Companion Reader p. 236-237). The Map (p. 306-307) in WTWA; ppt slides 4-7 (19 Origin and Spread of Islam)

Developments in Islam

600-1000 BCE (specifically 610 BCE), Northern Africa and into central and South Asia Religion that dates to when Muhammad believed God came to him in a vision. It's main idea is full submission to the will of God. It emphasized world connectedness through its appeal with the 5 pillars. Also, one of the pillars highlights the importance of pilgrimage which led to the broader spread of the religion. Sources: Primary Source 9.1: Surah 4, An-Nisa' ("on Women") from the Quran Page 304-306, G-16(index)

Carolingian Renaissance

600-1000 CE A period of cultural activity taking influence from the Christian Roman Empire, there was an increase of literature, writing, art, etc. Charlemagne claimed the title of empire and controlled much of western Europe, compared with the Islamic world's rulers and vast domain he was a political lightweight Sources: -Charlemagne's Palace and Chapel- A royal hall for banqueting with symbolic meaning, it was meant to look like a miniature version of the Hagia Sophia of Constantinople Page #'s: 328,329 WTWA, slide # 5 in PPt

Tang dynasty

618-907 CE -Administration: Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty, Li Shimin the son, force his father to abdicate and took the thrones in 627 CE. Entry into the tang ruling group required knowledge of confucian ideas and all of the commentaries on the Confucian classics. It also required skill in the intricate classical chinese language (civil service examinations). -Definition: Tang Dynasty expanded the boundaries of the chinese state, re-established dominance in the east and central Asia, and had a large and professionally training army with more than 4 million square miles of territory. -Ancient Sources: Silverplate, court dancers, and equestrienne statue (powerpoint) -The tang state introduced the world's first fully written civil service exams. -Eunuchs: They played a significant role in the Tang governance, exerting a great deal of influence in the imperial household and the military, in particular. The most influential eunuch named Zhang Chengye. He primilary served Li Cunxu, who was Prince of Jin (908-923 CE) and became the Later Tang emperor Zhuangzong (r. 923-926 CE). -Buddhism: Buddhism thrived under Tang rule. Li Shimin endowed huge monasteries, sent emissaries to india to collect texts and relics, and commissioned buddhist paintings and statuary. Ca. 840, hostile relationship with Buddhism, destruction (or state control) of temples and monasteries. In the mid-ninth century, the growing buddhist monks and nuns threatened Confucian and Daoist leaders, who responded by arguing that buddhism as a foreign doctrine of barbarian peoples who were different in language, culture, and knowledge. Sources: textbook pg. 315-320 and powerpoint 20

5 Pillars of Islam

622 CE in Medina the core practices and beliefs of every Muslim. -Proclaim -Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca -Fast from sunup to sundown during the month of Ramadan -Travel to Mecca at least once in your lifetime -Pay alms Significance: It was important because it was created by Muhammed who was a prophet and encompassed the beliefs of a universalizing religion. Ancient sources: 1) page 336, excerpt from the Quran. This document specifically discusses women and their roles along within the 5 Pillars 2) Muhammed at the Ka'ba picture in "Origin and spread of Islam" power point #19. This photo depicts the practice of prayer outlined in the second of five pillars of Islam. References: Page 305 in the textbook. See above for other two.

Ulama

632 CE after Muhammad's death (his successor) -Although the caliphs exercised political authority over the Muslim community, they were not understood to have inherited Muhammad's prophetic powers or any authority in religious doctrine. That power was reserved for religious scholars -this allowed for the Abbasids to determine how they would still continue to be "Arab" or traditional while ruling such a large and vast empire they chose a caliphate(line of political rulers reaching back to muhammad) Sources: pg.233 in the World Reader it is spoken of those who will take over Muhammads legacy after he dies and how they will continue the religion. found on pg.308-309

Map 9-1

634 CE -756 CE ; Afroeurasia Geographical representation on how Islam spread through Afroeurasia 632-661 Islam spreads from Mecca all the way to Europe. Sources: -The early division of sunni and shittes -pages in the book, ppt date and slide, or section when it was relevant - November 7 lecture, page 307 for the map 9-1

Sunni and Shit'ite

750 - 1000 CE. Sunni / Shia factions spread into Afro Eurasia (both), Eastern and Central Asia (Sunni), and current day Spain (Sunni) -Sunni: Arabic for tradition, accept that the political succession from the Prophet to the four rightly guided caliphs and then to the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties was the correct one -Shi'ite: party of Ali, felt that the proper successor should have been Ali Splintered a religion into two large parts that each largely spread across Afro-Eurasia, North Africa, and East Asia hoping to convert people to their form of Islamic worship.

