HIST 1003 Marchand Midterm 1

Gustavus Adolphus II

"Lion of the North", 1631 Regenerates Protestant forces in the Thirty Year War

Martin Luther

(1483-1546) a German monk who, in 1517, took a public stand against the sale of indulgences by nailing his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenburg; he believed that people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them; his actions began the Reformation. 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Ausgburg Confession Effects

- Charles insisted that all Protestants accept Johann Eck's response to the Augsburg Confession. - Johann Eck wrote the Confutation in response.

Best describes how Luther's beliefs about salvation shifted away from the Catholic Church's beliefs

- He believed that humans were so sinful that they could not do anything on their own to achieve salvation. - He began to believe that salvation was a gift from God. - He found that grace alone was the way to salvation; the church was unnecessary.

Pope Paul III's Affect on Catholicism

- He called the Council of Trent, which reformed many church doctrines. - He wanted to restore Papal authority through a College of Cardinals.

Thomas Muntzer's Role in the Peasants' War in 1524

- He led the peasants to see themselves as warriors for God. - He thought that the uprising was a sign of the end of the world.

Diet of Speyer

- Implementation of the Edict of Worms was postponed. - The German princes were given the opportunity to adopt the new religion.

Peace of Augsburg

- It did not include Calvinism as a religious option. - Allowing the ruler of a state to choose the religion caused upheaval.

Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion

- It revealed irreconcilable differences between Luther's religion and Calvin's religion. - It established Calvin as a leading religious mind of the time.

Edict of Worms

- People could not buy, read, or print any of Luther's writings. - It was illegal for anyone to aid Luther and his followers.

Spanish Armada

- The sea around England was unfamiliar to the ships. - A storm caused them many difficulties. - English cannons were used to sink the ships.

Queen Mary I

- executions of citizens for their religious beliefs. - her attempt to return England to Catholicism.

Conrad Grebel

- literal reading of Scripture - simple church services - adult baptism

Ninety-Five Theses

1517 written by Martin Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther used these theses to display his displeasure with some of the Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences; this ultimately gave birth to Protestantism.

Catholic Reformation/Counter-Reformation

1545 to 1563 The Council of Trent- Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines: Church interpretation of the Bible. Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life. Indulgences were valid expressions of faith, but the false selling was banned.

Purgatory

A Catholic doctrine of an intermediate place or station between heaven and hell where after death humans await the Last Judgement

Versailles

A French castle that was built to Entertain nobles and to show off wealth

Culloden

A battle here determines the Pacification of the Highland Scotland

Indulgence

A catholic device for the remission (through penance or its equivalent) of eternal punishments incurred through sin

Estates General

A representative assembly not called from 1613 to 1788. Big debate on vote being based on head or Estate.

King's Levée

Accessibility to monarch through traditional daily movement when they woke up

German

After the Edict of Worms, Martin Luther translated the bible into

Dutch Republic

After the war between the Union of Utrecht and the Union of Arras ended, the United Provinces were known as

Act of Supremacy

An English law passed by Parliament in 1534 that established the monarch as the supreme religious authority in the realm with the right to determine church doctrine and practice

Mass

At the heart of the practices of the Medieval Roman Church was the celebration of the _____.

St. Petersburg

Built by Peter the Great as a Window to the west

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Catherine de' Medici ordered the killing of many Huguenots in response to Protestant anger over a shooting.

Porcelain

Created in Meissen and increased Global trade

Adam Smith

Critique of mercantilism and advocate Of free trade (Hint: Scottish)

Bastille

Destroyed by Rioters and is now Associated with French independence

Intendants

French King's spies around the time of absolutism

Huguenots

French Protestants who mostly followed John Calvin.

Intendants

French officials, usually nonnobles, sent out to assert the will of the monarch in the provinces of France in the 17th and 18th centuries

he wanted to divorce his wife.

Henry VIII decided to leave the Catholic Church because

Land that was previously owned by the Catholic Church was now owned by wealthy English nobility.

