HIST 130-Quiz #2: Sporting life in America

Susan B. Anthony

"...Bicycling. I think it has done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world: It gives women a feeling of freedom and self-reliance. I stand rejoice every time I see a woman ride by on a wheel. The picture of free, untrammeled womanhood."

Jim Jeffries

"I am going into this fight for the sole purpose of proving that a white man is better than a Negro." Former champion

Sojourner Truth

"I would work as much and eat as much as a man, when I could get it, and bear the las well.

Founding Father James Madison wrote in the Federal Papers:

"New nation must be organized to make sure "a rage for paper money, for an abolition of debts, for an equal division of property, or for any other improper or wicked project, will be less apt to pervade the whole body of the Union than a particular member of it."

Kentucky Derby

"Run for the Rose,"-May 17, 18745

Dwight Eisenhower

"The true mission of American sports is to prepare young men for war."

Football

1. "In life, as in a foot-ball game, the principle to follow is: Hit the line hard; don't foul and don't shirk but hit the line hard."- "The American Boy" 2. Rules overstates the degree of order on the field.

Cincinnati Red Stockings

1. Fielded a team with an annual payroll of $9,300 2. Red Stockings worked for their money 3. Traveled nearly 12,000 miles and played before crows totaling more than 200,000 people

James D. Carr

1. First African American student, a Phi Betta Kappa, who graduated in 1892. 2. Wrote to school president William H.S> Demarest

After Johnson's victory

1. There were race riots around the country- in Illinois, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Colorado, Texas, and Washington D.C. 2. White lynch mobs attacking blacks, and blacks fighting back. 3. 151 people died 4. This reaction to a boxing match was the most widespread racial uprising that the US had ever seen or ever would see until the assassination of civil rights leader Dr. Luther King Jr. 5. Congress passed a law banning boxing films. 6. faced harassment and persecution for most of his life. 7. forced into exile in 1913 on the trumped-up charge of transporting a white woman across state lines for prostitution.

Baseball

1. Was played informally by working-class children in cities at the turn of the nineteenth century 2. A base could be a rock, and ax handle, a ball, or some shredded rubber

Rat baiting

1. Would involve putting one hundred rats in a pit eight feet long 2. Then a dog would be dropped in the middle and watchers would be to know how many the poor pooch could kill in each period of time.

Teddy's love of war matched only by his love of sports

1. Youngest president in the country 2. Launching of the Public Schools Athletic League for only boys with the financial backing of some of America's most prominent bankers and industrialist. 3. Mission statement is to provide opportunities for educating students in physical fitness, character development and socialization skills through an athletic program that fosters teamwork, discipline and sportsmanship.

Rough Riders

1. organized by Theodore Roosevelt in the Spanish American war. 2. Built around during Theodore's fame 3. either died, were wounded, or were struck by disease, and Teddy himself caught malaria.

George Foster Sanford (coach)

1. was thrilled to have him on the team. But half his thirty-man pledged not to play if a "Negro" joined the team. 2. put Robeson on the varsity team\ 3. "any player who can take the beating that Robeson has taken from you, giving as good as he's gotten and without squealing, is not Black. He's a white man.! Now go back out there and play like hell-and give him a break!"

Our home Colony

A scathing indictment of the "race problem" in the US.

Sports were a method of community training in agricultural or military skills.

Also formed part of religious ceremony.

National League

American Association and the Players' League collapsed, allowing the National League into a twelve-team organization

Civil War

Brought together people of different ethnicities and immigrant groups in the Union army, allowing regional games, particularly baseball, to spread after the war into every nook and cranny of the country

Recreational experts assured the nation that by playing baseball and football, by boxing and exercising, young American men would be fit enough for war...

But not until World War I were athletic training and competition systematically adopted for troop morale, hygiene, and physical readiness for war.

Thomas Wentworth Higginson

Delivered an influential semen title "Saints and Their Bodies."

Horace Greeley recounted with horror a boxing match that ended in death

Greeley's venom was also aimed at public officials: "who licenses foreigner of at best suspicious character to keep houses of public entertainment in our city?"

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Home of the Conference's key organizer a. I felt with woman's portion as wife, mother, housekeeper, physician, and spiritual guide, the chaotic condition into which everything fell without her constant supervision, and the wearied, anxious look of most women

"a slave's revolt."

It is ironic that he would use the term, since one issue the first players' union failed to address was the most pressing issue of its time: the systematic expulsion of black players from the game.

Isaac Murphy

Made his riding debut in 1875 at the tender age fourteen, just five days after that first Kentucky Derby. ii. "I am disgusted with the way they treated me in the East during the summer. When I won it was all right, but when I lost they would say, "There's that n***er, drunk again.' I tell you, I'm disgusted and soured on the whole business.