Roman Empire

753 BCE - 27 BCE encompassed lands from highlands of which is now Scotland in Europe to the lower reaches of the Nile River in modern day Egypt and part of Sudan. Also, Ukraine to the shores of North Africa. The most extensive Western civilization of ancient times, centered at the city of Rome; the lands and people subject to the authority of ancient Rome. Covered most of the Mediterranean. Became a great world power through violent military expansion. Hellenism spread throughout Afro-Eurasia. The Roman Empire brought multiple different ethnic groups and minor states into a single, large political state. Helped with the rise of Christianity.

Charlemange

768-814 CE, western Europe Ruler of the Franks fertile ground of Christianity to grow & unites most of western Europe wanted a modern Christian monarch pope Liam III named him "emperor" or the west made people happy founded the holy roman empire strengthen European economic and political life promoted the cultural revival known as the Carolingian renaissance "all talk no walk" Sources: -Abulabaz (798) The elephants were a gift to charlemagne that meant a lot to him in a small scale manner, but weren't as appreciated at large. -Pages Pages 328-330

Vikings

800-1000 CE Old Norse "vik" - to be on the warpath Other vikings just wanted to find land to settle in. Shaped Christianity (WTWA 327) Raided many Christian cities and settlements. Had ships that were easy to navigate and very light weight. Can travel up and down stream, can carry over land (WTWA 331) "Highway of Slaves" took captives from Central Europe to the Baltic (lecture Nov 9) Historical text in course reader 251-255

Sharia

8th-9th century CE or the 2nd and 3rd centuries of Muslim Era. Took place in Abbasid Dynasty in Baghdad "the way"; now used to indicate the philosophy and rulings of Islamic law The sharia covers all aspects of practical and spiritual life, providing legal principles for marriage, contracts, trade regulations, and religious pilgrimage such as prayer, pilgrimage rites, and ritual fasting. Sources: 8th century Palestinian born Arab, al-Shafi'i, who insisted that Muhammad's laws as laid out in the Quran, in addition to his sayings, and actions as written in later reports (hadith), provided all the legal guidance that Islamic judges needed. Page #309 in the textbook. 5th slide in the Origins and Spread of Islam in World History Context.

Map 10.2 and 10.3 of Islam

900-1300 CE 10.2 shows the political disintegration of the first centuries of the second millennium. Shows the divide of Sunni Muslim, Shiite Muslim state and the Byzantine empire. 10.3 shows continued expansion of the Islam across Afro Eurasia 10.2 and 10.3 help visualize the growing appeal of Islam throughout Afro Eurasia and maps the expansion of the religion. Sources: -Delhi Sultanate, was the most powerful regime, so documents during this time from 1206-1526 would have records of Islam's expansion -Page 349 WTWA and Becoming the World lecture

Paper Money (Flying Cash)

960-1229 CE beginning in the Song Dynasty, eventually diffused trans-regionally to become a critical part of individual and the world economy pg. 352

East African Slave Trade

African slaves were of great importance in trade. There was a large number of slave trade going on and slaves were usually war prisoners, criminals and those who were sold in slave trade.

Term: Comparative

An "approach" to go about looking at similarities and differences between two things in world history

Martyrdom

Around 200 CE, The Roman Empire was fragmented and not the powerful empire it was 300 years earlier. Barbarians overran the western part of the empire. Both Barbarians and Romans took upon Christianity and eventually founded a Roman Church. Martyrs were woman and men whom the Roman authorities executed for persisting in their Christian beliefs instead of submitting to other forms of worship. Christianity claimed to be directly based on "the blood of the martyrs" Christians also believed if you died in persecution of your faith you would enter the Kingdom of Heaven This was the most prominent way Christians were guaranteed a pathway to heaven. When Roman adopted Christianity the religion heads had to gather around a complete their belief system and another more understandable pathway to heaven. Ancient source/Page numbers: Gregory of Tours, On the Conversion of Clovis to Christianity (6th Century CE); pg 216 Companion Reader Kind of talks more about conversion to Christianity but there are elements of people being persecuted for their faith.

