HIST 1001 Kooi FINAL TERMS

Neolithic (8000-5000 BCE)

"New Stone Age" people began FARMING and that meant that they could finally stay in one place which leads to stability

Stoicism

An ancient Greek philosophy that became popular amongst many notable Romans. Emphasis on ethics. How can someone live a good life? They considered destructive emotions to be the result of errors in judgment, and that a wise person would repress emotions, especially negative ones and that "virtue is sufficient for happiness." rebelling against your fate would leave you unhappy best life is a tranquil one

Macedonia

An ancient kingdom ruled by Alexander the Great that conquered most of Greece and the Persian Empire in the 300s B.C.

An, Ishtar

An- god of the sky (something of vitality in the Sumerian society) Ishtar- goddess of fertility and rebirth (she went away in the winter)

Delphi

Apollo was honored here where people would go to hear from the Oracle

Alexandria

City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.

David, Solomon (1000-900 BCE)

David- successful military, secured borders, Hero-King, thought of Temple of Jerusalem and making capital city Solomon- made the temple

providential

Describes God he is active and powerful and has a will for his chosen people

Phoenicians

Originally from Palestine when the Hebrews took it over. They were a trading and sailing society. They set up trading posts across North Africa. Sicily is the biggest island.

Osiris, Isis

Osiris- god of the underworld and death (something Egyptians were obsessed with) Isis- goddess of fertility

Pericles

Pericles was a prominent and influential Greek statesman, orator and general of Athens during the Golden Age—specifically the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars Celebrates democracy It respects the majority and not the few.

Mithras

Persian deity of light who was a god of truth and justice; fought powers of evil; his cult appealed to soldiers Suffering human who preformed miracles and died for salvation- similar to Jesus

Yahweh (Jehovah)

a form of the Hebrew name of God used in the Bible. The name came to be regarded by Jews

covenant

a sacred promise if Abraham worshiped God alone, God would grant favor to his descendants Israelites are his "chosen people"

Paleolithic (600,000-8000 BCE)

before the farming revolution almost everyone is hunter gatherers living in clans and constantly migrating

Nile

begins in the mountains and east long river that flows North isolated all settlements in Egypt are right next to it

polytheism

belief in more than one god describes most societies we talk about except Judaism, Christianity and Islam

Monotheism

belief in only one God

Abraham

came from Sumer and settled in those lands Chosen by Yahweh and they made a covenant with one another

Jerusalem

capital of the ancient kingdom of Judah

Epicurus

creator of Epicureanism

Zeno

creator of Stoicism

Crete, Knossos

evidences of where the Minoan civilization was

paterfamilias

father of the family similar to patriarch

Aten

god that Akhenaten makes up god of the sun

New Kingdom (1600-1100 BCE)

height of power expanded territory many artifacts come from this kingdom- Tut and Akhenaten kingdom became divided and crumbed but the cultural power lived on

"Dark Ages" (1200-800 BCE)

historial and archeological record ends mystery what happens was their a natural disaster or invasion?

periodization

historians organizing what they find and characterizing the past ; subjective ancient- classical-medieval

Pharaoh

the absolute leader of the Egyptian civilization kingdom was easy to control because it was all near one another could enhance their power by saying that they were gods and associated themselves with the Nile

Torah

the core of the Jewish sacred writing and the basis of the Bible filled with creation story and poetry, etc.

Hellenistic civilization (300 BCE-100 CE)

A blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptain, and Indian culture. Started by Alexander the Great.

Palestine

1500 BCE Valley of the Jordan River nomadic people moved into this land- shepherds- organized themselves into extended clans led by a patriarch

Babylon

1700 BCE Dominated Sumer King Hammurabi

mystery religions

A diverse group of beliefs and practices of ancient Greek and Roman civilization that included initiation into a specific group, a personal encounter with the deity, and hope for spiritual renewal and a better afterlife.

Punic Wars (264-146 BCE)

A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (northern African city) that resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean. 1- Rome wanted Sicily 2- Carthage wanted revenge 3- Rome wanted destruction

Plato (429-348 BCE)

A student of Socrates and wrote his apology and everything else he said. He was also dedicated to the pursuit of wisdom, so he set up an academy in Athens and wrote many books. He declared material things were temporary. The spiritual idea was superior to material example. Wanted to know if everything is "real." Anything dependent on the senses is not real. The best life was in the pursuit of ideal.

Senate

Assembly of 300 Roman patricians To be a senator, was to be at the top of the social and political ladder Togas lined with purple Around 500 BCE, group of senators overthrew the Etruscan king of Rome

Etruscans

Dominate northern Italy. Modern day Tuscany. Also control Rome. Not sure where they came from. Cannot crack their alphabet. Gave romans their earliest models of architecture and religion. Society was very hierarchal. Take over around 650 BCE.

