Hist10 Midterm2

Roman Republic

o Rome felt threatened - Overthrew monarchy, Roman nobles eager to establish a republican government - The chief executive officers were the consuls and praetors o Two consuls, chosen annually, administered the government and led the Roman army into battle o The praetor was in charge of civil law, but he could also lead armies and govern Rome when the consuls were away from the city o They added another praetor to judge cases on which one or both people were noncitizens - Administrative officials who handled specialized duties, such as the administration of financial affairs and supervision of the public games of Rome o The most important assembly was the centuriate assembly This assembly elected the chief magistrates and passed laws It was made up of the wealthiest citizens - Three major elements of the Roman Republic: o Two consuls and later other elected officials served as magistrates and ran the state. An assembly of adult males (the centuriate assembly), controlled by the wealthiest citizens, elected these officials, while the senate, a small group of large landowners, advised them. Thus the Roman state was an aristocratic republic controlled by a relatively small group of privileged people - Division between two groups o The patricians constituted an aristocratic governing class. Only they could be consuls, magistrates, and senators. They controlled the centuriate assembly. o The plebeians constituted less wealthy landholders, artisans, merchants, and small farmer They were citizens but didn't have the same rights as the patricians o Both could vote, but only patricians would be elected to governmental offices o Intermarriage between patricians and plebeians were forbidden - The council of plebs, a popular assembly for plebeians only, was created in 471 BCE o New officials, known as tribunes of the plebs, were given the power to protect plebeians against arrest between patricians and plebeians Plebeians later were permitted to become consuls o Later the council of the plebs received the right to pass laws for all Romans - Result of intermarriage, patrician and plebeian families formed a new senatorial aristocracy that dominated the political offices o The Roman Republic did not become a democracy

Spartacus

- A Roman Legionnaire - From Thrace - Enslaved to become a gladiator - Led a revolt - 70,000 slaves involved - Defeated several armies - Third Servile War (Servile means servant) - Trapped and died - 6,000 followers crucified

L. Cornelius Sulla

- He was the general to take advantage of the new military system that Marius had created - The senate had given him command of a war in Asia Minor, but when the council of the plebs tried to transfer command of this war to Maris, a civil war broke out - He won the civil war and seized Rome in 82 BCE, conducting a reign of terror to wipe out all opposition - He restored power to the hands of the senate and eliminated most of the powers of the popular assemblies

Porus

- He was the king of India during the time of 329 BC - He ruled Northwestern India (Pauravas) - Alexander the Great invaded India and fought against his kingdom and won - Alexander made him king of his kingdom - a vassel

Nika Revolt

- A major rebellion broke out against Justinian o A brawl in a chariot race broke out between the blue and the green clubs, which quickly turned into a full blown riot o Justinian has the leaders of the blue and green clubs arrested and executed - Two of the leaders from the blue and green team clubs escaped (1 green, 1 blue) o They fled to the church, seeking asylum - Another chariot race was scheduled before the green and blue teams were arrested - The supporters of the blue and green teams called out to Justinian saying "please spare our leaders" but Justinian says no o It was this refusal that sparked this Revolt - People already hated Justinian for taxes, so this was the last straw o Revolts in Hippodrome and in Constantinople - Suddenly Justinian is facing a full blown revolt in Constantinople - The revolt is so bad that Justinian believes all is lost o He is ready to leave until Theodora convinces him to stay. He lets his army loose and they massacre the people.

Epigoni Wars'

- A war that lasted 45 years (321-276 BC) o People fought over Alexander's kingdom - As a result, 4 Hellenistic Kingdoms were created - After Alexander's death, he left behind Greek language, art, architecture, and literature - Alexander's legacy included one basic characteristics of the Hellenistic world: the clash and fusion of different cultures

Han

- After fall of Qin dynasty emerged one of the greatest and most durable dynasties in Chinese history - Founder was Liu Bang, (former peasant) known as imperial title of Han Gaozu or Exalted Emperor of Han - Quickly controlled the empire and promoted the welfare of its subject - Made Confucianism a new state philosophy - Never restrained the great aristocratic families, who had a dominant role in political and economic affairs o Failure to curb the power of the wealthy clans was a major factor in the fall of the dynasty - These rulers contributed to their own problems by adopting fiscal policies that gave more land to the wealthy.