Augustus & Trajan

Augustus ruled 30BCE-14CE both in the Roman Empire Augustus means the revered one Trajan was the military leader for the Parthian war. Augustus started the peace treaty Pax Romana 25BCE-235CE. Both rulers were similar to rulers Han China

Silk

Became a valuable material during the Han Dynasty from 206 - 220 CE became one of the first materials to establish long-distance trade from the East to the West. Evidence of the Han empire to making trans-regional contact with the Roman empire. Romans had love/hate relationship because they loved to wear it but hated the currency drain and luxury it signified. Pliny the Elder, The Seres (77 CE), Companion Reader, page 184, paragraph 2 AND PPT. 16, Han and Rome (transregional), slide 10

Franciscans/Dominicans

Ca 1200, Occurred in Christian Europe monastic order that occurred in Christian Europe Showed Distinctiveness between different religious orders -Led to the Great Schism -Universities were made and gave a reason to support Christianity Sources: Thomas Aquinas was a Franciscan -Giotto's St. Francis -Image from 5th Century French Manuscript PowerPoint 22 Slide 8 Pages 411-417, 357-361

Constantinople

Constantinople founded in 324 CE by Constantine on the Bosporus straits separating Europe from Asia. It was strategically located city to receive taxes in gold to control the sea-lanes of the eastern Mediterranean. Constantinople was one of the most successful cities in Afro-Eurasia. Constantine made it the capital of the Byzantine Empire. It had a population of over .5 million and 4,000 new palaces. Strategic position commanding the trade routes between the Aegean sea and the black sea. It helped spread Christianity. Constantine was trying to bring unity to the diversity of belief within Christian communities. Conversion of Constantine to Christianity; pg. 205, Chapter 8 in Companion Reader Chapter 8 in Textbook 272-277, Chapter 8 Companion Reader

Hundred Years' War

Date: 1337 -1453 What is it: A war between France and England for the crow (ruler of both France and England). Joan of Arc plays a role in the war Relations to the plague: Plague reaches England in June 1348 - December 1349

War of the Roses

Date: 1455-1485 What is it: Between the Yorkists and the Lancastrians, wore badges as roses and that's where the name came from. They both wore roses, one white and one red. Fighting for control of the throne in England. This war is connected to the Hundred Years' War because of the defeat of France it drained royal coffers (?) and created a war in England. The war ended because of marriage between a Yorkists and the Lancastrians; however, later on another war occurred, resulting in the Lancastrians winning. Relations to the plague: The plague was still impactful because an prince died from the plague.

Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva

Early 4th to mid 6th century CE South Asia Three major deities of Brahmanism, now called Hinduism, represent the three expressions of the eternal self. These three deities come from one atma, or single soul of the universe. Brahma- birth, the creator Vishnu-existence, the keeper, the preserver/protector, most popular of the three, and was thought to reveal himself through various avatars or incarnations (for example, Buddha) Shiva-destruction, the destroyer Hinduism was a prominent religion at the same time as Buddhism, and while it never reached the same popularity of Buddhism, it is still a major religion, particularly in India and South Asia, today. Brahmanism became Hinduism and is the root tradition of Buddhism. Sources: Hindu Statue in WTWA- statue of a three-headed god, represents the Hindu theology, and shows the three deities Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. Found on pages 282-284 of Worlds Together Worlds Apart, powerpoint 17 and 18 Universalizing Religions and Fall of Empires slide 13

Trans-Saharan & Indian Ocean Trade

East Africa was involved in long distance trade with India, East Asia and various parts of the world across the Indian ocean. Swahilli people were largely benefited by the trade as middlemen. The monsoon winds helped in better sailing which increased the trade.

Mansa Musa

Emperor of the Mali Empire. Celebrated Hajj, traveled to Cairo while impressing crowds with their great size (p 277 of Companion Reader). Astonished the Egyptian elite and awakened most of the world that Islam had spread across most of Africa and that sub-Saharan state could mount such an impressive display of power and wealth.

Ming dynasty

Founded in 1368 Founded by Zhu Yuanzhang, who changed his name later to Hongwu, Ming meaning "brilliant" dynasty. One of the largest and most highly populated empires at this time. Began by rebuilding the empire and created a bureaucracy. However, the large empire was wary of overseas trade because Hongwu feared that too much contact with the outside world would cause "instability" and undermine his rule. The Ming dynasty was able to take Yuan, the capital of Beijing and caused the Mongol emperor to flee. This fits into the theme of "recovery" because of the recovery necessary to rebuild the empire once it was taken over and claimed as the Ming Dynasty. WTWA pg. 404-410

Gan Ying and Bao Chan

Gan Ying was a Chinese military ambassador sent on a mission to Rome in 97 CE by Bao Chan, who was a Chinese general. Gan Ying only traveled as far as the western sea which is the "black sea" but gathered as much information as he possibly could. This includes documenting the Silk Roads that connect to Europe and Asia and the local conditions of the different people groups in the Western Regions. The concept of why this matters in world history is due to the fact that he could have clarified how the silk roads played a bigger role in the transmissions of ideas between local groups due to his documents of information Power-point Date: 10/26/16, Power-point Slide: #7

Sundiata

His triumph came in the first half of the 13th century marked the victory of cavalry forces over traditional foot soldiers. Horses became prestige objects of the Savannah people and they were symbols of state power. pg. 362.