Women's suffrage and prohibition

Many ways by the desire of women to be heard and the desire of a nation recovering from war and upheaval to have a drink.

"The Little General"

McGraw signed an African American player named Charley Grant

"The Value of Athletic Training"

Men and soldiers, of pioneers and explorers by land and sea, of bridge-builders and road-makers, of commonwealth-builders

New modes of play arose in the eighteenth century.

Merchants sold toys and card tables, dancing instructors began to give lessons, and taverns and pubs sponsored games.

The controversies over black athlete activism in the 1960's

Muhammad Ali; Tommy Smith and John Carlos's black glove salute in the 1968 Olympics

Puritans were horrified by this encouragement of they believed to be base debauchery

The question raised-and still unanswered-by these noveau Puritans was whether sports could be moderated or needed to be banished.

Anne O'Hagan

Their entrance into the realm of sports is the most cheering thing that has happened to them in the century just past.

Native Americans played far more than lacrosse.

Took part in forms of wrestling, football, racing, and hunting.

First Continental Congress

Urged people to discourage every species of extravagance and dissipation, especially horse racing, and all kinds of gambling, cock fighting, exhibitions of shows, plays, and other expensive diversions

Doubleday

Veteran who graduated from West Point and fought Indians, Mexicans and Confederates, seemed as good a choice as any to be the founder.

Plantocracy

Wealth had grown in comparison to that of poor southern whites, acted upon Frederick Douglass's words that they "separate both to conquer each."

Knickerbockers

Were formed on September 23, 1845, membership was offered to "those whose sedentary habits required recreation."

The color lines

Whitening of the national pastime became a living symbol of the exclusion of blacks from all walks of public life.

Hollywood gave them D.W. Griffith's Birth of a Nation

a Ku Klux Klan propaganda film that President Wilson enthusiastically screened in the White House in 1915.

Sports proved to be unconquerable

a balm against the harshness of the new climes, a source of community, and a means of escapism. It blossomed in the face of religiosity, political argument, and outright legal repression.

Joe Jackson

a lifetime .356 hitter who batted .375 and committed no errors in the World Series he was supposed to have thrown, never played again

Theodore Roosevelt

a. "Professionalism in Sports," published in 1890 b. "The Value of Athletic Training" c. Roosevelt encouraged rugged sports d. Athletic training could help revitalize commercial America and build a new Anglo-Saxon supperace.

Dirty South

a. Aristocracy in places such as Virginia and the Carolinas model their lives in European noble terms of building a leisured paradise. b. Horse racing c. Bloody cockfights

Women's Hoops

a. Exercise and games were a privilege, a sign of status b. If a woman played golf, rode horses, or played tennis, it meant she belonged to a new citadel of status: country club

Boxing

a. First boxers in the US were slaves b. Was unique among sports because, unlike every other major athletic venture, it was desegregated-except when white boxers refused to step in the ring with black opponents. c. "White fans winced every time Dixon landed on Skelly. The sight was repugnant to some men from the South. A darky is alright in his place here, but the idea of siting quietly by and seeing a colored boy pommel a white lad grates on southerners." d. It was a mistake to match a negro and a white man, a mistake to bring the races together on any terms of equality, even in the prize ring. It was not pleasant to see a white man applaud a negro for knocking another white man out."

Young Men Christian Association

a. Founded in England in 1844 reaching North America in 1851 b. The "Y" became the place for acculturation and a bulwark against rebellion c. 1869- San Francisco, Washington, D.C. and New York City all had gymnasiums for YMCA d. Mind, body and spirit e. Sports could deflect tensions way from an oppressive social structure and channel energy into safe activities that taught the modern industrial values of hard work, cooperation, and self-discipline, and thereby help secure social order."

Order Comes to Baseball

a. In 1879, the owners unanimously agreed to that they should be allowed to "reserve: five players for the next season b. The clause was eventually extended to cover all major league players, virtually binding a player to the same club for life. c. Players wished to make the business of baseball more permanent, they meant to reduce salaries, and they meant to secure a monopoly of the game. d. Charles A. Dana, William Randolph Hearst, and Joseph Pulitzer increased circulation by creating regular sports sections with separate scribes: the creation of the sportswriter.

Walter Camp

a. Part time coach and professor at Yale b. "Father of American football. c. Taught order and obedience d. Taylorism e. Preached the gospel of football around the country in countless sermons, articles, and coaching retreats. f. Delivered the sport from violent pathology of elite northeastern colleges to national following. g. 5,000-10,000 fans increase over Thanksgiving games (1880-1884). Now Thanksgiving games are buzz worthy events.