Selecus I

- Alexander's general, Created Selecus hellenistic kingdom - Invades India - Northern India had been unified by the Mauryan empire - He was unable to conquer any Indian territory - Renounced all claims of territory ties in India once controlled by Alexander - Forced to give territories to Chandragupta outside of India o First time ever, India conquered territories beyond the borders of India

Julio-Claudians

- Augustus established the _________________ dynasty; the next four successors of Augustus were related either to his own family or that of his wife, Livia - Successors of Augustus acted as real rulers and corrupt acts increased o Nero freely eliminated people he wanted out of his way, including his own mother. o The Roman legions revolted and he committed suicide

Hydaspes River

- Battle between Alexander and King Porus (king of India) in 329 BC Alexander and his armies arrived in the plains of northwestern India Alexander faces strong opponent King Porus Alex defeats Porus and makes him his vassel

BattleofActium

- Battle in Greece - Augustus's forces smashed the army and navy of Antonius and Cleopatra

Issus

- Battle of _________ (333) - Although the Persian troop outnumbered Alexander's Macedonian army, this battle was fought in a narrow field between a sea and mountains o The Persian army could not spread out, therefore the Macedonians won - Alexander broke the Macedonians line of defense since he had to go straight into them o He tried to go straight into Darius because he believed killing the king of Persia would make their army fall - Darius fled after seeing Alexander coming towards him o He left his wife, mother, daughters, and mistresses

Gaugamela

- Battle of _________________ (331) - Alexander charged at Darius once more, and Darius fled the scene - By default, Alexander wins - It was a decisive battle - It was after this battle that Darius is killed by his own men

Confucius

- Born in Lu, China. - Founded Confucianism - He believed that human beings could act harmoniously in accordance with its purposes, their own affairs would prosper - Concerned with human behavior - Key to proper behavior was to behave in accordance with Dao (the Way) o All human beings had their own Dao, depending on their individual role in life, and it was their duty to follow it o Dao is like dharma in ancient India and has role in governing the affairs of society - Two elements in the Confucian interpretation of the Dao are particularly worthy of mention: o Concept of duty Responsibility of all individuals to subordinate their own interests and aspirations to the broader need of the family and the community o Idea of Humanity Having a sense of compassion and empathy towards others • "Do not do unto others what you would not wish done to yourself"

Chandragupta Maurya

- Born in Maghada, India - At 20 years old, he led a rebellion against the king of Maghada, and failed so he fled across India o Found refuge with King Porus, king of Northwestern India - He formed the Mauryan Empire during the Epigoni Wars b/c the soldiers in India left to fight war in west o Greatest empire in Indian history o Many subcontinents were under one government - Maurya's government was highly centralized and tyrannical - He possessed a large army and a secret police responsible for his orders because he was afraid of assassination o To guard against corruption, a board of censors was empowered to investigate cases of incompetence within the bureaucracy - His empire was divided into provinces that were ruled by governors o Most of these governors were appointed by and reported to the ruler, but later became heredity o The provinces themselves were divided into districts, each under a chief magistrate appointed by the governor - The Mauryan had an army of 700,000 soldiers and 7,000 war elephants

M. Antonius

- He was Caesar's second in command - Seized Western Roman Empire with Octavius - Wins with Octavius at Battle of Philippi - Octavius controlled west and he took charge of the east o Falls in love with Cleopatra and has 3 children - When he dies all those lands he controlled in the east will go to his children by Cleopatra - Unacceptable to the Romans b/c he is giving land to foreigners - Loses Battle of Actium against Octavius - Commits suicide with Cleopatra in Egypt

Darius III

- He was king of Persia from 336-330 BC - When Alexander invades Persia, he makes the mistake of sending his satraps (local governors) to battle Alexander o With less resources, his satraps were defeated by Alexander - Battle of Granicus (334) - Battle of Issus (333) - Battle of Gaugamela (331) o He fled the Battle of Issus and the Battle of Gaugamela - He eventually died from being killed by his own men