Hongwu & Yongle Emperors

Hongwu founded Ming empire in 1368 Hongwu: formerly known as Zhu Yuanzhang, founded the Ming empire and helped to expand it to become one of the largest empire at the time. Yongle ("perpetual happiness"):The ming dynasty's third emperor relocated the capital to Beijing, he flaunted an even more grandiose stlye, employing around 100,000 artisans and 1 million laborers to build the new capital, including its Forbidden City. Anyone standing in the front courts, which meausred more than 400 yards on a side and boasted marble terraces and carbed railings, would gasp at the sense of awesome power, which is exactly the effect that the Ming emperors wanted. Hongwu had to begin the 20-year process of rebuilding after taking over the area that was the Ming Empire. He built a grand palace inside one of the three walled sections of the city. He moved the dynasty towards a bureaucratic system of rule, getting rid of the former system of giving to kin. ancient sources that explore the idea (that came up in section or lecture or Companion Reader) page 405 Powerpoint: 11/30/16: Recovery in Afro-Eurasia (1300-1500 CE)

Mali Empire

In the early 13th century. This Empire's legacy is enshrined in the Epic of Sundiata. Commerce was in full swing and trade routes expanded to the Atlantic ocean and through the Sahara Desert.

Fall of Rome

Italy, Northern Europe, 476 CE - By the third and fourth centuries CE, the political and economic fabric of the old Roman world was unraveling - The so-called barbarian invasions of the late fourth and fifth centuries CE further contributed to that demise - These "invasions" were less an assault, and more a violent and chaotic immigration of young fighting men from the frontiers of the empire - The Goths - It was the Roman's need for soldiers that drew the barbarians in - The process reached a crisis point when tribes of Goths petitioned the emperor Valens (365-378 CE) to let them immigrate into the empire - These Goths were no stranger to Roman influence, many had been evangelized into an anti-Nicene version of Christianity - Valens, desperate for manpower, encouraged the Goth's entrance into Roman territory by mistreated these new immigrants - A lethal combination of famine and anger at the breakdown of supplies, not innate bloodlust, turned the Goths against Valens - When he marched against them at Adrianople in the hot August of 378 CE, Valens was not seeking to halt a barbarian invasion but rather intending to teach a lesson in obedience to his new recruits - The Gothic cavalry proved too much for Valens' imperial army, and the Romans were trampled to death by the men and horses they had hoped to hire - As the pattern of disgruntled "barbarian" immigrants, civil war, and overextension continued, the Roman Empire in Western Europe crumbled - Romans and non-Romans also drew together to face a common enemy: the Huns - Led by their King Attila for twenty years, the Huns threatened both Romans and Germanic peoples (like the Goths) - While the Romans could hide behind their walls, the Hunnish cavalry regularly plundered the scattered villages and open fields in the plains north of the Danube - Attila fashioned the first opposing empire that Rome ever had to face in northern Europe - Drained both militarily and economically by the Hunnish threat, the Roman Empire in the west disintegrated only twenty years after Attila's death - In 476 CE, the last Roman emperor of the west, a young boy named Romulus Augustulus resigned to make way for a so-called barbarian king in Italy - The political unity of the Roman Empire in the west now gave way to a sense of unity though the church - The Catholic Church became the one institution to which all Christians in western Europe, Romans and non-Romans alike, felt that they belonged - The bishop of Rome became the symbolic head of the western churches - Rome became a spiritual capital instead of an imperial one - By 700 CE, the great Roman landowning families of the Republic and early empire had vanished, replaced by religious leaders with vast moral authority Sources: - Chapter 7, Companion Reader - Pliny the Elder, The Seres - Diodorus Siculus, On the Slave Revolt - The Debate on Salt and Iron - Josephus on the Roman Army - Chapter 8, Coma - Book: p. 274-277 - Companion Reader: Chapter 7 - Companion Reader: Chapter 8

Zen Buddhism

Japan, 500 C.E. A religion with an emphasis of meditation; Adaptation with Buddhism into Confuscianism

Xuanzang and Kumarajiva

Kumarajiva 344-413CE China , Xuanzang 643CE Kumurajiva translated various unknown texts to Chinese and clarified Buddhist terms and philosophical concepts. Him and his disciples established Madhyamika Buddhism. Xuanzang brought Buddhist scriptures to Chang'an, which was an entire library of Buddhist scriptures collected on his pilgrimage. Kumarajiva translated the Buddhist texts into Chinese. XuanZang brought the texts into China, therefore both Xuanzang and Kumarajiva had an impact on the spread of Buddhism with the translation and spread of its scripture. Sources: A painting from 900 CE its cave painting of Xuanzang and it portrays him on the Chinese pilgrimage in south Asia, Animitahava which was a tapestry of the illustration of the sutra of the western pure land. pages 287-288 WTWA

