HIST134 Midterm

"A Model of Christian Charity"

A famous sermon written by John Winthrop in 1630 as he and his followers crossed the ocean on the flagship Arbella. Believe they are creating a community for God → God will punish them if they fail. This way of thinking results in how the Puritan's govern their society and affects the Trial of Anne Hutchinson and the Salem Witchcraft trials.

puritans

A group of religious people who felt it necessary to leave England (in the 1630s) because they felt that they were being persecuted. Left for the New World in search of religious freedom. They were disgusted with the Church of England. Thought Church of England was corrupt, and they hated indulgences. This is important in American History because it is one of the very first settlements in America. Also their belief in "preparation for grace" would be undermined by Anne claiming they are really preaching a covenant of works. Because they feared losing power due to Anne's preachings, they banished and excommunicated her.

The Crucible

A play written in 1953 by Arthur Miller. It is about the Salem Witch Trials. Was also made into a movie → how a lot of people know about the Salem Witch Trials. The play was aimed to mock senator McCarthy and McCarthyism during the 1950s red scare.

Doctrine of Immediatism

A policy for the immediate end to slavery (early 1800s). Everyone in the country needs to immediately end slavery and fully integrate African Americans with full legal/political equality → no more ways that gradually and eventually free slaves, do it now

Abolitionism

A political movement beginning in the 1830's that believed slavery in all parts of America should be made illegal, and slaves should be freed. Initially popularized by William Lloyd Garrison through his abolitionist newspaper The Liberator. People apart of the movement used tactics like moral suasion to spread their ideas and make their small movement seem much bigger than they were. When the Amistad trial came to America, powerful abolitionists such as Lewis Tappan used the trial has propaganda for their political beliefs and played a large role in the captive's defense.

Goody Osborne

Accused by Tituba. Was part of legal disputes with the Putnam family, had not attended church in 3 years → very convincing that she could be a witch.

George Burroughs

Accused of being the leader of the entire Satanic plot. One time minister, pre-Deodat Lawson (early 1680s) of Salem Village who made the mistake of borrowing money from the Putnams to pay for the wine at his wife's funeral. As minister, expresses willingness to preach to both Anglicans and Puritans and was pushed out and goes to Maine. Was eventually hanged.

David Walker's Appeal

Appeal To the Colored Citizens of the World (1829). An uncompromising African-centered discourse that attacks white injustices and advocates Black self-reliance. It was outlawed in the South because it was seen as a way to unite all the slaves and abolitionist with one voice and a voice that told them how to go about it→violence. South was scared it would lead to slave revolts.

Roger Williams

Banished from Mass. from the Puritans because of his belief that you could practice your faith however you wanted (Freedom of Worship). Founded Rhode Island. Anne Hutchinson and her family eventually moved to R.I. but eventually would leave because she didn't care for the "freedom" of R.I. + Was a Puritan dissenter, believe clergy in Massachusetts Bay have too much faith in "good works", was banished in 1635, supposed to be sent back to England but escaped to Narragansett

Denmark Vesey

Born in Africa, enslaved in Saint Domingue, then Charleston. Purchased his own freedom with lottery ticket winnings. Read Missouri Compromise Debates and plans rebellion for July 14, 1822 (Bastille Day). Torched Charleston and sail ships to Haiti. 131 trials, 72 found guilty of conspiracy, 35 hangings, 35 exiles, some claim Salem like hysteria, Vesey's actions blamed on Tallmadge, Northern Radicals

John Brown

Born in CT in 1800, stern Calvinist father who believed "Golden Rule" applied to people of all races. Father taught him slavery was a sin against God, failed businessman 20 different enterprises (e.g. tanner, sheep farmer, wool brokerage, horse breeder, lumber dealer) → personality perhaps too rigid for business and declared bankruptcy at age 42. Brown had a hatred of materialism and an intense hatred for slavery. Believes that violence is necessary to rid the country of slavery

