HIST Exam #1
What event is depicted in this painting?
A banquet where coffee drinking served as entertainment -The painting shows a banquet where coffee drinking served as part of the entertainment.
In which year did the borders of Austria and Russia first meet?
1793
The Partition of Poland expanded the border between Prussia and Austria by approximately how many miles?
200
What signs of religion are evident in the image of the king and his court?
A Christian church in the distance -A Christian church appears in the distance in the image, indicating the influence of the Roman Catholicism brought to the Kongo by Portuguese explorers.
What does Bernard Picart's engraving in Source 3 depict?
A Jewish family enjoying a holiday meal -The engraving depicts a Jewish family enjoying a holiday meal
To whom was Moses Mendelssohn responding in his letter in Source 1?
A clergyman who challenged his Jewish faith -Mendelssohn was responding to Johann Caspar Lavater, a Swiss clergyman who called on Mendelssohn to either refute proofs of Christianity publicly or submit to baptism.
Shah
Persian word for "king."
East Prussia was separated from the rest of Prussian territory by what?
Poland
What types of paintings did Gonzales Coques specialize in?
Portraits of individuals and families -Gonzales Coques specialized in portraits of individuals and families, such as this rendition of an affluent young scholar and his wife.
Which of the following steps did Leibniz plan to take after his appointment?
Procure the equipment needed for his appointment -One of the first things Leibniz proposed doing after his appointment was procuring the necessary equipment for his work, especially "books, museums ["curiosity collections"], instruments, and exhibits of works of nature and of human contrivance."
What did Francis Bacon hope physicians would do in the future?
Prolong human life -Bacon was convinced that an empirical study of aging and physical degeneration would result in new approaches to lengthening and improving human life.
Who opposed coffee drinking in Islamic lands?
Some conservative imams -Some conservative imams opposed coffee because of its stimulating effects.
Which African kingdom controlled the city of Timbuktu?
Songhai
According to Leo Africanus and al-Sadi, which of the following did Timbuktu and Jenne have in common?
A large number of Scholars -According to Leo Africanus and al-Sadi, both cities attracted many scholars, with over 4,000 Muslim scholars residing in Jenne alone.
Absolitism
A political system common to early modern Europe in which monarchs claimed exclusive power to make and enforce laws, without checks by other institutions; this system was limited in practice by the need to maintain legitimacy and compromise with elites. (Ch. 18)
Devshirme
A process whereby the sultan's agents swept the provinces for Christian youths to be trained as soldiers or civil servants.
Jesuits
A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church
Protestant Reformation
A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church
Thirty Years War
A religious reform movement that began in the early sixteenth century and split the Western Christian Church
Which of the following might a genre painter have depicted?
A scene from a local tavern -Genre painters focused on depicting the earthly pleasures of eating, drinking, socializing, and spending time with friends and family in cozy interiors.
Mughal
A term used to refer to the Muslim empire of India, which was the largest, wealthiest, and most populous of the Islamic empires of the early modern world.
According to Glückel, what sort of man was her husband?
A very pious, hardworking man -Glückel described him as "the perfect pattern of the pious Jew," a man who stopped his work every day for study and prayer, fasted, and was scrupulously honest in his business dealings.
concubine
A woman who is a recognized spouse but of lower status than a wife.
According to Katib Chelebi, for what purpose was tobacco first used by Europeans?
According to Katib Chelebi, during the reign of Sultan Murad IV, what was the punishment for smoking? -According to Katib Chelebi, the first European smoker was a doctor who was looking for a cure for his lymphatic disorder.
Where did the Sufis get the practice of coffee drinking from?
Africa -Coffee was first grown in Ethiopia and was brought to Yemen by the Sufis in the fifteenth century.
According to Equiano, why would the manufacturers of Great Britain benefit from the abolition of slavery?
Africa would import more British goods and export more raw materials. -Equiano imagined a time when Africa would become an important market for British goods and an important source of raw materials for British factories.
The illustration of Akbar inspecting the construction of Fatehpur-Sikri provides evidence of which of the following?
Akbar's interest in all aspects of Fatehpur-Sikri's construction -Akbar is shown in conversation with a humble artisan, suggesting his interest in all aspects of the Fatehpur-Sikri's construction, even the smallest details.
Sultans
An Arabic word used by the Ottomans to describe a supreme political and military ruler.
Which of the following is depicted in the painting of Madame Geoffrin's salon?
An actor performing part of a play by Voltaire -The painting depicts an actor performing the first reading of a new play by Voltaire at at a 1755 meeting of the salon of Madame Geoffrin.
Who of the following might have been invited to a salon?
An up-and-coming artist -The female hostesses of the salons chose carefully cultivated groups of guests that included aristocrats, rich financiers, high-ranking officials, noteworthy foreigners, and up-and-coming writers and artists.