Mycenaean (1500-1200 BCE)

Earliest relics were found in Macedonia influenced by the Minoans divided into city states weapons found- had been involved with war

Tigris

Eastern River in Mesopotamia Reason people could settle Mesopotamia

Peloponnesian War (431-404 BCE)

Era of success in Athens comes to an end. Fought between the city-states, especially between Athens and Sparta. It was mostly a contest for dominance over the peninsula. Sparta wins the war but it is a hollow victory because they are devastated with destruction from decades of warfare. After the war, all city-states were weakened.

plebeians

Everyone else in Rome Big group Some were wealthy, but not of lineage to be a patrician

Apollo

God of oracles (among other things)

Tyche

Goddess of luck

Athena

Goddess of wisdom

Archaic Age (800-500 BCE)

Greek Revival following the Dark Ages Colonization Establishment of polis

historion

Greek for investigation Someone who inquires into the past translator and detective

Hellas

Greek name for Greece

Colonization (Asia Minor, Sicily)

Greek population moves past the peninsula and colonizes other parts of the Mediterranean world cities become their own city states Greek influence in the Mediterranean

Alexander (356-323 BCE)

He conquered most of the ancient world from Asia Minor to Egypt and India, which began the Hellenistic culture which was a blending of Greek, Persian, Indian, and Egyptian influences. The reason that Greece survives Thinks he is supposed to conquer Persia an mobilizes army and scholars - spread Greek culture Extremely well respected

Sparta

In the Peloponnesian Peninsula. It was the biggest area of all the city-states and also the strongest. Two kings ruled it simultaneously so that one king would be a check against the other. An assembly of roughly 8000 citizens called the equals also governed it. Sparta made war the center of its existence, all about military glory. Everyone contributed to the greater good. The male citizens made up the army. Very controlling. Unfit babies were left onside a mountain to die. At age 12, boys were taken from home to train for battle until age 30. Women were taught to maintain home front, learn trades, and to run businesses while men were fighting.

legion

Infantry of Roman army Well equipped Led by calvary (aristocrats) All able-bodied men were a part of the army Encounter the Greeks in southern Italy Several wars in 200 BCE between Romans and Greeks Romans conquer Greeks

Diaspora

Israelite population is scattered Babylonian exile 2nd defining event for the Jews

Hammurabi (1700 BCE)

King of Babylon Made a law code- earliest one to be found Law Code of Hammurabi- he received them from the god Marduk Laws make leaders establish their power but they do it " for the well being of the people" people of different social status would be treated differently

Zeus

King of the gods. He was affiliated with thunder and lightning.

Judah

Kingdom of the Jews

Solon

Lawgiver, aristocrat Came to power in Athens and passed laws that opened up the government to allow regular people to participate in government. He forces aristocrats to share power to allow the government to be more representative. He passed laws in favor of the poor. He created a system called The Council of the 400.

Law of 12 Tables

Legal compromise to the Struggle of the Orders. Ended around 250 BCE. Placed on brass plates in the roman forum. Represented legal rights of the plebeians. Very strict. Slander and bribery were capital crimes Allowed tiny entrance of plebeians in to the government

clientage

The romans strongly believed in kinship. Family gave you your identity and security. Ancestors, slaves, cousins were all part of kinship clan Latin for father of the family Typically the oldest male, and all members were legally subject to them. His power of the family was absolute. Ancestors were worshipped because they protected the family. Most Myorum: ways of the ancestors

Magna Graecia

Means "greater Greece"

Judaism

Monotheistic Stress moral behavior believe in the notion of prophecy final judgement have a scared text- the Torah have a covenant with God saying they are the chosen people

Hellenistic

Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.

patricians

Privileged families, elites, legally recognized status

Socrates (469-399 BCE)

Professional teacher in Athens. He was famous for being able to argue both sides of a question equally. He developed a following among the educated youth and holds court in the Agora and talked about philosophical issues of the day. The best life was "in pursuit of understanding and knowledge." The unexamined life is not worth living. The path to true understanding is to first understand oneself. Continuously asking questions is known as the socratic method. He became a pest for calling people lazy and crushing their egos and became very unpopular. Charged with corrupting the youth. In his apology, he explained he interrogated the wisest and discovered they weren't so wise at all. Considered martyr

Jeremiah, Isaiah

Prophets who spoke during the Diaspora believed that God was providential and has a will for his chosen people talks about a Messiah

Jordan

River in Palestine

Aristotle (384-322 BCE)

Student of Plato that argued against him. He became the head of the academy and continued tradition of philosophical inquiry. He said all we know is what we can perceive through our senses. This is an early form of the scientific method. He writes books on botany, physics, animals, logic, and politics. He believed the best life was in harmony between spiritual and material. Hid beliefs were adopted and became known as "the philosopher"

Acropolis

The Acropolis of Athens is an ancient citadel located on an extremely rocky outcrop above the city of Athens and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historic significance, the most famous being the Parthenon. Dedicated to Athena large public worship and festivals were held there you kind of had to attend

oracle

The priestess at Delphi. Apollo spoke through her. Sometimes she could be consulted about the future. Problem was that the oracle would answer questions in cryptic riddles.

barbarians

These were the Persians that had been defeated or just any non-Greek person.