Moses Fleetwood Walker

a. Promising baseball career was pounded to dust not by ownership but the white players themselves. b. Went to Oberlin College c. Went on to both run a hotel and become an inventor of early movie cameras. d. a spokesperson for the idea that the only way blacks could escape white supremacy would be to secede from America e. Called for a mass exodus to Liberia f. Precursor to the Garveyite movement for the 1920's g. writes bracingly about everything from the effect of white dolls on young black girls to the inhumanity of lynching..a. Economic Depression hit in 1877.

Spindle shanked

a. Putting their children to work was not a option, sports was seen as the way to put some calluses on their hands. b. This signaled the shift of conventional wisdom by the moral guardians of the republic c. Began to separate "good sports," which taught obeisance to authority, values, godliness, and could toughen up these petal-picking pasty-cakes, from bad sports such as cockfighting and rat baiting.

Horse Racing

a. Sport dominated by African Americans i. Made his riding debut in 1875 at the tender age fourteen, just five days after that first Kentucky Derby. ii. "I am disgusted with the way they treated me in the East during the summer. When I won it was all right, but when I lost they would say, "There's that n**er, drunk again.' I tell you, I'm disgusted and soured on the whole business.

The Choctaw Tribe

a. would prepare as long as four months before a lacrosse match. Everyone planned, everyone readied themselves, and before the ball was dropped, everyone danced. b. Shake lacrosse sticks to the heavens, each side asking for a little boost from the gods, while food and drink were heartily consumed. c.Excitation and repulsion

World War I

accelerate sports through a similar period transition Government expected 1 million men to sing up and fight but only 73,000 had enlisted

Sports too can be seen as something our author Dave Zirin constantly writes about:

as a symbol of systemic corruption and the exploitation of workers by big capital, personified by the infamous "Black Sox" scandal of 1919, when 8 Chicago White Sox players were banned from baseball for life for throwing the World Series.

Games in slave quarters were played by

boys and girls, men and women

King James believed that restricting sport "

cannot but breed a great discontentment in Our people's hearts." Feared that an absence of sports would mean more time not in the church but in the alehouses, where people would be subject to all kinds of "idle and discontented speeches."

Plantation owners actively promoted sports to

direct energies and create harmony in bondage.

Some historians have attributed this to the desire to escape the reality that a family member could be "_________" by being sold at random

eliminated

New York Yankees First Baseman Lou Gehrig's death

from the insidious disease that now bears his name led to mourning nationwide, as did Babe Ruth's funeral in 1948.

President Woodrow Wilson saw sports as a critical way to prepare future troops.

i. "I hope that the normal course of college sports will be continued." ii. "...as a real contribution to the national defense."

Industrial Workers of the World

i. "Wobblies" ii. For violating the Espionage Act of 1917

Baseball was called

i. "rounders" ii. "round ball" iii. "sting ball" iv. "Soak ball" v. "Burn ball" vi. "Town hall" vii. "Massachusetts Game"

1893

i. 642 banks and 6,000 businesses shut their doors. ii. Out of 15 million workers iii. 3 million were unemployed.

Spalding

i. A former pitcher, team owner and antiunion zealot ii. Trumpeted that the game's roots lay in Cooperstown, New York, a bucolic, all American postcard of a place.

The Players League

i. A large swath of players, furious about ownership's lack of desire to take their demands seriously, split and formed their own separate enterprise 1. Slogan- "Fire the boss!" ii. Most athlete jumped to the Player's League, and the new teams were joint-ownership ventures between rich backers and the players themselves. iii. "a slave's revolt."

W.E.B. Du Bois

i. A towering intellectual ii. One of the first to try to put the moralizing about "violence" in sports iii. And street violence associated with Jack Johnson. iv. Differed from Washington on the essence of sports itself, wanting African Americans to engage more fully in the nation's expanding sporting life.

Paul Robeson

i. Actor, singer, political activist, and football player ii. Third African American student in the history of the school iii. Only Black student in Rutgers University iv. Football team v. Representative of a lot of Negro boys. vi. achieved both in the classroom and on the football field vii. School newspaper, the Targum, ran an editorial following Robeson's graduation viii. Robeson came to look to "red radicalism" as a way to fight racism

Unfettered capitalism

i. Beginning of sports' commercialization. ii. Manufacturing and marketing of sporting goods such as cricket bats, bows and arrows, billiard tables, and hunting and fishing gear began around midcentury.

Economic Depression hit in 1877.

i. Drinking water and sewage intermingled, killing large numbers, disproportionately children ii. First week of July; 139 babies died in Baltimore iii. General strike 1. 100 people were dead, thousand people had gone to jail, a hundred thousand workers had gone on strike, and sympathy actions had sprouted among the unemployed.