How did Bishop Bossuet describe an attack on the king?
Any attack was sacrilege. -Bossuet declared, "It appears from all this that the person of the king is sacred, and that to attack him in any way is sacrilege."
How did Diderot's narrator see the Europeans when they first arrived in Tahiti?
As a curse -The narrator correctly foretold the hardships Europeans would bring to his people.
How did Barbosa describe the city of Kilwa?
As attractive and well-organized -Barbosa found much to admire in Kilwa, including its well-built houses and well-arranged streets.
Which of these best characterizes Osei Bonsu's view of the slave trade in his country?
As something that benefited both Africans and Europeans -Osei Bonsu viewed the slave trade as something that benefited both Africans and Europeans. Accordingly, he was amazed that the British sought to end the slave trade, and he did not find their stated reasons for doing so credible.
Where did the Ottoman Empire attack in 1529 and 1532?
Austria
Sovereignty
Authority of states that possess a monopoly over the instruments of justice and the use of force within clearly defined boundaries and in which private armies present no threat to central control; seventeenth-century European states made important advances toward sovereignty. (Ch. 18)
Which body of water did the Russian Empire have access to that enabled it to conduct overseas trade with the other European powers?
Baltic Sea
Which African kingdom was named after its capital city?
Benin
Where was Olaudah Equiano born?
Benin -Equiano was born in Benin (modern Nigeria) before being kidnapped and sold as a slave as a child.
Which city formed part of the Ottoman state in ca. 1300?
Bursa
According to Peter, how were "monsters" created?
By internal damage caused by the mother's fear and thoughts during pregnancy -Peter concluded, "For monsters are the result of internal damage, of fear and the thoughts of the mother during her pregnancy, of which fact there are many examples."
Viziers
Chief assistants to caliphs
To whom does Equiano appeal at the end of his narrative?
Christians -At the end of his account, Equiano appeals to "ye nominal Christians," asking them to apply their Christian morality to recognize the evils of the slave trade.
In which of these areas did Nuruddin Salim Jahangir admit personal hypocrisy?
Consumption of alcoholic beverages -Jahangir admitted personal hypocrisy regarding the consumption of alcoholic beverages. He banned the production and sale of all intoxicating substances, despite the fact that he consumed wine and had done so for a number of years.
Jahangir seemed anxious to do which of the following?
Convince travelers that his was a safe and pleasant realm -Jahangir went into some detail about the quality and abundance of facilities designed to meet travelers' needs.
What imported good arrived in Sofala from northwest India?
Cotton cloth -The merchants of Sofala paid for Indian cotton cloth with African gold.
According to Katib Chelebi, during the reign of Sultan Murad IV, what was the punishment for smoking?
Death -Even the execution of smokers, however, failed to slow the growing popularity of smoking.
Which of these adjectives might the duc de Saint-Simon have applied to Louis XIV?
Dignified -Over and over, Saint-Simon emphasized Louis XIV's natural and awe-inspiring dignity.
What actions most concerned theists?
Doing good in the world -According to Voltaire, theists were most concerned with doing good in the world and helping those most in need.
According to John Locke, what is the principal defect of the state of nature?
Each person's rights are in constant danger of being violated by every other person -Locke described each person as having absolute freedom in the state of nature. However, without government, that freedom is "very unsafe, very unsecure."
According to Katib Chelebi, which European country was the first to import tobacco?
England -Katib Chelebi described tobacco as first being imported to England, then spreading to France, and then to the rest of Europe.
In the image of King Alvaro I and the Dutch ambassadors, what item of clothing reveals the influence of European material culture on the king and his court?
European-style boots -While the king and his court are largely attired in African clothes, their fashionable European boots are prominently featured in the image.
In Equiano's view, in whose interest was it to abolish the slave trade?
Everybody's -Equiano argued that material benefits would accrue to all parties involved if the slave trade was abolished
How did Lamu become a wealthy town?
From the East African slave trade -Lamu became wealthy from the East African slave trade.
Besides Arab and African influences, which of these European countries influenced Lamu?
Germany -Besides Arab and African influences, Portugal, Germany, and Great Britain also influenced Lamu at various points in time.
Besides slaves, what other goods were exported from the Asante state to Europe?
Gold and ivory -Besides slaves, the main exports from the Asante state to Europe were gold and ivory.
How did Equiano become a free man?
He bought his own freedom. -Equiano was sold to a Philadelphia Quaker who paid him to work as a clerk and a longshoreman, and Equiano was eventually able to save enough money to buy his freedom.
How did Louis XIV choose his ministers?
He chose ministers who were ignorant. -According to Saint-Simon, Louis XIV chose ministers who were ignorant because he did not wish them to be superior to him and "wished to reign by himself."
How did Akbar respond to the Jesuits' complaints about the presence of male prostitutes?