Anne Hutchinson

Born in the 1590's, she is a faithful Puritan that moved to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630's and was put on trial for sedition, violating the 5th commandment, and slandering ministers. In Boston, she held her own conventicles in which she accused head minister John Wilson of preaching a covenant of works. This violates the 5th commandment of "honoring thy father and thy mother" and results in her being arrested and put on trial. In her trial, she claims to be receiving direct messages from God, which contradicts the Puritan idea of "absolute truth"- that God only speaks through the Bible or direct action, and that humans have no way of knowing his true intentions. This, combined with her other charges, leads to Anne Hutchinson being banished from Boston, and her soul damned to purgatory in 1637.

Pottawatomie Creek

Brown and his sons kill 5 proslavery settlers with broadswords (May 24, 1856). Begins Brown's pattern of raids.

Frederick Douglass

Brown has a secret meeting in a rock quarry, Chambersburg, PA, August 1859. Douglass thinks that Brown is nuts.

Border Ruffians

Can elect territorial Government with population of 5,000, apply for statehood at 60,000. Population in 1855: 8,500. March 1855: 3,000 pro-slavery men from Missouri who rode into Kansas and stuffed the ballot boxes on the day the fate of slavery in Kansas was decided

Queen Isabella

Child Queen (9 years old), wants the Amistad turned over to Spain and the alleged slaves tried for insurrection in Spanish courts (cites Treaty of 1795 (Pinckney's Treaty)

Banning of Christmas

Christmas was banned by the Court of Massachusetts in 1659. The reason Christmas was bank ned was because the Puritans said that there was no basis/justification in the Bible for the celebration of Christmas. The celebrations were also very unholy according to the Puritans so there should be no celebration of it. This is significant because it shows how strict the Puritans were in running their society, and how all the society's laws had to have justification in the Bible or it could not be enforced. Every single thing in Puritan society revolved around the Bible and God.

Great and General Court

Colonial legislature and it is the colony's only civil/criminal court for 7,000 settlers (was formed in the 1630s when the Puritans arrived in Massachusetts and set up a government). Was presided over by John Winthrop. Judicial, executive, and legislative branches all rolled into one. Members were elected, but the only voters were people who the General Court determined to be of the "elect" or "visible saints". This would be the court that Anne Hutchinson would be tried in.

Samuel Parris

Controversial minister who takes over for Lawson in Salem Village in 1688, his complaints further divide a divided village: he wants his own house, gold candlesticks, firewood. He is a failed businessman from Barbados, turned to ministry, resents commercial success of the colony's merchants. Parris owns two "Indian" slaves: Tituba & John → most likely of Native American ancestry enslaved in the Caribbean (but we don't know for sure). The two girls in the Parris household have the first fits → not epileptic fits, the Puritans know what epilepsy is. His 9 year old daughter Elizabeth and his 11 year old niece Abigail Williams; the doctor called to their bedside says they were "under an evil hand" → AKA Satan

Coverture

Coverture are the set of rules that the Mass. Bay Colony inherits from England. The most important ones are those that explain the societal standing of women. Upon marriage, under English Common Law, a woman's legal and property rights merge with those of her husband (they are passed to the husband). Anne Hutchinson, under this idea, is not supposed to have a lot of power over her husband. But she does. Since the 1630s were a time of coverture, Anne's control over her husband seems really extreme in Puritan society.

Wilmot Proviso

David Wilmot was a Congressman from Pennsylvania → introduces the Wilmot Proviso in 1846. A resolution to prohibit slavery from going into the Mexican Cession (lands captured from Mexico). Debated repeatedly 1846-1848, passes House, stalled in Senate → will fund the war (for the troop's sake) but any land taken from Mexico is free soil; results in a giant division between the North and the South

Compurgation

Defendant swears on Bible or holy relics that he or she didn't do it with a warning from clergy of a thousand years in purgatory if lied. Persons accused had to recite oaths, and the oath had to be said "without slip or trip". Oath helpers (character witnesses).