Muhammad

- Born in Mecca, Arabia about 570 AD - Father died before he was born and his mother died shortly after he was born and was raised by his uncle (huge impact later on) His uncle was in the caravan business. Uncle moved goods and people around Arabia and possibly beyond - When he was old enough, he joined the caravan business and traveled around and beyond Arabia - This allowed him to be around many different people and cultures - It was through the caravan business that he met his wife o She was a very wealthy widow She was so wealthy that he was able to retire about the time he was 25 years old - He liked to go outside the city of Mecca and camp on the dessert - He had a very important religious experience in the dessert o He was visited by the angel Gabriel o Gabriel told him that he was chosen by God to make a new and improved religion - He went back and forth between Mecca and the dessert o In the desert the religion is further explained to him and he'd go back to Mecca and tell everyone what he had heard - Slowly, but surely, he had gained a following by people who truly believed he and been chosen by God - Unfortunately, his quick success in followers gave him trouble by the family that ran the city of Mecca - Before him, Mecca was a very important religious center - People from all over came to Mecca which gave them money o They are afraid that the lack of pilgrimage would make them lose money - The people who ran Mecca kicked him and his followers out - They fled north, from Mecca to the city of Yathrib o This is called the Hegira (the flight) o This is considered by Muslims, the first religion of Islam - After arriving to Yathrib, he and his followers quickly got the town to follow him and the new religion - He becomes the religious, political, and military leader of Yathrib - Yathrib named the city after him o Named it Medina, or "The City of the Prophet" - He and his followers conquered all of Arabia o The first time ever the Arabs have been unified o This was not just a military conquest, and all the new people will convert to the new religion

Milvian Bridge

- Bridge that tied Tiger River to outside of Rome - According to him, as he was praying, an incredible sight appeared in sky - Up in the sky appeared a huge flaming cross - On the cross, it said in this sight you will conquer - That night, he slept in his tent, visited in a dream by Jesus Christ - According to him, Jesus told him all about the religion of Christianity - All about the Christian God, why he (Jesus) is important - That he must put the sign of the cross on his men shields and banner - And to carry the cross into battle - If he did this by putting his faith in God, he would be victorious - Constantine WINS - Maxentius dies

Crusades

- Byzantine Emperor Alexius I desperately called for assistance from other Christian states - Series of Christian raids on Islamic territories brought to the Holy Land and adjacent areas on the Mediterranean coast from Anitoch to the Sinai Peninsula under Christian rule - Muslim rulers in the area were taken back by the invading crusaders, whose armored cavalry presented a new challenge to local warriors, and their response was ineffectual - Saladin, the leader of the Sunni Muslims, take down the Christian forces in the kingdom of Jerusalem - Saladin did not permit a massacre on his people so he tolerated the continuation of Christian religious services

Alexius I

- Byzantine emperor that initiated the Crusades

Battle of Pharsalus

- Caesar crosses over into Greece - The Roman army of Caesar's faced the Roman army of Pompey's and the senate's o Caesar's army won - Pompey flees to Egypt instead of going to his other 3 armies.

Asoka

- Chandragupta's grandson, ___________ the Beloved o Klled 100 of his brothers to secure his place on the throne o At an effort to expand his empire, he did not hesitate to massacre a whole population o Conquered almost all of India o Repented all the evil things he had done As a result, he converted into Buddhism and became a man of peace - For the rest of his reign, he tried to rule nicely

T. Sempronius Gracchus

- Elected as one of the 10 tribunes o From a very wealthy family o The idea was to give the poor and unemployed land to farm so they could support their families o Once they have a little bit a property, they are eligible for war (military service) o Took law directly to people before approval of Senate (never happened before). - The law passes through the people, against the wishes of the Senate - He starts to run Rome through the tribune and passes law w/o Senate - He wants to rerun. The senators did not want him reelected. - P. Cornelius Nasica was his cousin who hated him. - Nasica and senators club him to death. o First time in 400 years there's been political violence in Rome - Nasica and the senators never prosecuted because the senates were in charge of the courts - His followers were executed or exiled

Theodora

- Emperor Justinian I's wife - Born into poverty - Very intelligent and helped Justinian rule the empire o In many ways, she was his own emperor - Before Justinian could escape after a revolt in Constantinople, he is confronted by his wife - Justinian, overwhelmed by his wife's words, decided to stay and try to fight - Only people in the government that liked Justinian were his soldiers o Taxes from people, goes to his soldiers - Justinian lets his army loose in the city of Constantinople o There was a massacre and the Nika Revolt is crushed by force - Due to her, Justinian stays on the throne