He laughed off their complaints. -Akbar laughed off their complaints. His response suggests both a willingness to tolerate the Jesuits and an inclination not to take their views too seriously.
How did Louis XIV react to Hyacinthe Rigaud's portrait of him?
He loved it and made many copies. -Louis XIV loved the portrait and had many copies of it made.
How did Suleiman flout Ottoman dynastic tradition in regard to Hürrem?
He made Hürrem his legal wife. -By making Hürrem his legal wife, after she had initially been his slave concubine, Suleiman flouted Ottoman dynastic tradition.
Which of the following was a way Peter the Great came to his knowledge of shipbuilding, according to Deane?
He observed shipbuilding methods while abroad -Deane speculated about the origins of Peter the Great's knowledge of shipbuilding: "One may, methinks, call her an Abstract of his own private Observations whilst Abroad, strengthened by Your Lordship's Improving Discourses to him on that Subject, and his own extraordinary Notion of Sailing."
How did Bacon plan on studying life and death?
He planned to study variables that might affect life span. -Part of what Bacon planned on doing in his investigation into life and death was to study various variables that might affect people's life spans, such as the country they were from, their parentage, or their diet and exercise.
How did Jean Chardin characterize the nature of the shah's rule?
He said he was a just and good ruler. - Jean Chardin said the shah "was a just and equitable prince, and all his endeavors had this one tendency, to render the kingdom flourishing and his people happy."
In Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's play, when the sultan asks Nathan whether the true religion is Islam, Christianity, or Judaism, how does Nathan respond?
He says that he cannot distinguish between them. -Nathan tells the sultan that he cannot distinguish between the three faiths.
How did Louis XIV believe a king should wield power?
He should be persuasive rather than coercive. -Louis XIV noted that a king should wield power persuasively rather than coercively as much as he possibly could.
According to Father Monserrate, what was Akbar's general attitude toward the Jesuits?
He showed them favor and kindness. -According to Father Monserrate, Akbar showed "kindness and favor" to the Jesuits even when they made various complaints about practices in his kingdom.
Which of the following was a charge laid against the former king, King James II?
He tried to subvert Protestantism. -One of the charges laid against King James II was that he tried to subvert Protestantism.
According to Saint-Simon, which of these could be said of Louis XIV?
He was an organized and self-disciplined person. -Louis had a tight schedule from which he never varied.
According to his account, how did Equiano first become a slave?
He was kidnapped from his home as a child -According to his account, Equiano was kidnapped from his home as a child along with his sister and sold into slavery.
When Olaudah Equiano was first brought on board a slave ship, what did he assume would happen next?
He would be eaten by the ship's European crew. -Equiano was convinced that the crew was made up of cannibals who meant to cook and eat him.
Which of the following describes the public reception of Equiano's autobiography?
His autobiography became very influential. -The autobiography proved very influential, and abolitionists invited Equiano to speak throughout England.
What did Father Joachim Bouvet admire in the Kangxi emperor?
His intelligence -Bouvet described the Kangxi emperor as a man with a "Quick and piercing Wit, a vast Memory, and Great Understanding."
The Hapsburg Empire controlled land that was located within the borders of which state?
Holy Roman Empire
Which of these best describes Selim's letter to Ismail?
Insulting -Selim went out of his way to insult Ismail, refraining almost entirely from diplomatic courtesies.
What place and its people did Bossuet use as an example of divine right?
Israel and the Israelites -Bossuet used the example of the ancient Israelites and their story in the Bible as further evidence to support the divine right of kings.
According to Selim, where did the authority of the caliphs come from?
It came from the will of the people. -According to Selim, the authority of the caliphs came directly from God.
Which of the following might be a political purpose for the garden?
It displayed the ruler's power over his realm. -The design of the garden was meant to display the ruler's mastery over his realm.
What was the place of religion in Equiano's autobiography?
It featured prominently and positively. -In his autobiography, Equiano's Christian faith features prominently as something that helped sustain him while he was enslaved.
Which of the following was a reason coffee initially became popular in Yemen?
It helped keep people awake during long rituals. -People initially appreciated coffee for its ability to help participants stay awake during long rituals.
How did the Bill of Rights attempt to protect the power of Parliament?
It protected the freedom of speech and debates in Parliament. -The Bill of Rights protected the power of Parliament in several ways, including protecting the freedom to debate in Parliament and dictating that Parliament elections should be free.
What does the image of the Galata Observatory suggest about the role of the observatory for society in the Ottoman Empire?
It provided a space for scholars to interact. -The image indicates that the observatory served as a place for scholars to meet and discuss their work and facilitated the study of astronomy in Ottoman society.
What function did coffee drinking serve in Islamic society?
It provided an occasion for socializing. -Since the consumption of alcohol was forbidden, coffee drinking provided an occasion for socializing either in coffeehouses or in homes or palaces.