Roman law vs. Common Law

During the Amistad Trials, 1839-1840, Queen Isabella (who rules under Roman Law) doesn't understand why Van Buren can't just force the court to hand over the Africans. The differences between Roman Law and Common Law are: Codes vs. Precedent, judges as investigators vs. judges as arbiters, top down vs. the law of the land. Common law is made by the people. These people are known as judges and it becomes law. Significant is because it came up in the conflict of the Amistad as to why the US couldn't send back the Africans.

Spectral Evidence

Evidence that only the bewitched could see (ex. Witch's familiars). Was able to be used in the court of law as evidence against accused witches. Resulted in the conviction of many men and women who could offer no defense against it (1691-92)

Anthony Burns

Fugitive slave from Virginia, captured in Boston in 1852. When Burns before slave commissioner, abolitionist mob storms the building and a U.S. Marshal is killed. President Franklin Pierce sends troops → Burns sent back into slavery (although several years later abolitionists are able to purchase his freedom)

Court of Oyer and Terminer

Gov. Phips Calls Special Court into Session → A court "to hear and determine". Used for extraordinary situations when regular court system overwhelmed. Consisted of 6 members of his council plus Deputy Gov. William Stoughton. Consisted of a Grand Jury, a petit Jury, and defendants could speak, call witnesses, offer evidence (no hired lawyers allowed)

Governor Henry Wise

Governor of Virginia (1859). Insists on state court trial, feared federal courts would not execute him. Wants Brown dead. Because Buchanan sympathizes with the south, he okays it and allows a state trial. Wise meets Brown in his cell and declares that, "He is as sane as I am"

The Putnam Family

Had been in Salem village for 3 generations (so 1650-1690s?), world where status came from piety and landholding, they see commercial values of Salem Town as a looming threat and see Salem Village as last line of defense against evil values. The Putnam's want an official Salem Village church (church - a gathering of people who have been accepted by an ordained minister as "visible saints") → finally get it on the eve of the Salem Witchcraft hysteria

Touch Test

If a witch touches a bewitched girl, the evil will be sucked back into the witch and the bewitched will be okay (1691-1692). Again, a form of spectral evidence.

Absolute Truth

Immediate personal communion with the Holy Ghost (i.e. Anne claims she gets direct revelations from God [1630s]); God's word revealed once and for all time in one place - the Bible

Johnathan Corwin & John Hathorne

Two County Magistrates who hold the initial hearings. They have the accused jailed while they wait for the new governor William Phips to arrive.

indulgences

Indulgences were little slips of paper Catholic priests handed out to followers that bought them. They supposedly gave people who bought them extra blessings and ensured less time in purgatory (pardoned their sins in the afterlife), bringing them closer to God. This made it easier for rich people to get closer to God than poor people. The idea of predestination was created to combat this, since predestination says that there's nothing you can do to change whether you're going to heaven or hell. Puritans hated indulgences.

John Brown's Liberty Guards

Is an anti-slavery militia that Brown leads into Kansas (1856?).

John Winthrop

Is the governor of the Mass. Bay Colony and ran the Great and General Court of Massachusetts (1637). His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan "city upon a hill" dominated New England colonial development, influencing the governments and religions of neighboring colonies. Winthrop was important in the Trial of Anne Hutchinson → believes that Wheelwright is under Hutchinson's influence

1811 Louisiana Slave Revolt

Jan 9-11, 1811. Led by Charles Deslondes, a slave from Saint-Domingue. Inspired by the Haitian Revolution. At its height, an estimated 500 slaves armed with knives, hoes, axes. Eventually put down by 400 Louisiana militia men. 60 slaves killed, 75 brought to trial held at Destrehan Plantation → 18 executed

calvinism & predestination

John Calvin (1509-1564) believes and teaches that God predetermines who will go to heaven and who will not, and there is nothing you can do in life to change that. This is what Puritan's believe in and becomes an issue in Puritan society in New England (person's only become elect if they have a conversion-*(realization that you have been predestined to be saved)* and sanctification). Puritan's oppose Arminianism (the idea that Christ died for the elect alone and that people by their own free will can achieve faith and salvation). This is why people paid indulgences, and the puritans thought this was corrupt.