Baseball After the Civil War

i. Entrepreneurs looked at baseball and saw dollar signs. ii. Contests began to be advertised, marketed, and sold to the public iii. In the robber baron tradition, no players were paid despite the big money. iv. Cincinnati Red Stockings

Jack Johnson

i. First heavyweight boxing champion with black skin in 1908 ii. Victory created a serious crisis in the conventional wisdom about race iii. was faster, stronger, and smarter than Jeffries. He knocked Jeffries out with ease iv. faced harassment and persecution for most of his life. v. forced into exile in 1913 on the trumped-up charge of transporting a white woman across state lines for prostitution. vi. "from that minute on, the hunt for the 'white hope' was redoubled, and when it proceeded with so little success other methods were taken to dispose me." vii. was charged with taking his lover Lucille Cameron across state lines for "immortal purposes," a violation of the Mann Act

Taylorism

i. Four elements of scientific management (Science, Harmony, Cooperation, and Maximum Output) ii. Principles of teamwork, strategy and tactics

Inter-Allied Games (also known as Military Olympics)

i. Joinville, France, in the Summer of 1919 ii. Astonishing extravaganza staged in the midst of postwar devastation which nevertheless drew something like half a million spectators over two weeks." iii. Walter Camp became the the athletic director of the navy.

From Cartwright to Shoeless Joe

i. Knickerbockers met with reps from other clubs to codify the rules ii. Other clubs were named such as Empire, Eagle, Gotham, and Excelsior

Eugene Debs

i. Labor leader and socialist ii. Given a ten-year sentence for his 1918 speech in Canton, Ohio iii. Ran for president in prison (Received 13 percent of the popular vote)

Muscular Christianity

i. Meant different things to different people ii. Higginson was a supporter of John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry and believed in abolition by any means necessary.

Population of the United States grew

i. Mississippi ii. New York iii. Chicago iv. Philadelphia

"Black Codes"

i. Regulate social interaction among whites, slaves, and free blacks. ii. Whites and blacks rubbed elbows at cockfights and horse races but seldom at any other sports events.

Corrupting debauchery

i. Rise among the new private ownership class. ii. The conquerors of the New World could sense that this was not merely fun and games but could play a necessary role in the developing modern society, transmitting values and providing a release from the workweek

Lewis Cass

i. Secretary of war ii. Wrote in an 1830 article in North American Review that Americans must not regret "the progress of civilization and improvement, the triumph of industry and art, by which these regions have been reclaimed, and over which freedom, religion

Charles A. Dana, of the New York Sun

i. There are two Negroes in the ring today who can thrash any white man breathing in their respective classes: George Dixon and Joe Walcott ii. But...the Negro has evinced as much courage in combat as the white man.

George Putnam

i. Union soldier ii. Wrote with dark humor how one game suffered an abrupt end when their outfielders were by incoming musket balls. iii. The attack. Was repelled without serious difficulty, but we had lost not only our centerfield, but...the only baseball in Alexandria, Texas."

Alexander Cartwright

i. Wanted a city game without the anarchy of the city ii. A bank teller and volunteer fireman represented the striving middle class of the new urban centers.

Kennesaw Mountain Landis-the presiding judge

i. Was up for total control over the game and rescue its integrity in the eyes of the public ii. Had earned his bones in the eyes of the ownership class iii. influence grew even more powerful toward the end of his reign in 1944.

Black Sox

i. Were accused of conspiring to throw the World Series. ii. Although they were cleared in a court of law, they were damned with a lifetime ban put down by a new creation: the baseball commissioner

Sports became a way the colonies formed an independent

i. White identity apart from Britain ii. Several wealthy men, northern and southern, ran their horses in a circuit of races from Leedstown, Virginia, through Annapolis, Philadelphia, New Jersey, and New York

Sports was a way for women to rebel.

i. Women's colleges after the Civil War began to offer athletic options. ii. Sports symbolize the movement for suffrage.

Women's assemblies of textile workers and hat makers went on strike.

i."a revolt for bread and butter." ii They won higher wages and shorter hours.

John Baptist

ii. "We came into this world not for sport" iii. "We were sent here for a higher and nobler object

The tragic death of Pittsburgh Pirates Hall of Fame right fielder Roberto Clemente

in a plane crash on December 31, 1972, when he was trying to deliver first aid supplies and food to Nicaragua from Puerto Rico after a massive earthquake killed and injured thousands of people, shocked the world and has left him an international hero and the personification of personal sacrifice and humanity

The first "organized" game took place on June 19, 1846

just across the river from Manhattan, at Elysian Fields in Hoboken, New Jersey.

death of Arizona Cardinal football player Pat Tillman

the only professional athlete to enter military service after the 9/11 attacks, who was killed by friendly fire that the military and government lied about and tried to turn into a story that would help recruitment

Colin Kapernick's taking a knee

the raging controversy it has engendered

The grief over the death of Cleveland Indians shortstop Ray Chapman late in the season in 1920,

who was killed by a pitch that hit him in the head. The Indians somehow recovered to win the World Series.