How did Kant think Prussia served as an example for other states during the Age of Enlightenment?
It showed that the Enlightenment and good public order went together. -Kant believed that the Enlightenment in Prussia showed that the Enlightenment and public order could go hand in hand.
How did Bossuet defend the pomp surrounding a king?
It simply reflected God's majesty. -Bossuet defended the pomp surrounding kings by saying that it simply reflected the majesty of God.
Which of these best characterizes King Nzinga Mbemba's letter to the king of Portugal?
It was a plea for help that revealed the weakness of King Nzinga Mbemba's position. -King Nzinga Mbemba wanted the Portuguese to change their policies, but his pleas revealed the fact that he had no leverage with which to make them do so.
What was the purpose of the site at Fatehpur-Sikri?
It was the new capital. -Mughal emperor Akbar intended to use Fatehpur-Sikri as a new capital city.
How did the Netherlands fare during the seventeenth century?
Its agriculture, trade, and urban centers thrived. -Unlike many other places in Europe during the seventeenth century, the Netherlands saw increased agricultural productivity, growing involvement in world trade, and a thriving urban culture.
According to Barbosa, why did the Portuguese take Kilwa by force?
Its king refused to submit to Portuguese authority. -Barbosa described the refusal of Kilwa's king to obey the king of Portugal as an act of arrogance.
According to al-Sadi, how did Jenne become a Muslim city?
Its sultan converted and its people then followed his example. -As was the case in many parts of West Africa, conversion to Islam began with Jenne's political elite.
In what way did the Hapsburg Empire differ from the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century?
Its territory was more fragmented.
Which of these did the merchants of Sofala export to northwest India?
Ivory -The merchants of Sofala exported animal products to India, including ivory and ambergris.
How did Immanuel Kant explain the failure of the vast majority of people to achieve enlightenment as he defined it?
Laziness and cowardice -In Kant's view, most people choose to remain intellectual "minors" their whole lives as a consequence of laziness and cowardice.
What sources have historians used to learn about salons?
Letters and memoirs of salonnières and their guests -Though salons did not keep formal records, historians have learned about them from letters and memoirs written by salonnières and their guests.
How did Saint-Simon characterize Louis XIV's childhood?
Louis's education was neglected. -Saint-Simon described Louis XIV's childhood as less than ideal: little attention was paid to Louis, and his early education was seriously neglected.
According to Barbosa, which of these cities had the best relationship with Portugal?
Malindi -According to Barbosa, the king and people of Malindi "ever were and are friends of the King of Portugal, and the Portuguese always find in them great comfort and friendship and perfect peace."
Which of the following matches Kant's definition of enlightenment?
Man's emergence from self-imposed nonage -Kant defined enlightenment as "man's emergence from his self-imposed nonage," by which he meant that people were enlightened once they were able to use their own reason freely.
What did the geometric layout of a garden like Babur's Bagh-i-Wafu symbolize?
Man's mastery over nature -The geometric layout of a garden like the Bagh-i-Wafu symbolized man's mastery over nature. In such a garden, nature was visibly constrained by the rational mind of man.
Qizilbash
Nomadic Turkish Sufis who supplied the early Safavid state with military troops in exchange for grazing rights.
According to the narrator, what did the Europeans have that the Tahitians needed?
Nothing -The narrator argued that the Tahitians had everything they needed and, therefore, had no reason to adopt European habits and practices.
How was Equiano able to become educated as a slave?
One family that owned him gave him the rudiments of an education. -At one point during his enslavement, a kind family purchased Equiano and gave him the rudiments of an education.
What was the prime aim of men in uniting together into commonwealths and putting themselves under government, according to Locke?
Protecting and preserving their property -Locke notes, "The great and chief end, therefore, of men's uniting into commonwealths, and putting themselves under government, is the preservation of their property."
Which European state gained control over the Polish city of Warsaw?
Prussia
Which of these did the Bill of Rights forbid kings to do?
Raise a standing army without the consent of Parliament -With memories of the English Civil War still fresh, the Bill of Rights prohibited kings from raising a standing army without the consent of Parliament.
Ulama
Religious scholars who interpret the Qur'an and the Sunna, the deeds and sayings of Muhammad.
On which of these did the narrator place the highest value?
Rest -The narrator thought it was foolish to work more than was necessary to meet one's needs, "because in our eyes nothing is better than rest."
Which of the following matches Bossuet's description of the relationship between the ruler and God?
Rulers were God's lieutenants. -Bossuet said that rulers were like God's lieutenants on earth, his seconds-in-command.
Which of the following matches Saint-Simon's general opinion of Louis XIV's disposition?
Saint-Simon believed Louis XIV was good and just. -Though he critiqued several aspects of Louis XIV's rule, Saint-Simon concluded by saying that Louis XIV was "by disposition good and just" as well as "prudent, moderate, discreet, master of his movements and his tongue."