How did the division of land in England change between 1536 to 1540?

They were outraged at the extreme radicalization of the city.

How did the events at Munster affect how the Catholics and conservative Protestants viewed the radical reformers?

Marburg

Huldrych Zwingli and Martin Luther met in 1529 to discuss religious issues. This was know as the _____ Colloquy.

Made him an outlaw

In 1521, the emperor issued the Edict of Worms. Which of the following best describes how this affected Martin Luther?

Lutheran Princes

In 1524, peasants in the Black Forest rebelled against their overlord by declaring that they would not pay tithes or taxes to him, nor would they honor their traditional obligation to work his land. The peasants stopped working and began to gather supporters. As they did, the conflict began to spread through Southern Germany. A radical mystic and former follower of Luther, Thomas Muntzer, who had become frustrated with the slow pace of Lutheranism, aligned himself with the peasants and encouraged them to see themselves as God's chosen ones in a war of the goldy against the godless. Muntzer was looking to the end of time and saw the peasant uprising in apocalyptic terms. The peasants' actual grievances were a complex mixture and confusion of social and religious complaints. They sought an end to serfdom and tithes, freedom from oppressive lords and their punishments, a lifting of restrictions on hunting and fishing, the right to choose their own pastors, and to have them preach to them only the Gospels, clearly and without human addictions or doctrines. Luther was at first sympathetic to the peasants, but he soon realized that their goals were not one of religious improvement, but of social revolution. In the spring of 1525, large peasant armies seized lands, burned castles, and looted churches and monasteries that stood in their path. In May 1525, Luther urged European authorities, both Catholic and Protestant, to put down the revolt by any means: "let all who can, strike, slay, and stab them, in secret or in public, remembering that nothing is more poisonous, harmful, or devilish than a rebel." Luther, the religious rebel, saw no contradiction here; his political sympathies lay on the side of order and established secular power. Some 70-80 thousand peasants were slaughtered in 1525

- He presented the pope as the Anti-Christ. - He stated that all people could have a direct relationship with God.

In which of the following ways did Luther criticize the pope in the Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation?

Edict of Nantes

King Henry IV of France ended the French Wars of Religion with

Edict of Nantes

King Henry IV's measure of 1598 that established the terms upon which the Huguenots (Protestants) and Catholics could coexist within France

Varennes

Louis XVI was caught at this place trying to flee Paris and was Forced to march back

Key disagreements between the Catholic Church and Luther

Luther's disagreement with the Church selling indulgences as a free get-out-of-hell ticket in order to build lavish churches and basilicas.

The Sale of Indulgences and Other Church Abuses.

Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses, released in October 1517, were mainly about A. The Sale of Indulgences and Other Church Abuses B. Curriculum Reform C. Questions About Other Religious Faiths D. Personal Anecdotes From His Life

Anabaptist

Members of a sectarian movement that emerged in the 16th century who believed in adult baptism

church should be voluntary and a matter of private choice.

Most of the radical Protestant sects believed in the idea that

reverence for the Virgin Mary was seen as idolatry.

One way that Calvin's church differed from the Catholic Church was that

Versailles

Palace built outside Paris and inhabited by Louis XIV. Its luxury and orderly design symbolized absolutism

king

Passed in 1534, the Act of Supremacy established the _____ as the supreme religious authority of the English empire.

King

Passed in 1534, the Act of Supremacy established the ________ as the supreme religious authority of the English empire. king

What is the 95 Theses?

Primary Source Quote "Why does not the pope whose wealth is today greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus, build this one basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with the money of poor believers?"

Indulgences

Purchased from the Catholic Church to take time off of a sinner's sentence in Purgatory, they were a popular good work in Europe in the sixteenth century.

these idols represented the old ways of the Catholic Church.

Religious dissidents were smashing idols of the Catholic Church in 1521 mainly because

Lutheranism

Several princes in the European region called Scandinavia converted to _____ in the 1530's.