Great Explorers

Marco Polo(1254-1324)- Traveled from Europe to China as a trader. Ibn Battuta- Travels (1304-1369) from Morocco to Jeruasalem Bar Sauma-Late 1200s CE in China 2/3) the world historical significance (answering questions such as why does the concept matter for WH, how did it fit the theme of the week in which is was addressed, what other concepts/terms does it compare with, what impact did the term/concept have, etc.) Marco Polo- Traveled 15000 miles over 24 years as a traveler/merchant and wrote about his experience and the Mongols. Recorded the Military/Beliefs. Ibn Battuta- Very detailed descriptions of Jerusalem Mosques. Traveled 75,000 miles to visit the entire Muslim World. He was an Islamic scholar. He's from Morocco, Africa and took a pilgrimage to Jerusalem Bar Sauma- Went on a 10-15,000 mile journey for pilgrimage/diplomacy along with fellow monks and had his travels recorded later. Bar Sauma was a world traveler from China to Genoa across the entire Eurasia continent, which fits in with the weeks theme which was world travelers and connectedness. It is significant to world history because it represents an ability for world connectedness in that Bar Sauma, along with his fellows, were accepted at religious places, by religious figures the entire way regardless of the given religion. This shows us that Bar Sauma was attempting to transition to every religion and become religiously adept and to give us an understanding of how each was similar and each was different These illustrates the interconnectedness of the world and the desire about learning about the world and other people. And it illustrates how religions spread. Sources: Marco Polo- Mongol Divination Page 377. Ibn Battuta- The Sacred Mosque of Jerusalem Page 377 Bar Sauma-travels were later recorded to document his travels across the continent on his religious pilgrimage Marco Polo- Lecture 21A Slide 7 and 8. Text Number 377 "Mongol Divination." Ibn Battuta- Lecture 21A Slide 7 and 8. Text Number 377 "The Sacred Mosque of Jerusalem" Bar Sauma- ppt: 11/16 & 11/21 slide numbers: 9-11 & 7-9

Bamiyan & Xuangzang

North of India, Kushan Empire. 300-600 CE Bamiyan--> a valley of the Hindu Kush -- Two gigantic statues of the Buddha, 121 and 180 feet in height, were carved from a cliffside during the fourth and fifth centuries CE. The Buddhas of Yangang sat in postures of meditation. In the cliff face and clustered around the feet of the Bamiyan Buddhas various elaborately carved cave chapels housed intricate paintings of Buddhist imagery. Picture of Xuanzang. Art that survived in a cave in Dunhuang along the silk roads. Painting was 900 CE, but the guy brought an entire library of Buddhis scripture in 6443 CE to Chang'an (world's largest city at the time) had 527 boxes of writing, and 192 birch-bark tablets that he collected throughout south Asia and he translated every line into Chinese. Trangression of Religious Knowledge. Talks about production of authoritative version of text.

Pax Romana

Octavian (63 BCE-14 CE), who was Julius Caesar's adopted son, unified the Roman Empire by creating an authoritarian (one-man) rule which established the beginning of the Pax Romana ("Roman Peace" 25BCE-235CE). Pax Romana enabled the authoritarian ruler to promote competition among Roman aristocrats, ensuring that no one aristocrat could become so powerful that they could threaten the dictator. By endowing himself with wealth and power through titles Octavian secured the loyalty of the military, control over provinces, and influence over Roman politics. With so much power at his feet Octavian created a new revered title for himself as Augustus ("the Revered One") along with imperator (commander in chief/emperor), princeps (first man), and Caesar (harkening his adoptive heritage which over time became the title for his imperial successors. Roman authoritarian rulers thought of as semi-divine heroes by subjects and were even thought to reach godhood through good deeds after they died. Emperors strategically presented themselves in the light of ruling by the consent of the Roman citizen and with the support of the military. During the Pax Romana 22 emperors reigned, 15 of which were either murdered or committed suicide denoting that being emperor was a difficult job. The emperor relied on the army as an institution to enforce the emperors will which transformed the army from a volunteer base into that of a professional army with salaried soldiers who enlisted for life and promised alliance to the emperor. Reliance on military control caused emperors to present themselves as victorious military commanders. Emperors ruled through authoritarian processes however relied on local elites and private enterprises to administer provinces

Sufism and Abbasids

Originated in the Golden Age of Islam from the 9th to 10th century in South Asia Sufism: a highly mystical and communal form of the religion of Islam; offered a unifying force within the Islamic religion Abbasids:the 3rd of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic phophet Muhammah; They revolted and changed a lot within the muslim religion Sources: page 347 in textbook