Based on Leo Africanus's account, which of these should a trader consider bringing to Timbuktu to sell?
Salt -Leo Africanus noted the scarcity of salt in Timbuktu and the high prices it consequently fetched.
Which of the following projects did Hürrem undertake with her stipend from Suleiman?
She built a hospice for pilgrims in Jerusalem. -Suleiman gave Hürrem a very generous stipend, which she used on a number of different projects, including building a hospice for pilgrims in Jerusalem.
What happened to Glückel after her husband's death?
She continued to be very successful in business ventures. -After the death of her husband, Glückel was very successful; she launched her sons in careers and provided dowries for her daughters.
Why was Hürrem's presence in the capital so important during Suleiman's absences?
She could keep an eye out for threats against his authority. -Hürrem's presence was vital because she acted as Suleiman's eyes and ears for potential threats, as many people during this time believed that the sultan's absence from the capital endangered his hold on the throne.
Which of the following of Nūr-Jahān Begam's actions impressed Jahangir?
She killed four tigers on their hunting trip. -Jahangir was very impressed when his wife Nūr-Jahān Begam killed four tigers with six shots.
What was significant about Rebecca's ordination as a deaconess in the Moravian Church?
She may have been one of the first women of color to be ordained. -When she was ordained as a deaconness in the Moravian Church, Rebecca may have been one of the first women of color to be ordained in the Western Christian Church.
Which of the following describes Glückel's style of writing?
She used many scriptural references. - Glückel's writing relied heavily on the Bible and was sprinkled with scriptural references, testifying to her familiarity with the Scriptures.
What was the main purpose of Catherine's decree on peasant disturbances?
She wanted to protect landlords and their estates. -The main purpose of Catherine's decree on peasant disturbances was to protect landlords and their estates and to ensure the peasants obeyed their landlords.
How did Hürrem first come to meet Suleiman?
She was given to him as a gift. -After being captured and enslaved by Tartars, Hürrem was given as a gift to Suleiman on the occasion of his accession to the throne.
Under what conditions did Falconbridge indicate she would support abolition of the slave trade?
She would support abolition once Africans learned more humane and Christian ways -Falconbridge indicated she would support the abolition of the slave trade once Africans learned more humane and Christian ways and became free of "innate prejudices, ignorance, superstition, and savageness."
How did Katib Chelebi explain the surgeon of the Palace's decision to abandon his efforts to suppress smoking?
Since smoking is addictive, smokers refused to comply with the surgeon's orders. -Faced with a growing number of determined smokers, the surgeon simply gave up.
How did Falconbridge relate slavery to morality and religion?
Slavery did not violate any moral or religious laws. -Falconbridge stated that she believed slavery did not violate any religious or moral laws.
With which of the following statements would Katib Chelebi have been most likely to agree?
Smoking is bad for your health. -Katib Chelebi was very clear on the negative effects of smoking on health. In his view, smoking polluted the "essence of air breathed by people," which led to illness.
Why did Glückel decide to write her memoir?
So that her children would have a record of the family -Glückel wrote her memoir to provide her children with a record of the family "so you will know from what sort of people you have sprung, lest today or tomorrow your beloved children or grandchildren came and know naught of their family."
Which of the following is an interpretation of absolutism by historians studying the seventeenth century?
State power grew immensely during the century. -Many scholars have emphasized the growth of state power in this period, especially under Louis XIV of France, while others have questioned whether such a thing as "absolutism" ever existed.
According to Saint-Simon, which of these was one of Louis XIV's most damaging character flaws?
Susceptibility to flattery -According to Saint-Simon, one of Louis XIV's most damaging character flaws was his susceptibility to flattery. Saint-Simon noted that Louis's "unmeasured and unreasonable love of admiration" made him the pawn of the men and women who surrounded him at court.
According to Voltaire, which of these does the theist know for certain?
That God exists -According to Voltaire, the theist knows for certain that God exists; he states that the religion of the theist consists of the "simple adoration of a God."
What does the image suggest about the Mughals' knowledge of architecture and engineering?
The Mughals were knowledgeable architects and engineers. -The details of the buildings and the workers suggest that the Mughals had immense knowledge of architecture and engineering.
According to Deane, which countries were central in helping Peter the Great build his navy?
The Netherlands and Denmark -Deane noted that the ships were built mainly by the Dutch and the Danish.
Which of the following was a reason the seventeeth century was difficult for many Europeans?
The Thirty Years' War -During the seventeenth century much of Europe was gripped by economic, social, and political crisis, including a long period of cold, wet weather that destroyed crops and religious divides that contributed to the outbreak of the highly destructive Thirty Years' War.
Divine Right of Kings
The belief propagated by absolutist monarchs in Europe that they derived their power from God and were only answerable to him. (Ch. 18)
Which of the following matches Equiano's description of the voyage across the sea to the Americas in a slave ship?