M. Junius Brutus

- Formed a conspiracy with Longinus against Ceasar o He, Cassius, and other senators assassinated Caesar - Him, Cassius, and the other senators leave Rome and go to the east - Him and Cassius seize control of the eastern part of the empire - Battle of Philippi was fought o Antonius and Augustus's army won against him and Cassius's army - Him, Cassius, and the other senators are killed or committed suicide

Julius Caesar

- General, held enormous military and political power - Conquered all of Gaul and gained fame, wealth, military experience and army of loyal seasoned veterans - He marched into Italy, and defeats Pompey, completely controlling Rome o Pompey fled to Egypt, and assassinated by Ptolemys agents. o Kicks Ptolemy XIII off the throne and replaces him with his sister, Cleopatra - Cleopatra births a baby boy with _______________________, named Ptolemy Caesarion. - He won civil war and made dictator for life - Gave the land to the poor and increased senate to 900 members o Weakened Senate by filling it with his supporters. - Reformed the calendar by introducing Egyptian solar year of 365 days - Rumor said he will make himself king, Cleopatra queen, and Caesarion in charge of all of Rome (a monarchy senate did not want) o Brutus, Cassius, and other senators assassinated him - The senators, after assassinating him, run back to the senate town (still covered in his blood) tell the people that they had restored liberty o People did not like this

Hellenistic Kingdoms

- Hellenistic Kingdoms were made after battling for Alexander's kingdom - The united empire that Alexander created by his conquests fell apart after his death - 4 Hellenistic Kingdoms emerged as the successors to Alexander - Antigonus Gonatus (276 BCE) - established Antigonus dynasty as rulers of Macedonia and Greece - Ptolemy established himself as king, initiating the Ptolemy dynasty of pharaohs - Attalus I declared himself king of Pergamum in Asia Minor and established Attalus dynasty - Selecus established the Selecus dynasty of Syria (Largest Hellenistic Kingdom) o Trade between the Selecus rulers and Mauryan Empire - Hellenistic cities had Greek culture in a area of non-Greeks - Hellenistic rulers encouraged a massive spread of Greek colonists in the Middle East because of their value to the new monarchies

Adrianople

- In the Battle, the Visigoths defeated the Roman Empire - Led to fall of Rome - Showed how weak Rome really was

Vandals

- Justinian sends his army to North Africa to attack these people - He defeats them and reconquers North Africa - Germanic people who sacked Rome - They battled the Huns and the Goths

Philip II

- King of Macedonia from 336-323 BC - Father of Alexander the Great - He transformed Macedonia into the greatest power of Greece and conquered all of Greece - he wanted to unify all of Greece and lead them into battle against the Persians - In 336, he was assassinated

Milan Edict (313)

- Law of Milan - Granted religious freedom to everyone in the Roman Empire - Anyone can worship anyone they wanted - An exception had always been Christianity - Christians were persecuted back then - Granted Christian's religious freedom, first of in history - The popularity of this religion sky rockets, people start converting - Constantine never converted until on his deathbed - He did raise his three sons as Christians - When he dies and they take over, the sons become first Christian Emperors

Pax Romana

- Long period of peace o Last over two centuries - Golden Age of the Roman Empire - Period of peace and prosperity - Rome reached its greatest territorial extent - Best period of Roman history - Ended in 180 AD due to the period of anarchy - Many historians regard the _________________ (The Roman Peace) and prosperity it engendered as the chief benefits of Roman rule during the first and second centuries CE o These benefits were noticeably during the reigns of the five so-called good emperors These rulers treated the ruling classes with respect, maintained peace in the empire, and supported generally beneficial domestic policies Though absolute monarchs, they were known for their tolerance and diplomacy By adopting capable men as their sons and successors, the first four of these emperors reduced the changes of succession problems

Ummayyads

- Mu'awiya made this first ruling dynasty, heredity to his own family o The new caliphate, with its capital at Damacus, ramined in power for nearly a century - This rule created resentment in Mesopotamia and North Africa - Have contributed to their own demise by their decadent behavior o One caliph allegedly swam in a pool of wine and then imbibed enough of the contents to the lower level significantly o A revolt led by Abu al-Abbas, a descendant of Muhammad's uncle, led to the overthrow of the this dynasty and the establishment of the Abbasid dynasty