Red Eyebrow Revolt & Yellow Turban Uprising

Red Eyebrow Revolt (23 CE) Yellow Turban Uprising (180 CE). Took place in central China during the Han Dynasty. Red Eyebrow Revolt- Peasant revolt against the Wang Mang. Yellow Turban Uprising- Daoist movement that demanded fairer treatment by the Han and a more equal distribution of land. Both events lead to the demise of the Han Dynasty. After the Yellow Turban Uprising, the Han Dynasty was completely destroyed. Ancient Sources: Dong Zhongshu on Responsibilities of Han Rulership (2000 BCE) Page Numbers: In textbook (244-245) Powerpoint: 10/24/16 Comparative Approach to Roman Empire and Han Dynasty

Map 7-3

Rome expanded its empire to encompass neighboring provinces the first of which were the Italian peninsula, the islands of Corsica, Sardinia, and Sicily, and the Iberian Peninsula. The Romans did not expand their empire farther into eastern Europe or southwest Asia because of enemy forces like the barbarians Geographic limits of Rome's expansion were the major rivers of Eastern Europe, the mountains and deserts of southwest Asia and North Africa as well as the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean

Han wudi

Ruled from 141-87 BC Put Confucian scholars in his ruling court and government positions (they earned their positions) Became corrupt at end of his term and beheaded people who were criticizing him, and began too many military campaigns and caused peasant revolts His son revolted against him later on

Eunus (Sicilian) and Spartacus Slave Revolt

Sicilian Revolt: 135-132 BCE and Spartacus Revolt: 73-71 BCE Sicilian: Roman city state of Sicily. Spartacus: entire country of Italy Eunus was the leader of the Sicilian revolt and Spartacus was the leader of the Spartacus revolt. "The massive concentration of wealth and slaves at the center of the Roman world led to the first large-scale commercial plantation agriculture... it also led to the dramatic slave rebellions" (WTWA, pg 253) In China only 1% of the population were slaves while in Rome their population was 10% slaves so it had a large impact on their ability to expand and diversify its workforce Diodorus Siculus, On the Slave Revolt in Sicily (136-132 BCE) on page 185 in the companion reader pages 253, 257 in WTWA and pages 185 in companion reader

Hinduism and the Laws of Manu

South Asia around the time of 300-1300 CE Hinduism: refashioned Brahmanic religion emerged as the dominant faith in Indian society Laws of Manu: laws of Manu offered guidance for living within the varna and jati system, including whom to marry, which profession to follow, and even what to eat The religion evolved and became more accessible. Rose as a universalizing religion a) Hindu Statue (from WTWA) statue of three headed god represents the theology of Hinduism b) From powerpoint: Universalizing Religions and the Fall of Empires Sources: pages 282-285, slide 13 10/31/16 - 11/2/16

Theravada Buddhism (oldest form)

Southeast Asia, 500 B.C.E. Buddhism that did not deify Buddha, instead believed that Buddha was just a wise man. Did not accept the idea of bodhisattvas becoming deities. The original form of Buddhism, established by Siddhartha Gautama, challenged the caste system in Vedic India Sources: "The Walking Buddha", a statue that depicted Buddha as walking without any jewelry showing his humility which reflects the original ideals of Buddhism (ppt.13) Chapter 8, pg. 285, ppt. 13

Universalizing Religions

Spread throughout Afro-Eurasia, 300 - 600 CE appeal to diverse populations (men and women, freeborn and slaves, rich and poor); their adaptability as they moved from one cultural and geographical area to another; their promotion of universal rules and principles to guide behavior that transcended place time and specific cultural practices; their proselytizing of new believers by energetic and charismatic missionaries; the deep sense of community felt by their converts despite and perhaps because of, their many demands on followers - and in the case of Christianity, though to a lesser extent Buddhism - the support given to them by powerful empires. (pg. 268). Christianity: Sparked a Mediterranean wide debate on the nature of religion; Large churches built in every major city, funded by imperial founding; Signaled their growing strength; Started growing after 312 CE; Broke language barriers as it spread throughout Africa and Southwest Asia; Outside the cities and into the hinterlands; Created written languages that are still used in those regions (lasting effect); Replaced hieroglyphics with Coptic, a more accessible script based on Greek letters; In 325 CE, they made attempts to bring unity to the diversity of belief within Christian communities Buddhism: was a universalizied religion; Creation of Mahayana Buddhism, which believed that Buddha is a deity. Made it easier for people to understand this religion and made Buddhism more appealing; The Bamiyan and Yungang Buddhas: Reminders that religious ideas were creating world empires and brought a universal message contained in their holy scriptures (Pg. 281); Buddhist monks served as missionary agents, the bearers of universal message that traveled across central Asia. (Pg. 280). Figures such as Kumarajiva and Xuanzang traveled and translated Buddhist texts into Chinese (pg. 287). Hinduism: Wasn't a universalized religion. Didn't really appeal to foreigners and people outside of South Asia; Presence of the Varna system. People outside of South Asia would have trouble starting in this religion due to them being outsiders to this system; Believers became vegetarians and abandoned animal sacrifices. Presence of self sacrifice. Judaism: Wasn't really a universalized religion; Requirement of Circumcision discouraged men from converting; Christianity much more appealing than Judaism; Very strict religion. Sources: - Diary of Pilgrimage (late fourth century CE) Egeria. - Record of Buddhist Kingdoms, Faxian - Bhagavata Purana Chapter 8, pg. 268-271, 281-287.