The conditions were terrible and many slaves died. -Equiano describes a miserable voyage to the Americas, with overcrowding, the spread of sickness among the slaves, and many slaves dying.
Which of the following matches Voltaire's description of the divine?
The divine was good and powerful and rewarded goodness with kindness. -Voltaire described the divine as "good and powerful, who has formed all extended, vegetating, sentient, and reflecting existences; who perpetuates their species, who punishes crimes without cruelty, and rewards virtuous actions with kindness."
Safavid
The dynasty that ruled all of Persia and other regions from 1501 to 1722; its state religion was Shi'ism
Moral Economy
The early modern European view that community needs predominated over competition and profit and that necessary goods should thus be sold at a fair price
How did Rebecca learn to read and write?
The family who bought her taught her. -The Dutch family that purchased her as a slave also taught her to read, write, and speak Dutch.
Which of the following describes the homes of Arab traders in Lamu?
The homes had running water and indoor plumbing. -The homes of the Arab traders had running water and indoor plumbing three hundred or more years ago.
The image of the Galata Observatory provides evidence of which of the following?
The importance of careful observation and calculation in Ottoman astronomy -The image of the Galata Observatory provides evidence of the importance of careful observation and calculation in Ottoman astronomy: the scene is filled with scientific instruments, scholars taking careful notes, and astronomers consulting one another on their observations.
Bosman's account of the slave trade at Fida reveals which of the following?
The involvement of African elites in the trade -The Dutch had to work with African elites and could not begin to trade on their own until they had purchased slaves from the king.
In Jahangir's view, who, in the final analysis, is responsible for the actions of government in a given kingdom?
The king
In Louis XIV's view, who should make the final decision about matters of state?
The king -While Louis valued good advice, he believed it was up to the king to "choose what must be actually done."
In the image, the line of enslaved Africans that stretches into the far distance and blurs as it recedes communicates what aspect of African slavery?
The large scope of slavery -The line of enslaved Africans that stretches into the far distance and blurs as it recedes communicates the large scope and long reach of African slavery: millions of Africans were enslaved and transported to the Americas.
Sepoys
The native Indian troops who were trained as infantrymen.
Which of these aspects of the Atlantic slave trade was highlighted in the painting?
The participation of Africans in the trade -The painting highlights the role played by Africans in the capture and transport of enslaved peoples, including little direct evidence of European involvement in the trade.
Which of the following factors allowed for the construction of the observatory?
The patronage of the Ottoman sultan -As with other Middle Eastern, Indian, and Chinese rulers, Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent took considerable interest in the sciences and funded the building of the Galata Observatory.
What does the position of the Dutch ambassadors in relation to the king and his court indicate about the country of Kongo and its relation to Europeans?
The power and influence of Kongo during this time -The position of the Dutch ambassadors in relation to the king of Kongo and his court indicates the power and influence of Kongo during this time.
Catherine's decree of January 17, 1765, provided for which of the following?
The punishment by the state of disobedient serfs -Catherine's decree provided for the punishment by the state of disobedient serfs. Under her decree, the state agreed to employ disobedient serfs at hard labor in Siberia "for as long as their estate owners wish."
According to the narrator, what principles guided Tahitian society?
The pure instincts of nature -Diderot saw the Tahitians as "noble savages," as people who were unspoiled by civilization and who lived by the "pure instincts of nature."
Which of these is suggested by Jahangir's plans for the road between Lahore and Agra?
The road saw considerable commercial traffic. -Jahangir's plans to plant trees, add resting places, and build reservoirs suggest that the road was a busy one and that such amenities would be good for commerce.
Ottomans
The ruling house of the Turkish empire that lasted from 1299 to 1922.
How did Selim describe the actions of the shah of Persia toward Islam?
The shah had little respect for Islam. -Selim described the shah's complete disrespect for Islam in a long list of complaints, noting that the shah showed little regard for Islam's laws or religious leaders.
What event forced Christian Armenians to move in 1603?
The shah of Persia captured much of Armenia. -In 1603 Shah Abbas of Persia captured much of Armenia from the Ottomans, and many Christian Armenians were forced to move.
According to the image, what was the makeup of the captives sold into slavery?
The slaves included men, women, and children. -The image indicates that slaves included men as well as women and young children.
What event did Voltaire describe in his Treatise on Toleration?
The trial of a Protestant man for killing his son
In Louis XIV's view, who should kings consult for advice about matters of state?
The wisest men in the land -Louis believed it was important to make decisions in consultation with the "most enlightened, reasonable and wise" among his subjects.
In Postlethwayt's view, how were the lives of Africans changed by their enslavement and transport to the Americas?
Their lives were made much better.
Why did the Estates of Burgundy say they could not pay more taxes?