Amistad

July 1839: 53 Africans purchased by two Spanish investors (Pedro Montes & Jose Ruiz) and put on the Cuban schooner Amistad bound for Puerto Principe (other side of Cuba); aboard are 49 men, 1 boy, 3 girls. At least 25 of captives speak Mende. In addition to the captives, the ship has 3 Spanish crewmen, an enslaved cook (Celestino), a slave cabin boy (Antonio), and the 2 "slave owners"

Elijah Lovejoy

Killed in 1837. Was killed by anti-abolitionists [he worked for an anti-slavery newspaper and was sneaking a printing press into Illinois]. The anti-abolitionists saw the press being delivered in middle of the night and a mob formed to burn the press. Lovejoy was killed defending the press and eventually the whole warehouse was burned to the ground → people who were on the fence about antislavery solidified their abolitionist stance

Role of Lawyers

Lawyers for hire are banned. Lawyers not allowed to practice for a fee in Massachusetts until 1705 (after the Salem Witchcraft Trials ended). A person can represent a person, but they cannot charge the defendant because it is believed if you charge, you will change your morals to match the defendant. Due to the lack of lawyers, it was hard for the people accused of being witches to defend themselves/rationalize with the judges.

World of Signs and Wonder

Life is not randomly cruel: comets, eclipses, fires, epidemics, birth defects, dreams, crop failures were all signs from God. Results in Parris initially thinking that the fits of the two girls in his house were a result of his shortcoming and was a punishment from God (1690s).

Election of 1860

Lincoln elected as president and results in deep south states having conventions → announce secession from Union, and produce statements of why they are seceding (because of Lincoln's opposition to slavery and that Kirkwood refused to aid in the return of Coppoc) → Lincoln isn't even in office yet, just elected

"The Sacking of Lawrence"

May 21, 1856 - Pro-slavery raids and burns/destroys everything free-soil

Trial by Ordeal

Medieval Means of Finding A Witch (and determining guilt or innocence in criminal trials): Take a piece of metal and heat it in fire, make the person grab hold of it and walk a certain distance, they would bandage up the hand and wait a week → Healing=Innocence and infection=guilty

Samuel Chilton

One of Brown's defense attorneys paid for by the abolitionists. He arrives 4 days late to the trial and Parker refuses to give them time to meet with Brown and figure out their defense. Calls more witnesses that say Brown tried to negotiate, and that hostages did not fear him. No treason for non-Virginian, not clear Brown murdered anyone, Provisional Constitution could "only have emanated from the brain of a man of unsound mind"

Mende

One of the languages of the Amistad Africans (the one that most of them spoke). Was also the language that James Covey spoke and what allowed the Amistad's side of the story to be told (1839-1840). Mende is also how the Amistad Africans were described as (Mende Africans).

John Hale

Pastor of Salem during the witchcraft trials (1691-1692). Hale initially supported the trials and then changed his mind and published a critique of them. At some point, the girls accuse Rev. Hale's wife of being a witch. The girls are then told by the judges that the girls are lying OR the judges just straight up ignore the accusation

Mass Bay vs. Jamestown

People who came to Jamestown (1607) were unprepared and planned poorly. They came to the "New World" as thrill seekers and adventurers with the single purpose of growing the cash crop tobacco, and therefore, they refused to fish, hunt, and farm for food, this lead to many deaths by starvation. They also had poor farming soil that was almost incapable of growing basic food crops necessary to survive. Puritans came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony (1629) in order to escape religious persecution from the Anglican church. These people had good, rich, farming soil, which was perfect for growing food crops, also, in the south, tobacco. these people were eager to work and make a life for themselves in the "New World" around 15,000 people came to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the Great migration. Jamestown was founded for profit.

