HIST 1301: CH4 Experience of Empire: Eighteenth America (1680-1763)

King George's War and Its Aftermath

1755: British forces attack French Fort Duquesne in Ohio Valley Led by Major General Edward Braddock Humiliating defeat French remained in control of Ohio Valley

middle ground

A geographical zone in which people of different cultures-Native Americans and English settlers, for example-interact without any particular culture establishing economic or military dominance

Which of the following accurately expresses the relationship between consumption and culture in colonial America? A. The consumer revolution contributed to the "Anglicization" of American culture. B. The consumer revolution created cultural differences among the American colonies. C. The consumer revolution weakened cultural ties between America and Britain. D. The consumer revolution introduced the American colonies to French culture.

A. The consumer revolution contributed to the "Anglicization" of American culture.

Which of the following was a long-term consequence of trade between Native Americans and Europeans? A. Trade with Europeans gradually eroded traditional Native American authority structures. B. Trade enabled Europeans to establish military dominance of the middle ground in the early eighteenth century. C. Independent commercial dealings strengthened the Indians' ability to resist white aggression. D. The more Europeans pressed for trade, the more Native Americans withdrew into isolated communities.

A. Trade with Europeans gradually eroded traditional Native American authority structures.

What did the Albany Plan propose? A. a council made up of elected delegates from the colonies B. an elected assembly for the Chesapeake colonies C. a written constitution for the colonies in New England D. a common royal governor for the northern colonies

A. a council made up of elected delegates from the colonies

The primary goal of the colonial assemblies was to __________. A. safeguard their liberties B. enforce religious conformity C. uphold English laws D. implement royal policies

A. safeguard their liberties

Who benefited the most from the White Pines Acts? A. the Royal Navy B. New England merchants C. Pueblo Indians D. the Pennsylvania Dutch

A. the Royal Navy

Which of the following was more common in Spanish settlements than in English settlements? A. There was an even number of European men and women. B. Native Americans and Europeans lived in the same towns. C. Native American villages remained free of European control. D. Religious differences were an obstacle to colonial unity.

B. Native Americans and Europeans lived in the same towns.

Where were the settlements of New France concentrated in the early 1750s? A. Allegheny Mountains B. St. Lawrence River C. Atlantic coast D. Pacific coast

B. St. Lawrence River

In contrast to British royal officials, American colonists __________. A. supported the political culture of patronage centered in London B. insisted on complete separation of executive and legislative authority C. associated political power with the privileges attached to noble title D. opposed the enforcement of English common law in the colonies

B. insisted on complete separation of executive and legislative authority

The Great Awakening emphasized the importance of __________. A. accepting the wisdom of traditional authorities B. taking an active role in one's own salvation C. preserving the harmony among Protestant sects D. holding solemn and silent religious ceremonies

B. taking an active role in one's own salvation

Colonial governments in North America represented the interests of: A. former slaves B. white men C. crown officials D. Native Americans

B. white men

Why did colonial Americans support Great Britain's wars against France?

British Colonists believed the french in Canada planned to encircle their settlements, cutting them off from the rich lands of the Ohio Valley. The Seven Years' War drove the French from Canada, a victory that generated unprecedented enthusiasm for the British empire.

Which of the following offers evidence of the influence of European culture on the American colonies? A. El Pope's leadership during the Seven Years' War B. Jonathan Edwards's defense of the middle ground C. Benjamin Franklin's contributions to the Enlightenment D. Tishcohan's sermons during the Great Awakening

C. Benjamin Franklin's contributions to the Enlightenment

Which of the following was an English fort? A. Fort Louisbourg B. Fort Niagara C. Fort Necessity D. Fort Duquesne

C. Fort Necessity

Which of the following was the first permanent European settlement in the area that became the United States? A. Plymouth B. New Orleans C. St. Augustine D. Jamestown

C. St. Augustine

In the eighteenth century, a distinctive American identity emerged in the context of a(n): A. embrace of racial equality B. declining interest in religion C. expanding British Empire D. rejection of European culture

C. expanding British Empire

Which of the following is reflected in both the Great Awakening and the Enlightenment? A. rejection of the idea of progress B. importance of original sin C. optimism about the future D. skepticism about God's existence

C. optimism about the future

The colonial assemblies rejected the Albany Plan because they __________. A. wanted control of the Ohio Valley B. did not want to risk a war with France C. wanted to preserve their autonomy D. were controlled by Parliament

C. wanted to preserve their autonomy

In 1680, the __________ Indians expelled the Spanish from the area that is today New Mexico. A. Shawnee B. Creek C. Choctaw D. Pueblo

D. Pueblo

Which of the following was a consequence of the consumer revolution in eighteenth-century America? A. spread of the Great Awakening B. establishment of colonial assemblies C. expansion of the "middle ground" D. increase in aggregate American debt

D. increase in aggregate American debt

In eighteenth century, most German migrants settled in A. Massachusetts B. New York C. Georgia D. Pennsylvania

D. Pennsylvania

How did European ideas affect eighteenth-century American life?

During the Enlightenment, educated Europeans, and American colonists, like Benjamin Franklin, brought scientific reason to the study of religion, nature, and society. By midcentury, economic growth sparked a consumer revolution that introduced colonists to an unprecedented array of imported manufactured items. New ideas and new goods helped integrate the American colonies into mainstream British culture.