Muawiya vs. Ali

- Muslims first civil war o Between Muawiya and ______ - Both wanted to be caliph - ____ supporters believed only someone with Muhamad's blood should be caliph - ____ was assassinated and Mu'awiya, the governor of Syria and one of Ali's chief rivals, replaced him in office - Mu'awiya made the caliphate in his own family, called the Umayyads, a branch of the Quraishi clan - The new caliphate, with its capital at Damascus remained in power for nearly a century

Diocletian

- New emperor (284-305) - He was a strong emperor o The empire was transformed into a new state, the so-called Late Empire, distinguished by a new governmental structure, a rigid economic and social system, and a new state religion - Christianity o Extended imperial control by strengthening and expanding the administrative bureaucracies of the roman Empire - He survived once on the throne - Ruled for 21 years - He worked incredibly hard to restore Roman Empire - He restored peace, stopped the civil war and invasions - In 305, ______________ does something no other emperor has ever done - he retired o He voluntarily gave up absolute power - There was a brief civil war after his retirement o A bunch of Roman generals fought to take his place

Livy

- One of the chief ancient sources for the history of the early Roman republic - Provided a detailed narrative of roman efforts - Many of his stories were legendary in character - Used his stories to teach Romans the moral values and virtues that had made Rome great: tenacity, duty, courage, discipline

Franks

- One of the most prominent German states on the European continent - Clovis, a member of the Merovingian dynasty, established the kingdom. - By 510, Clovis had established this powerful kingdom stretching from the Pyrenees in the west to the German lands in the east - Germanic tribe - Some of them raided Roman territory, some joined the Roman troops of Gaul

Theodosius I (391)

- The last emperor to rule both western and eastern Rome - Proclaimed Christianity to be the only religion in the empire - All over religions were outlawed - All other religions were outlawed and persecuted - Christianity exported all around the world, became the first major world religion

M. Aurelius

- The last good emperor - During his reign, natural catastrophes struck Rome - New problems arose soon after his death (invasion plague civil war) almost caused an economic collapse for Rome.

Romulus Augustulus

- The last west Roman Emperor was deposed o His name was ___________________________

Justinian I

- The most famous Byzantine emperor - Dream was to reunify the Roman Empire - Began to build the Byzantine army - Raised taxes because wars were expensive and required a lot of money to fight - Government was incredibly efficient at storing the Byzantine citizen's money - Hated by the Byzantine people, even by those who shared his dream of reconquering the west - Nika Revolt started because of him o In the Hippodrome, he refused to let go the blue and green teams' leaders, so a revolt started - He defeated the Vandals and reconquered North Africa - Byzantine army goes to Europe and attacks the Ostrogoths o Sparked the gothic wars for 35 years - Reconquered Italy, but these wars devastated Italy - Regain some territory in Spain

Huns

- Pastoralists tribe that originated in East Asia, north of China - Able to destroy several civilizations and plunge many into anarchy - The end of the classical era because of these people - The Chinese built the great wall across their northern frontier to keep the pastoralist tribes like them out - Attacked Chinese for centuries. o In 91 AD, the Chinese inflict a massive defeat on this army. o This defeat led to a division of the original tribe. - The first split was between the Northern and Southern. - The Southern were forced by the Chinese to come and live inside of China o The idea as that they would become more civilized and settle down in China, instead of being barbaric and causing so much trouble o Sometimes this worked, but not with these people. - The Northern had fled from the defeat and migrated west, splitting into the black and white. - The black keep West towards Europe, eventually going to Rome - The white turn South, eventually going to India (Gupta Empire) - The white then go to Persia - The Southern in China, rose in rebellion against the Chinese o They destroy the Western Ch'in Dynasty - The destruction by the Southern plunged China into almost 3 centuries of anarchy o Takes China almost 300 years to restore - The Southern were the first group to cause trouble to a major civilization o Eventually, the Black arrived in Eastern Europe o The fall of the Western Roman Empire - They arrive in Eastern Europe o They immediately bumped into German tribes called the Visigoths - They defeated the Visigoths in battle - The Black caused trouble in the West causing the fall of the Roman Empire - the White invade India and destroy the Gupta Empire - the White invaded Persia o Sassanid Empire in Persia - Despite suffering, the Persians were able to drive them out - The Persians survive their attacks. - They destroy the Ch'in Empire in China, Western Rome Empire, and Gupta Empire in India

Urban II

- Pope who began the Crusade to regain the holy land against the Turks and other Muslim powers