Bantu People and Migrations

Sub Saharan Africa from as early as 3000 BCE but there is only a clear narrative from 1000 CE The Bantu were the primary people of Sub Saharan Africa up until the 20th century colonization. Approximately 5000 years ago, they began a settled civilization in modern Nigeria after a few thousand years of living a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. The group migrated east to the coastline, where they focused on smelting iron, and south towards the Kalahari Desert and lived off of subsistence farming. The Bantu people developed into a tribal, agricultural based civilization with strong familial and spiritual ties. Evidence of banana cultivation shows interconnected ties to the Nile region. Most historical evidence for the Bantu people are genetic and linguistic instead of written evidence which suggests the people had little focus on education and therefore little focus on technological developments. The Bantu people were expanding their civilization and culture in Sub Saharan Africa during the same time as the Axial Age. Even though there was limited interaction with the people experiencing the Axial Age, the Bantu did not experience the Axial Age in the same way Source: Pg. 288-291

Plague/Black death

The black death occurred between 1320-1349, all across Afroeurasia besides India. Moved east to west across the silk road. The black plague was a disease that wiped out 25-50% of populations. The disease destroyed a vast majority of countries. Lead the way for European's to stop believing in a God. This was the major crisis that is addressed in chapter 8. The black death also cause alliances such as, political leaders joining forces with religious leaders to help rebuild. Climate change plus exhausted soil caused a famine that malnourished people. Beginning in China, the disease came from germs and traveled along land trading routes reaching most of Afro-Eurasia and ending up back in China again. (1315-1317 in Europe). 1320's first major outbreak in South West China. About 80% of the spread was over landmasses, very little spread over seas. In China the population decreased by 35 percent, in European countries the population decreased by 60 percent. Took out a huge portion of Europe (1/3 population) Caused fall of Mongol Empire. Sources: Some sources that discussed the tragedy that the black death brought Ibn Khaldun on the Plague, Ibn Al-Wardi "On the Advance of the Plague", and The Florentine Chronicle. Week 14 in section, pages 385-392, power point CRISIS in Afroeurasia 1300-1500 CE.

Universalizing Religion Maps

The geographical context is Afro-Eurasia 300-600 CE. Map 8.2 shows the spread of universalizing religions: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. Christianity emerges in the Mediterranean and spreads both east and west, Buddhism in India and spreads East towards China. The map also shows the Jewish diaspora. The universalizing religions promoted the spread of new ideas along pre-existing trade routes, and also united huge amounts of people. The maps fit the theme because it shows how these universalizing religions spread to much more people than the pre-existing religons they replaced. The Xuanzang painting on pg. 287 shows how Buddhism spread along the Silk Road. The Bamiyan and Yungang Buddhas on pg. 281 show how Buddhism was manipulated to fit specific cultures. The picture of a Christian Martyr on pg. 269 shows an important element of how Christianity challenged the order and promoted the spread of the religion. Chapter begins on pg. 267, Map 8.2 is on pg. 273. The powerpoint dates are 10/31, 11/2

Ferdinand & Isabella

They married in 1469 their rule ended in 1492 Their marriage united Spain for the first time and made them a global power, married their daughter into the Habsburg dynasty and financed Christopher Columbus journey, and started the Spanish inquisition. Their inquisition pushed Muslims out of Spain which gave Catholics control of the whole Liberian Pennisula. The movement west was the first domino to get modern banking systems. Because they funded Columbus, the America's were 'founded'. Sources: page 401 contains a photo depicting them at an alter showing how much power they have. Page 401-402 in the textbook discuss the actions of Ferdinand and Isabella

Mahayana Buddhism

Throughout Asia through the first millenia Greater vehicle Buddhism, school of Buddhist theology that believed that Buddha was a deity unlike previous groups that believed he was a human being. Most widespread religion in Asia, impacted their culture through adapting to culture's beliefs while subtly changing culture's beliefs Bamiyan and Yungang Buddhas that demonstrated Mahayan emphasis on meditation and showed Mahayan scope of influence Sources: Chapter 8, Chapter 6 (pg.213) ppt #13, 17, 18