Their province had experienced agricultural problems in recent years. -The Estates of Burgundy claimed they were too poor to pay the full taxes demanded by the king due to "the great levies it has suffered, the sterility [of the land] in recent years, and the disorders that have recently occurred."
According to the document, why had the British decided to end the slave trade?
They abolished it because of humanitarian reasons. -The document indicates that the British decided to end the slave trade for humanitarian reasons.
Based on these two documents by Saint-Simon and Bouvet, which of these might be said of both Louis XIV and the Kangxi emperor?
They both devoted all of their energies to government. -Both documents paint a picture of a leader who takes his position seriously.
What did the Dutch do to distinguish the slaves they had purchased from those purchased by other buyers?
They branded them on the chest. -As soon as the Dutch had agreed to purchase a given slave, he or she was branded with a "burning iron."
According to Leo Africanus, what contribution did Spanish Muslims make to Timbuktu?
They built its princely palace. -According to Leo Africanus, the city's princely palace was built by experts from Granada, a Muslim state in southern Spain.
How were Jews treated during Glückel's lifetime?
They faced constant harrassment. -Glückel documented the constant harassment to which Jews were subjected.
What kind of welcome had the Christian Armenians given to the shah of Persia upon his arrival in the town of Julfa?
They gave him the welcome of a king. -The Armenian historian Arakel of Tabriz described how the people of Julfa welcomed the shah of Persia as a king before he decided to force the deportation of Christian Armenians.
Why had the peasants become disobedient to their masters, according to Catherine?
They had been deluded by dishonest people. -Catherine believed that the peasants had been deluded into disobeying their masters "by false rumors spread by unscrupulous people."
How did the salons relate to the Enlightenment?
They helped spread Enlightenment ideas. -Salons served as important centers to help spread the new ideas of the Enlightenment.
How did those of other religions react to theists, in Voltaire's estimation?
They insisted theists must participate in certain religious rituals. -Voltaire said that those of other religions—such as Christians or Muslims—warned theists about various religious practices or rituals they must partake in, while the theists concerned themselves with more important matters.
How did Jahangir's edicts deal with the needs of ordinary people in his kingdom?
They protected the safety of ordinary people. -Several of Jahangir's edicts deal with the safety of ordinary people, whether from robbers on the main roads or from harsh punishment from the king or his officials.
How did Osei Bonsu use the Muslims as an example in his argument?
They showed moral behavior toward slaves. -Osei Bonsu used the Muslims as an example of moral behavior toward slaves in order to argue that slavery was not necessarily a bad thing.
What did the Jesuits want the king to do with the male prostitutes they complained about?
They wanted him to banish or execute the male prostitutes. -The Jesuits were shocked by the presence of male prostitutes in the kingdom and recommended that the king banish them or execute them.
Which of the following matches Falconbridge's description of the slave masters?
They were Christian and treated their slaves well. -Falconbridge described the slave masters as Christian and willing to treat their slaves kindly to avoid damaging or destroying their own property.
Which of the following matches John Fryer's description of the Armenian people?
They were hard-working and industrious. -John Fryer described the Armenian people as hard-working and industrious, which made them very wealthy.
What were the Moravians' first impressions of Rebecca?
They were impressed by her piety. -The Moravians were very impressed by Rebecca's piety and her potential to assist their work.
According to Bosman, how did most of the people the Dutch purchased become slaves?
They were prisoners of war -Most slaves were prisoners of war. Thus, warfare fueled the slave trade, and the slave trade fueled warfare.
What was the purpose of salons?
They were social gatherings to discuss a variety of topics. -Salons were social gatherings hosted by women for discussion of the latest literary publications, theatrical performances, and scientific discoveries.
What was the role of state leaders in the Age of Enlightenment?
They were to support freedom in religious thought as well as in the arts and sciences. -Kant believed that state leaders should support their people's freedom in religious thought as well as in the arts and sciences.
According to Postlethwayt, what happened to most African prisoners of war prior to the advent of the African slave trade?
They were tortured and killed. -Postlethwayt supported his proslavery argument with the absurd claim that African kings engaged in large-scale human sacrifice.
According to Iskandar Munshi, how did the Armenians feel about their deportation?
They were very happy. -Iskandar Munshi stated that the Armenians were so happy with their new homes that they forgot about their old ones.
Which of the following set the slave traders apart from their captives, according to the painting?
They wore different clothing and possessed weaponry like firearms. -The slave traders were set apart from their captives by their garb as well as their weapons, including firearms.
How did the foreign envoys interact with one another?
They worked and socialized together. -In addition to working together on projects for the tsar, the foreign envoys socialized together. Deane noted: "There were all the envoys, and as near as I could guess 200 gentlemen, English, French, and Dutch, and about as many ladies; each day were dancing and musick."
Which prejudices did Moses Mendelssohn think should be opposed by all men?