Trajan

- Roman emperor - Second of the five Good Emperors - Active in constructing public works - aqueducts, bridges, roads, and harbor facilities - Built a new forum in Rome for his celebrated victory column

Hadrian

- Roman emperor (third of the five good emperors) - Like Trajan, he was active in constructing public works - aqueducts, bridges, roads, and harbor facilities - throughout the provinces and in Rome - Built the Pantheon, a temple of "all the gods" is of the grandest ancient buildings surviving in Rome - More compassionate than other emperors

Ovid

- Roman poet - Wrote Metamorphosis

Cn. Pompey Magnus

- Senator who wanted Julius Caesar to powerless - Flees when Caesar invades Italy - Caesars' army fought with his army in the Battle of Pharsalus and he lost - After the battle, he flees to Egypt, where he is killed by agents of the king of Egypt, Ptolemy XIII

Liu Bang

- Shih Huang-di dies, brief civil war in China - Won by __________________ - Establishes the Han dynasty (The greatest dynasty) o A model for the next dynasties o Believed to be the golden age

Jihad

- Term to describe the expansion of Islam after the death of Muhammad - It has been translated as "holy war," justifying hostile actions against enemies of Islam o The word can be used to describe the expansion of the world of Islam into the realm of the unbelievers

Islam

- The Arabs were Semitic-speaking people of southwestern Asia with a long history - Muhammad preached about the practices of this religion. o The Qur'an contained the guidelines by which followers of Allah, known as Muslims (practitioners of Islam), were to live - Islam is monotheistic - Allah is the all-powerful being who created the universe and everything in it - Islam is also concerned with salvation and offers the hope of an afterlife o Those who wanted to achieve it must subject themselves to Allah - Unlike Christianity, Islam makes no claim to the divinity of its founder - At the heart of Islam is the Qur'an, with its basic message that there is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet - The Qur'an consists of 114 suras (chapters) drawn together o Sacred book of Islam o Ethical guidebook o Code of law and political theory - Five Pillars of Islam o Belief in Allah and Muhammad as his prophet o Standard prayer 5 times a day and public prayer on Friday at midday to worship Allah o Observance of the holy month to Ramadan, including fasting from dawn to sunset o Pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca at least once in one's life-time o Giving alms (zakat) to the poor and unfortunate - The faithful who observe the law are guaranteed a place in an eternal paradise with the sensuous delights so obviously lacking in the Arabian desert - Muslim scholars (ulama) drew up a law code called Shari'a to provide believers with a set of prescriptions to regulate their daily lives o No gambling o No eating pork o No drinking alcoholic beverages o Do not engage in dishonest behavior o Contracts between unmarried men and woman are discouraged and marriages are to be arranged by parents o Polygyny is permitted, but Muhammad attempted to limit the practice by restricting males to no more than four wives

Ostrogoths

- The Byzantine army goes to Europe and attacks these people o This sparked the gothic wars o These wars lasted for 35 years - Byzantine defeats these people eventually.

sunni/shi'ite

- The Umayyad Empire brings about the first devious between the _________ and ____________Muslims that persist today - Sunni were the majority, today 90% of the Muslims are Sunnis - Almost every Muslim country is majority Sunni - Sunnis were the ones that accepted Muawaiya - The Shi'ites did not accept Muawaiya, but continued to support Ali - Today about 10% of the Muslims are Shi'ites and only 2 countries (Aryan and Iraq) have a majority of Shi'ites o Majority of the problems there are because of his division

Virgil

- The high point of Latin literature was reached in the Age of Augustus, often called the golden age of Latin language o Was the most distinguished poet of the Augustan Age - He welcomed the rule of Augustus and wrote his greatest work in the emperor's honor - His masterpiece was the Aeneid, an epic poem clearly intended to rival the work of Homer o The connection between Troy and Rome is made in the poem when Aeneas, a hero of Troy, survives the destruction of the city and eventually settles in Latium - establishing a link between Roman civilization and Greek history o Aeneas is portrayed as the ideal Roman - the virtues are duty piety, and faithfulness - His overall purpose was to show that Aeneas had fulfilled his mission to establish the Romans in Italy and thereby start Rome on its divine mission to rule the world - As he expressed it, ruling was Rome's gift