John of the Cross

Spanish mystic who wrote Spanish Canticle and Dark Night of the Soul

part of being Christian

Teresa of Avila's motto, "Lord, either let me suffer of let me die," showed that suffering was

Peace of Augsburg

The 1555 treaty between Protestant and Catholic powers in the Holy Roman Empire that acknowledged that there were two permissible forms of religious observance, Protestant and Catholic

Louis XIV

The French Absolutist king that built Versailles and bankrupted France

made her the "supreme governor" of the English church.

The Parliamentary Act of Supremacy, put into effect in 1559 by Elizabeth,

17th Century

The century Louis built Versailles

17th Century

The century of the Defenestration of prague

18th Century

The century porcelain was invented

July 14th, 1789

The date of the Fall of Bastille

French Encyclopedia

The example of the Enlightenment spreading and the circulation of knowledge

Ignatius Loyola

The founder of the Jesuits, an order of spiritual soldiers of the Catholic Reformation

Purgatory

The medieval church had rested on a set of fundamental beliefs and practices, at the heart of which lay the celebration of the Mass (as the reenactment of Christ's last supper). The Catholic faithful met in the physical and spiritual church under the supervision of a priest who acted as an essential intermediary between humans and God. The priest administered the granting of the sacraments to the faithful, for humans were regarded as deformed and sinful as a result of the Fall and so in need of sacramental remedies. Moreover, Christians required a priest to serve as an agent intervening with God to secure forgiveness and favor for them, The Catholic Church also held that PURGATORY was a place between heaven and hell, where the sinful dead awaited the Last Judgement and welcomed the prayers of the living in the hope of securing release from everlasting torment and a prolonged period of punishment or purgatorial cleansing. On earth the pope was God's supreme representative, his arch-priest and the arbiter of all things concerning the faithful. Martin Luther and the Protestants would in time challenge each of these fundamental tenets of Catholicism, and by so doing create new churches, new sets of beliefs, and a re-formed idea of the essential meaning of Christianity. Protestants broke the back of the unity and universalism of the Roman Catholic Church.

Estates General

The medieval representative assembly of France, dismissed in 1614 and recalled only in 1788. It consisted of three estates: (1) the clergy, (2) nobility, and (3) the rest. Such assemblies existed in various forms throughout Europe; known as Diets in the Holy Roman Empire, the Sejm in Poland, Zemsky Sobor in Russia, the Riksdag in Sweden, and Parliament in England

wanted to end serfdom and sought more rights for themselves.

The peasants in the Black Forest rebelled in 1524 because they

Purgatory

The place between heaven and hell where the sinful await judgement

making bishops responsible for the actions of priests.

The second Council of Trent redefined the role of bishops in the Catholic Church by

1648

The year of the Peace of Westphalia

1688-1689

The years of the Glorious Revolution

Charles I

This English monarch was beheaded after going on trial

Cahiers de doléances

This document was address to the French king and talks about reform

Johann Böttger

This man was imprisoned in Meissen and was forced to make porcelain

Henry VIII

This monarch enacted Royal Supremacy and made his country Protestant for an heir.

Lowland Scotland

Wanted to form union with England Because of good trade with Glasgow And Edinburgh but was seen as treasonous

Martin Luther

Was a humanist teacher from Whittenburg. He wrote the 95 theses in 1517. He grew up in a church in Rome and thought that he had a better understanding of the church than it had of itself. He was bothered by the indulgences that the church had to offer which is why he wrote the 95 thesis. After some years, the church had excommunicated him in order to stop his beliefs and wants from circulating.

Ninety-Five Theses

Was written by Martin Luther in 1517. It was a pamphlet stating his frustrations with the church and the indulgences they were offering. They stated that he knew what needed to change in order to make the church better.

Buying an indulgence was an act of penance, which was an appeal to Christ and the saints for your sins.

What best describes how indulgences worked in the Catholic Church in the sixteenth century?

The thought he should be allowed to preach in the city.