Those that threatened the happiness of the human race -Mendelssohn argued that prejudices that were "directly contrary to the happiness of the human race" should be opposed by all.
What was the purpose of Jahangir's Chain of Justice?
To allow the oppressed to alert Jahangir of any injustice -The purpose of the Chain of Justice was to allow the oppressed to alert Jahangir of any injustice. According to Jahangir, he ordered the chain installed "so that if those engaged in the administration of justice should delay or practice hypocrisy in the matter of those seeking justice, the oppressed might come to this chain and shake it so that its noise might attract attention."
Why did Hürrem send the shah of Persia gold-embroidered sheets and shirts?
To display the wealth of the sultanate -Hürrem wanted to display the wealth of the sultanate and help keep peace between the two empires.
In the narrator's view, what were the objectives of Bougainville and his men?
To enslave the Tahitians and to steal their land -Despite European claims to the contrary, the narrator argued that the Europeans were motivated by nothing more than greed.
Which of the following did Locke claim was a responsibility of the government?
To govern by established laws -Locke said that the government formed by the people should govern by established standing laws to ensure the "peace, safety, and public good of the people."
Which of the following is a justification Bacon gave for his investigation of life and death?
To help doctors be better instruments of God and invite his favor -Bacon justified his studies by saying that he wanted to help doctors be better instruments of God's power and invite God's favor by taking care of human bodies.
Why did the tsar station soldiers at Voronize with the newly built ships?
To protect the ships from the Tartars -The tsar stationed 30,000 soldiers at Voronize to protect the ships from attacks by the Tartars.
What was the purpose of Deane's letter to the marquess?
To report on the tsar's' navy -Deane wrote the letter to the marquess to give an account of Peter the Great's new navy.
Why did the creators of the garden include channels that served as artificial streams?
To represent the rivers of Paradise -The artificial streams were meant to represent the rivers Muslims believed flowed through Paradise.
Why did Rebecca's first husband purchase a plantation and slaves?
To serve as headquarters for the couple's missionary work -Her husband bought a plantation, with slaves, to serve as the headquarters of the couple's mission work and to help spread Christianity to the slaves.
Why did the colonial officer drive his car along the island road each day?
To show the British imperial presence -The colonial officer would drive his car, the only car on the island, from one end of the harbor to the other in a grand display of the British imperial presence.
What was Peter the Great's stated reason for hiring Gottfried Leibniz?
To stimulate study of the sciences and arts in Russia -in his decree announcing Leibniz's appointment, Peter made particular mention of the help he hoped Leibniz would provide in "the development of mathematics and of other arts, in historical research, and in the growth of learning in general, . . . so that sciences and arts may flourish more and more in our realm."
Which of the following is a reason Selim gave for taking up arms against the shah of Persia?
To strengthen Islam -One reason Selim gave for taking up arms against the shah of Persia was to strengthen Islam; the other was to liberate lands and peoples under the shah's rule.
Leo Africanus's account suggests that Timbuktu's prosperity was built on which of the following?
Trade -Leo Africanus described a city of rich merchants at the center of a dense trade network.
Janissaries
Turkish for "recruits"; they formed the elite army corps.
Who helped fund the work of the genre painters?
Wealthy urban merchants -Genre paintings were often commissioned by wealthy bourgeois merchants and other urban elites.
Most of the Fulani people lived north of what geographic feature?
West African forest line
When was a king allowed to raise taxes, according to the Bill of Rights?
When he had the permission of Parliament -The king could raise taxes only when he had the permission of Parliament.
According to Anna Maria Falconbridge, how were enslaved Africans treated aboard slave ships?
With "the utmost kindness and care" -Falconbridge stated that enslaved Africans were treated aboard slave ships with "the utmost kindness and care." Not only did she claim that the slaves were treated well, but she also claimed that the slaves themselves were pleased with their treatment and their circumstances.
According to Jacques-Benigne Bossuet, how should kings use their power?
With fear and self-restraint -Bossuet believed kings should use their power with fear and self-restraint. He reminded them that their power is "a thing coming from God and of which God will demand an account." It is not, therefore, to be used for personal gain or to satisfy personal whims.
What Brahmin practice particularly shocked the Jesuit missionaries?
Wives' burning themselves on their husbands' funeral pyres -The Jesuits were appalled at the tradition of the wives of Brahmins' burning themselves on their husband's funeral pyres.
How did the authorities react to Rebecca and her husband's religious work?
hey feared it would cause the slaves to rebel. -The authorities feared that baptized and literate slaves would agitate for freedom and briefly imprisoned Rebecca and her husband.
According to Kant, what was required for enlightenment to take place in the public?
only freedom -According to Kant, "This enlightenment requires nothing but freedom—and the most innocent of all that may be called "freedom": freedom to make public use of one's reason in all matters."