Persian War (490-479 BCE)

This is the war that makes Athens. They were fought against the Persian Empire, which had emerged around 650 BCE. Persia was the headland of a series of emperors that pushed their troops eastward and westward, conquering Mesopotamia, Israel, Palestine, and Egypt. Persia was going to attack Greece next. Athens and Sparta join an alliance along with all the city-states of Greece. Unexpectedly, the Greeks defeat the Persians. Ten years later, Persians try again and are defeated again. Population of Athens swells after the Persian War, many slaves, causing the institution of slavery to grow. Agrarian slaves did physical work.

Athens

This was the biggest in terms of population of all the Greek city-states and also the richest and most glorious. A lawgiver named Solon created democracy in 600 BCE. They believed they stood for liberty. Greek men thought a woman's job was to raise a household and only existed to produce children. A woman of high status was rarely seen, so pale skin was a sign of higher status. Men had complete legal dominance of women and only 10-15% of population were citizens.

Philip of Macedonia (382-336 BCE)

Turned Macedonia into the chief power of the Greek World; wanted to unite all of Greece under Macedonia; father of Alexander the Great

epistemology

Type of philosophy that centers on the notion of how do we know something is true.

Euphrates

Western River in Mesopotamia Reason people could settle Mesopotamia

Olympus

Where the gods were thought to reside.

pyramids

large tombs still around today monuments pharaohs made for themselves laborers

Moses

leader of the Hebrews to Palestine from Egypt during the Exodus Receives the 10 Commandments and the Torah

Sumer

located in the most fertile place in Mesopotamia and there were towns with thousands of people, buildings and temples had political and religious systems social hierarchy cuneiform cities were in competing- organized warfare

patriarch

male figurehead of a family

polis, poleis

means city or cities cities grew bigger in area and population how to govern? political identification came from this social structure

civilis

means civil or citizen how we get civilization- organized human societies where citizens have responsibility and create systems to live writing systems- laws- government

demos

means people Athenian form of government thinking they ruled the government themselves democracy

res publica

means public matter or affair Republic of Rome, around 500 BCE Senate in charge Lasts about 500 years. Represents the first phase of Roman history. Phases are republic then empire. Struggles of the Orders: Patricians and Plebeians -Plebeian order resented the fact that the patricians controlled the republic. They wanted to break the monopoly of the senators

Exodus (1200 BCE)

migration of the Hebrews to Palestine from Egypt to escape slavery one of the central moments of Judaism God will free his chosen people

Minoan (2000-1200 BCE)

named after the early king in Greek mythology island of Crete built roads and had indoor plumbing they had art

Old Kingdom (3100-2200 BCE)

no law codes but people knew who were in charge pharaohs wanted to keep their bloodline clean- incest Pyramids

Carthage

not a Greece colony center of trade in Western Med. major economic power and regulates trade

Delphi, oracle for Alexander

oracle didn't want to talk but he convinced her to she told him he is invincible

Israel (Israelites)

people originally from eastern end of Mesopotamia monotheists who had a unique relationship with their God the early Jews

scribes

people who use cuneiform to write really important in the Mesopotamian society

Middle Kingdom (2100-1700 BCE)

pharaohs became greedy and spent out their treasures tried to concentrate on government and passing laws for unfortunate people less corruption exploration and trade

Epicureanism

philosophy founded by Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens; taught that happiness through the pursuit of pleasure was the goal of life absent of pain= best life

primary and secondary sources

primary is a source from the time usually by someone who experienced the event- first hand account secondary is a source from secondhand accounts

agora

public square where people would meet in Athens

Messiah

savior and redeemer of the Jews

ziggurat

temples in ancient Sumer steppe temples priests lived there

Akhenaten (1350 BCE)

tries to push for the expanding power of the pharaoh MADE A RELIGIOUS SYSTEM TO ENHANCE HIS POWER said that there was one god- Aten (god of the sun) Beginning of the monotheism thought tried to convert everyone When he died, people went back to the way things were

cuneiform

writing of the ancient Sumerians means wedge scribes would be the ones to use it was used as an inventory list for their commerce

Epictetus

wrote a manual of Stoicism and how to be tranquil moderation