Umayyad and Abbasid Dynasties

Umayyad: 661-750 CE -a branch of one of the Meccan Did not permit non Arabic speaking converts to hold high political offices tolerant of conquered population Umayyad spread islam beyond Arabia -Umayyad relocated the Capital to the Syrian city of Damascus Introduced a hereditary monarchy to resolve leadership disputes Abbasid: 750-1258 CE -they amassed a sizable military force and overthrew the Umayyad rule Shifted capital Baghdad in Iraq Shift of capital signified the expansion of the religion eastward The Arts flourished during the Abbasid Dynasty -appeal to Persians, integration of Hellenism How they relate to each other and the term universalizing: -ability to merge the contributions of vastly different geographic, economic, and intellectual territories into a rich yet unified culture -Islam unites the vast territories between Christian and Buddhist land -Islam closely intertwined with various major world developments: an agrarian revolution and aftermath of Roman/Han collapse Sources: WTWA (textbook): Pg. 308-310 PPT: 19 - The Spread of Islam WTWA Companion Reader: Pg 240-242

Pope Leo III

a Pope in Rome in 800 CE He named Charlemagne the Emperor of Rome Sources: Statue and sword of Charlemagne textbook pgs. 328-330 ppt. 11/9/2016 slide #5

Delhi Sultanate

a Turkish Muslim regime. South Asia [Northern India] 1206-1526 Brought people together but didn't force conversion upon anyone. Also brought a political conversion and strengthened cultural diversity. Ruled over India for 3 centuries (pg. 374)

Mahmud of Ghazna (971-1030) & the Ghaznavids (977-1186)

a Turkish warlord who lead "many different expeditions" from Afghan into northern India to "win status within Islam" (p. 349 Worlds Together). Turkish warlord Mahmud of Ghazna invaded territory in India in order to establish his Ghaznavid Empire (lecture 11/14/16 "Distinctiveness of the World" slide 5)

Muhammad

born 570, vision 610, died 632; Born in Mecca, traveled to Medina which became the birthplace of Islam founder of Islam, fled persecution; "Prophet of God" for Islam "while on a month-long spiritual retreat in the hills near mecca, he believed that God came to him in a vision and commanded him to recite a series of revelations" -he believed he was a prophet like Moses and Jesus -he put forth the constitution of Medina; residents replaced their traditional family, clan, and tribal affiliations with loyalty to Muhammad as the last and the truest Prophet of God -Part of the five pillars includes making a pilgrimage to Mecca, something he started Sources: -five pillars of Islam, Quran -textbook pg. 305-308, ppt. slides 11/7/2016

Gunpowder

early 10th century, Song Dynasty A material whose chemical makeup allows for explosive reactions. Used in fireworks and later guns. Mixture between salt peter, sulfur, and charcoal. Gunpowder began to be used on the battlefield and changed how wars were fought on a world scale Page Numbers: 352-353

qin shi huangdi

first emperor of the Qin (pg 235 in textbook) & most cruel ruler Ruled from 221- 229 BCE He split the region into 36 provinces(commanderies) (pg 235) Made roads (pg 235) Period of non-religion and focused on legalism Li Shi (chief minister) had strict laws and harsh punishments (beheading, mutilation) (pg 235)

Hadith

in 8th century Levant "Muhammad's laws as laid out in the Quaran" (Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, pg. 309) Gave ulama a central place in Islam as their spiritual authority qualified them to define religious law. Ibn Ishaq (eight century biographer) collected stories about Muhammed and put them in a biography. Muhammed's teachings are an important part of Islam, a far-spread biography would affect how Islam is thought. (Companion Reader, pg. 232) Pages 309 and 336 in the textbook, 232 in Companion Reader

Feudalism vs Manorialism

in Western Europe in the eleventh and twelfth centuries eudalism is based on monks, peasants, and knights/warlords (those who fight) Manorialism is based on agriculture (horseshoe and horse collar) also emphasizes manor's role The Franks were unchallenged rulers after the collapse of Charlemagne's empire; however, they ruled a fragmented manor based economy and social-structure. Scholars called this feudalism (emphasizing rule over peasantry), but manorialism was driven by agriculture and limited manufacturing and trade augmented the manor economy. Helped shed identity of "barbarian" appendage of the Mediterranean. Sources: Images of Mongol Horsemen and Medieval European Knight (in Companion Reader), shows the quality and expensive items the knight are wearing, but a farmer or peasant would never reach that level In the book: pg. 358 In lecture: Lecture 22, slide 8