Bejamin Franklin

European thinkers saw him as a man of reason and science 1723: After moving to Philadelphia, made important scientific discoveries and inventions investigation of electricity brought him world fame 1756: he invented the lightning rod designed an efficient stove that is still used today Promoted the spread of reason Organized groups that discussed European literature, philosophy, science Helped found the Library Company

What difficulties did Native Americans face in maintaining their cultural independence on the frontier of English and Spanish settlement?

German and Scots-Irish migrants poured into the backcountry, where they clashed with Native Americans- The Indians played off French and British imperial ambitions in the middle ground but disease and encroachment by European settlers undermined the Indians' ability to resist

1743-1748: King George's War

In Europe, known as the War of Austrian Succession Victory over the French when colonists Captured Louisbourg in Canada

backcountry

In the eighteenth century, the edge of settlement extending from western Pennsylvania to Georgia. This region formed the second frontier as settlers moved west from the Atlantic coast into the interior. 800 miles from western Pennsylvania to Georgia Complex, often violent, society

Why was the eighteenth-century colonial assemblies not fully democratic?

Most eighteenth-century colonial governments compromised a royal governor, an appointed governor's council, and an elected assembly. Although these representative assemblies did not follow women, blacks, or the poor vote, they did enfranchise most of the white adult male population. Assemblies guarded their privileges and powers, often conflicting with royal governors who tried to expand their own authority.

1720s: Scots-Irish emigrated to America

Looked for freedom and prosperity denied them in Ireland Wanted to replicate their culture on the frontier Carved out farms on Pennsylvania frontier Welcomed by the colony's proprietors as a barrier between Indians and coastal communities But Scots-Irish Squatted on available, already reserved, land Were quick to challenge authority

great awakening began in

Northampton, Massachusetts sparked by Congregational minister Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield helped spread it

Enlightenment: Intellectual Revolution

Philosophical and intellectual movement that swept through Europe during the eighteenth century. It stressed the use of reason to solve social and scientific problems.

1754: Albany Plan

Plan of intercolonial cooperation proposed by prominent colonists including Benjamin Franklin at a conference in Albany, New York, in 1754. The plan called for a Grand Council of elected delegates from the colonies that would have powers to tax and provide for the common defense. Although rejected by the colonial and British governments, it was a prototype for colonial union.

Fort Necessity

Spring 1754: Lt. Colonel George Washington sent to a site near present-day Pittsburgh to compel the French to leave French launched a full-scale attack Virginians disorganized; forced to surrender

The quest for Quebec

Strategic location made it a key battle of the Seven Years' War

How did the Seven Years' War become a global conflict, and how did it change the North American landscape?

The Seven Years' War began over territorial disputes between Britain and France in the Ohio River Valley. The war spread from the Americas to Europe and Asia as European empires and their allies competed for territory around the globe, including India, the Caribbean, Africa, and Europe. As a result of the war, the french lost their mainland territory in the Americas, including Canada and Louisiana, to Britain and Spain.

How did the Great Awakening transform the religious culture of colonial America?

The great awakening brought a new form of evangelical religion to ordinary Americans. It emphasized personal salvation through a "New Birth" and membership in a large community of believers. Itinerant preachers such as George Whitefield drew huge crowds throughout the colonies. Other ministers followed Whitefield, inviting ordinary Americans to question traditional religious authorities.

Consumer Revolution

The period between 1740 and 1770 when English exports to the American colonies increased by 360 percent to satisfy Americans demand for consumer goods

Peace of Paris of 1763

Treaty ending the Seven Years' War (known in the colonies as the French and Indian War) by which France ceded Canada to Britain

1750s: French decided to seize Ohio Valley

Virginians led by George Washington failed to repel French Showed that a single colony could not defeat the French

Fort Duquesne

Washington returned Williamsburg with news of defeat and surrender A year later, King George II ordered army to capture French Fort Duquesne in retaliation for Washington's defeat - Campaign led by General Edward Braddock Disastrous defeat - Braddock over-confident - Faced a determined fighting force of French and Indians

Fortress of Louisbourg, Nava Scotia, 1758

Well-fortified french program Prevented English ships from traveling St. Lawrence River into Great Lakes 1757: Unsuccessful attempt to take Louisbourg 1758: William Pitt and the British fleet prevented French ships from protecting the fortress Massive British attack; in two months, Louisbourg surrendered

Great Awakening

Widespread evangelical religious revival movement of the mid-1700s. This new emotional form of piety divided congregations and weakened the authority of established churches in the colonies

Seven Years' War: The First World War (1756)

Worldwide conflict (1756-1763) that pitted Britain against France. With the help from the American colonists, the British won the war and eliminated France as a power on the North American continent. Also known as the French and Indian War

Itinerant Preachers

charismatic preachers spread revivalism throughout America during the Great Awakening Traveled colonies; followed Whitefield's example Most famous: Gilbert Tennent

Birth of a Consumer Society

consumer revolution intercoastal trade also increased change in trade patterns brought a change in American culture

1700-1770: White population of British colonies rose from 250,000 to more than 2 million

population more dispersed and heterogeneous newcomers hoped to obtain land and become farmers traveled to backcountry