Visible Saints

People who were accepted into heaven (and society believed that they were good). People who been accepted by an ordained minister as "visible saints" (these were the people who had conversions and that their story of their revelation was accepted by the elect).

Poro Society

Poro was a secret society that helped to enforce the laws of the region. When the cook aboard the Amistad threatened the Africans with cannibalism, according to Poro society, it was the men's job to punish and kill malevolent sorcerers → this explains why they killed the captain too. The men also make the collective decision on what they would do (collectively reasoned that they should spare the lives of Montes and Ruiz to benefit them in getting home since no one knew how to sail the ship). When one of the Africans was caught stealing from the others, the other men whipped him for the stealing → it was their way of disciplining the thief. Poro society is also the belief that the benefit of the whole was more important than the benefit of an individual. What the men did was to benefit the whole group (getting everyone back to Africa and free everyone), rather than one person's individual feelings or agenda (made personal sacrifices to benefit the whole group). Dictated how they made decisions the whole time on the Amistad and the trial as a whole (1838-1840).

Conventicles

Private gatherings (sometimes outside, sometimes in private homes) where people came together to discuss and debate the scripture and pray. These were frowned upon by Anglican Church. Anne Hutchinson led conventicles (both in England and in Massachusetts 1620s-1630s); she takes notes during sermons to discuss later and develops a large following → she believes she is receiving revelations from God. These meetings at the time were not supposed to be led by a woman. Her holding conventicles == second formal charge against Hutchinson

Tallmadge Amendment

Proposed by Congressman James Tallmadge of N.Y.. "And provided, that the further introduction of slavery or involuntary servitude be prohibited, except for the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been fully convicted; and that all children born within the said State, after the admission thereof into the Union, shall be free at the age of twenty-five years" → South said oh hell no. Essentially, prohibit the enslavement on new slaves and that at 25, they would be free.

Slave Ship Tecora

Sails to Cuba from Sierra Leone [April 1839]. 500 Africans abducted from Sierra Leone → Nearly 1/3 die during 10 week voyage from disease, malnutrition, and violence. June 1839, Tecora arrives in Havana where Africans are sold and given fake papers saying they had already been cuban slaves

Salem Town vs. Salem Vllage

Salem town (commerce/merchants) was more modernized (increased in trade and economic opportunity) and Salem Village (farmers) was more like the Puritan society during the Anne Hutchinson Trial. Changing Massachusetts Bay colony (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay merged in 1691). Farmers still believe they are in the old Puritan town and are seeing changes and they are ANGRY, resulted in divisions between Salem Town & Salem Village. Town: Atlantic Commerce/commercially. Village: Farmers trying to live the traditional ways of Puritans

The caning of Sumner

Senator Charles Sumner. Calls the border ruffians "murderous robbers from Missouri picked from the drunken spew and vomit of an uneasy civilization" Names fellow senators he says "→ Sumner's words result in Preston Brooks (a cousin a one of the persons Sumner attacked) walking up to Sumner at his desk and beating him repeatedly with a cane until he has neurological damage

Compromise of 1850

Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois gets people to agree upon California being free; remainder of land taken from Mexico: divided into 2 territories; remain up for grabs. California in as a free state, New Mexico and Utah territories are created. Slave trading banned in Washington, D.C. w/ aggressive fugitive slave law → slaves who escape into free states are not free and need to be returned to their owner

spearatists & plymouth colony

Separatists are a group of extreme Puritans who left England for Holland in 1607-1608 because they believed that the Catholic Church (and the church of England) had been corrupted. But then fear their children are being tempted by Dutch city life and leave for the New World. In 1620, Separatists head for the New World on the Mayflower → Plymouth company pays for "separatists" to settle in New England → Form Plymouth Colony