What decision did city officials come to about Zwingli's fate in 1523?

- His religious revolution had spread further that he expected, causing turmoil in northern Europe. - He needed to ensure the success of the Lutheran Church.

Which of the following best describe the issues that Martin Luther faced in Europe in 1522?

He thought that the teaching of Aristotle was unnecessary and that the focus should be the bible.

Which of the following best describes how Martin Luther felt about the curriculum at the University of Wittenberg?

He believed that faith, as a gift from God, was a sign of salvation.

Which of the following best describes how Martin Luther's beliefs about salvation differed from that of the Catholic Church?

- He believed that humans were so sinful that they could not do anything on their own to achieve salvation. - He began to believe that salvation was a gift from God. - He found that grace alone was the way to salvation; the church was unnecessary.

Which of the following describes how Luther's beliefs about salvation shifted away from the Catholic Church's beliefs?

Preaching, Baptism, and Eucharist

Which of the following did Calvin discuss as important in his writing, Institutes of the Christian Religion?

- Henry VIII was married to the aunt of Charles V, who had armies occupying Rome. - Divorce was not allowed in the Catholic Church at that time.

Which of the following factors made Henry VIII's desire to divorce complicated?

They did a lot of good work among the sick and poor in Rom

Why did Pope Paul III agree to establish a holy order for Loyola and his men?

Luther and the Indulgence Controversy

Within Catholic theology, the sale of indulgences made perfect sense, for the sinner by purchasing an indulgence was performing a penitential act of repentance and restitution for his crimes, and Christ as a fount of limitless power could save whomever he wished, indeed the whole world if he so chose. Even if the sinner fell short of deserving to be saved, she might appeal to the intercession of Mary and the saints, who were believed to have done so much good in the world that their merits constituted a vast treasury of credits that could be expended on behalf of the penitent.

1649

Year Charles was beheaded

Ninety-Five Theses

a list of complaints and grievances written by Martin Luther that was meant to start a debate and discussion on reforming the church. it argues against indulgences and the pope's power over the soul after death.

Martin Luther

a professor of theology in Europe that helped spark the Protestant Reformation in the 1500's. He was among many figures that criticized certain teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. One of the major issues he challenged was the selling of indulgences for forgiveness of sins which he addressed multiple times in his 95 Thesis

Martin Luther

monk and professor of biblical theology at the University of Wittenberg who wanted to reform the church. He was against indulgences and church corruption. he was very intent upon understanding scripture. he wrote the 95 thesis, which led to the schism and the formation of the Lutheran church. he believed in salvation through faith, primacy in scripture, and the priesthood of all believers. he was tried by the church at the diet of worms and was going to be killed but was protected by Frederick the Wise.

Augsburg Confession

one of Luther's disciple wrote a clear statement of the Lutheran faith.

Tridentine Index

showed church censors which print materials were unorthodox and harmful.

John Calvin

wanted his followers to focus on God's love for everyone

Ninety-Five Theses

was a document written by Martin Luther, thought to have been posted on the door of the cathedral in Wittenberg in 1517. The document consists of Luther's criticisms against the church's sale of indulgences as penitential acts of restitution for sins and other church abuses. Some of Protestants' central beliefs such as the Bible (scripture) being the sole religious authority and the doctrine of salvation through faith alone, were shaped by this document. The print revolution, rebellions, and papal weakness were some of the trends in the early 1500s that contributed to the widespread circulation and popularity of this document which in turn helped spark the Protestant Reformation.

Martin Luther

was an educated monk whose growing conviction that the pure message of Christ and Christianity had been warped over the years by the church led him to rethink church practices. His 95 theses, in 1517, criticized the church's sale of indulgences and other church abuses. This document, his belief that salvation is achieved solely though faith in God, and his refusal to reconcile with the church, helped spark the Protestant Reformation.

Ninety-Five Theses

when: (1517) -Written by Martin Luther. -List of complaints against the church : sale of indulgences; buying your way into Heaven