Colosseum

- The most famous amphitheater in Rome - Created by Emperor Titus o Could seat 50,000 spectators - Built in the first century CE - Took reigns of three emperors: Vespasian 69-79 CE, Titus 79-81 CE, and Domitian 81-96 CE - In most cities and towns, amphitheaters were the biggest buildings - Gladiatorial shows were an integral part of Roman society o They took place in amphitheaters o They were held from dawn to dusk o Contests to the death between trained fighters formed the central focus of these games, but the games included other entertainment as well Criminals of all ages and both genders were sent into the arena without weapons to face certain death from wild animals who would tear them to pieces - These bloodthirsty spectacles were extremely popular with the Roman people, but the gladiatorial games served as a purpose beyond mere entertainment - Like the other forms of public entertainment, the games fulfilled both a political and a social function o The games served to divert the idle masses from political unrest o It was said of the emperor Trajan that he understood that although the distribution of grain and money satisfied the individual, spectacles were necessary for the contentment of the masses

Yarmuk

- The most serious challenge to the Eastern Empire was the rise of Islam, which unified the Arab tribes and created a powerful new force that swept through the region - The Eastern Roman army was defeated at this river, losing Syria and Palestine.

Visigoths

- They were defeated by the Huns and fled to Roman Empire (asked for asylum) - The Romans treated them so badly that they rose up in rebellion against the Roman Empire - Defeated Roman Empire in the Battle of Adrianople - The Romans had so many enemies, they no longer had enough soldiers - After Adrianople, they tried to take Constantinople, but weren't able to o Traveled west, and entered Italy, capturing Rome - The first time in 8 centuries that the Romans were captured by foreign enemies o They wandered and settle down in Spain, creating an independent kingdom o The first time the Romans lost territories o Dozen of barbaric tribes flood into the western frontier

Abbasids

- This dynasty was created after the fall of the Umayyad dynasty o Caliphs brought political, economic, and cultural change to the world of Islam o Tried to break down the distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims All Muslims were allowed to hold both civil and military offices This changed helped open Islamic culture to the influences of the occupied civilizations - Built a new capital at Baghdad, on the Tigris River far to the east of the Umayyad capital at Damascus - New capital was strategically positioned to take advantage of river traffic to the Persian Gulf and also lay astride the caravan route from the Mediterranean to central Asia - Under this dynasty, judges, merchants, and government officials, rather than warriors, were regarded as the ideal citizens - A period of growing economic prosperity - The Arabs had conquered many of the richest provinces of the Roman Empire and now controlled the routes to the east - Baghdad became the center of an enormous commercial market that extended into Europe, Central Asia, and Africa, greatly adding to the wealth of the Islamic world and promoting an exchange of culture, ideas, and technology from one end of the known world to the other - Under the _________________, the caliphs became more regal o More kings than spiritual leaders were described as the "caliph of God"

Byzantine Empire

- This empire is the same as the Old Eastern Rome Empire - The Eastern Rome Empire survived after the Western fell b/c they o Had more people o Had bigger cities o More money o Could afford a bigger army o Had natural barriers Black Sea, mountains in eastern Anatolia, deserts to the east and the south, mountains in the north o The East had Constantinople It always survived - Eastern Roman Empire would later be called _________________ Empire - They launched a massive campaign in the West to try to reunify the old empire - The most famous emperor was Justinian I - They had great effective rulers

Shih Huang-di

- This means first emperor - This term was created in China - Wang Ying Cheng named himself this

Seljuk Turks

- Threat to the Abbasid caliphate - Served as military mercenaries for Abbasid caliphate, known to be mounted archers - As the Abbasids weakened, they outnumbered the Abbasid Empire - While the Abbasid caliph remained the chief representative of Sunni religious authority, the real military and political power of the state was in the hands of these people - They exerted military pressure on Egypt and the Byzantine Empire - Byzantines challenged them, and lost, making the Byzantine Empire look west for help, leading to crusades - They were viewed as barbarians who destroyed civilizations and oppressed populations

C. Octavius Augustus

- Was Caesar's adopted son and nephew - Won the Battle of Actium against Antonius o Civil wars and republic both ended and he proclaimed the "restoration of the Republic" - Became the first Roman emperor o Senate titled him as "the revered one" or "imperator" - Established the Julio-Claudians dynasty o Four successors of Augustus' came from his family or his wife's - Died after dominating the Roman world for 45 years

Sassanid

- Was an empire in Persia - The White Huns invaded them. o The period of the _____________ Empire in Persia - Suffered from huns attacks but, were able to drive the Huns back out - The Persians survive the Huns' attacks

M. Tullius Cicero

- Wealthy Roman noble who retired and became a philosopher - Wrote the Tusculum disputations after his daughter died which covers 5 philosophical questions - Served as a consul

Macedonia

- Were mostly rural folk, organized in tribes, not city-states and were viewed as barbarians by their Southern neighbors, the Greeks o They lived to the north of the Greeks - King Phillip II (359-336 BCE) built an efficient army, turning this place into the strongest power of the Greek world - The Athenians took notice and allied with other Greek states to confront them, resulting in the Battle of Chaeronea, near Thebes, in 338 BCE - Their army crushed the Greeks

Alexander III

- _________________ the Great - King of Macedonia after his father's death, Phillip II o He was king at the age of 20 - In 334 BC, he invades Persia o Army of 50,000 men 40,000 infantries (foot soldiers) 10,000 cavalries - Fought with Darius III and Persia for three major battles o Battle of Granicus (334) o Battle of Issus (333) o Battle of Gaugamela (331) - He won all of them - He then became the king of Persia at the age of 25 - He tried to conquer India in 330 BC, but they never reached it since his men did no want to fight against India for they had elephants - They returned back to Babylon in 326 and he never marched again - In 323, he died from drinking too much at a party

Constantine I

- _________________ the Great o The so-called Late Empire, distinguished by a new governmental structure, a rigid economic and social system, and a new state religion - Christianity o Extended imperial control by strengthening and expanding the administrative bureaucracies of the roman Empire o Renamed Constantinople o Calling it his "New Rome," he endowed the city with a forum, large palaces, and a vast amphitheater - He had reunited the Roman Empire and restored a semblance of order - He established a new capitol for the Roman Empire o He called this capital, New Rome o Everyone called it Constantinople o Becomes the biggest and richest city of Empire o Built on a peninsula and surrounded by huge walls o This meant it always survived, some Roman Empire would too - After his death, however, the empire continued to divide into western and eastern parts, which had became two virtually independent states by 395 - Converted to Christianity on his deathbed

Wang Ying Cheng

- _____________________(Wang means king) ruled the kingdom of Ch'in - Eliminated the other kingdoms and unified China under his rule o First time ever China was unified o He called himself Shih Huang-di (first emperor) o Abolished the old kingdoms and divided China into 36 provinces o Built roads to tie help unify country o Standardized weights and measures o Created one military system o Created one system of writing

C. Marius

-Elected as one of the two consuls - Put in charge of military war in Africa o Lack of soldiers, so he recruits the poor. o The state provided weapons and armor to those who needed it. - Big army of poor volunteers, win 2 major wars - He asks the senate to give his soldiers land as a retirement package and senate refuses - Goes to the tribunes and proposes his law to the tribal assembly (direct people) - With 50,000 of his soldiers with the votes, they get their land - The senates cannot kill him because of his 50,000 soldiers

Cleopatra

-Ptolemy XII's sister, ___________________ o She becomes queen of Egypt at 19 y/o - Has a baby with Ceasar named Ptolemy Caesarion - Ceasar dies and she has 3 children with Antonius (Ceasars 2nd in command) - She commits suicide

C. Cassius Longinus

Same as Brutus

Senate

o The council of elders was a select group of about three hundred men who served for life o They could only advise the magistrates and by the third century BCE had virtually the force of law - Most of the Republic, Rome was a narrow oligarchy o Wealthiest ran the states - Senate ran Rome o 300 men o Wealthiest and most powerful men - There were 3 important things the senators fought over o Election to office Candidates would campaign, make speeches, shake people's hands, sling mud at their rivals Spend lot of money to be elected o Policy Very different ideas on how Rome should be run, money should be spent, what laws should be passed Never disagreed on whether to go to war on not , but they always fought on how the war should be fought o Who received the important military commands During the republic, generals were always senators Every senator wanted to win military glory so there was intense competition to see who'd receive military command - Despite the stakes involved, the senators always accepted defeat o They did not do anything illegal or violent to reciprocate the defeat - Beginning in 133, there was now so much power involved in these competitions, there was now so much wealth involved, that senators were not unwilling to accept defeat o They did things that were illegal, unprecedented, and even violent, to avoid defeat