Christiana Riot

September 1851 - Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Maryland posse & U.S. Marshalls raid farm owned by free African-American William Parker. Search for 4 runaways. but met by armed black and white abolitionists. Maryland posse member Edward Gorsuch killed and the marshal's return with 3 detachment of U.S. marines. 38 abolitionists arrested and charged with treason, Congressman Thaddeus Stevens serves as defense lawyer for first tried: Quaker William Hanway. Jury acquits after 15 minutes deliberation. Prosecutors drop charges against the rest. Jury nullification of unpopular Fugitive Slave Law

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

Slaves who escape into free states are not free and need to be returned to their owner. Allows slave trading in DC to be banned. Accused could be seized without warrant. Burden of proof placed on alleged runaways, slave catchers/marshals could deputize bystanders ($1,000 fine), new federal commissioners in every county, jury trials and habeas corpus prohibited, alleged fugitive can't testify on his or her own behalf, no statute of limitations, commissioners paid $5 if they are deemed free African Americans and $10 if they are deemed runaways slaves. In first months of operation, 84 seized African Americans ruled to be runaway slaves and sent South; 5 released. During entire decade of the 1850s, only 11 seizes prisoners are released

Cinque

Son of a West African Mende village leader, around 26 years old, was captured by tribesmen of Ley people because Cinque allegedly owed a creditor a debt. Through an interpreter, tells of their abduction by African slavers, the slave "factory" in Lomboko, the gruesome middle passage aboard Portuguese ship Tecora, being sold in Cuba, and their mutiny on the Amistad → leaves the courtroom spellbound

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

Stephen Douglas's Kansas-Nebraska bill divided the land west of Missouri into two territories, Kansas and Nebraska. It also repealed the Missouri Compromise and opened up the West for a competition to decide if the state would become slave or free soil. Douglas argued for popular sovereignty, which would allow the settlers of the new territories to decide if slavery would be legal there. Antislavery supporters were outraged because, under the terms of the Missouri Compromise of 1820, slavery would have been outlawed in both territories.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Sympathetic to Brown's abolitionism, but doesn't support violence (late 1850s).

Glorious Revolution of 1688 & John Locke

The Glorious Revolution was associated with John Locke, enlightenment ideas, and questioning of "divine right". Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke challenging divine right of Kings, witch trials continue. Soon Enlightenment thinking would offer scientific rather than supernatural explanations for natural phenomena. It's the bridge into the modern world and science. Locke believed people agreed mentally to be ruled instead of by divine right.

Society of Deference

The hierarchical set up that put men above women and children, and leaders above their citizens. Those above had the responsibility of protecting the people under them, and the people under them had to obey those above them. Related to coverture. Anne Hutchinson did not abide by this societal set up, thus leading ministers to believe that she, and her family, had been overtaken by the Devil

Doctrine of "Just Price"

The idea that making a profit was okay, but too much profit was a sin. It was also not okay to charge a person too much for something (called oppression). Again, it shows how everything in Puritan society, every law and rule, was governed with the Bible and God in mind. (around 1630s)

Doctrine of Preparationism "covenant of works"

The idea that there were steps one could take to get in a proper frame of mind so that one could be fully receptive to conversion if it were forthcoming; critics (including Anne) called this a "covenant of works". Anne accused John Wilson and other ministers in the town of teaching a covenant of works.

Jefferson & Slavery-Gradual Emanicipation

Thomas Jefferson had slaves but knows it's wrong; he knew slavery was wrong, but loved his lavish lifestyle even though the Revolution, Massachusetts, & New Hampshire end slavery. All the other northern states move to gradual emancipation during period 1776-1804. When children born into slavery reach adulthood (18 for females, 21 for males) they would be set free. Believes that Virginia should pay to educate teenagers in arts, sciences, farm husbandry → to prepare them for their freedom. Colonization. Jefferson urges Madison to propose plan in Virginia Senate (1785) → When some church people propose theirs, there is so much backlash that Madison doesn't propose the plan...people believe that essentially, blacks and whites cannot live in harmony

Article 4, Section 2

"A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime." "No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, But shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due." → Superseded by the 13th Amendment

5th Commandment

"Honour Thy Father and Thy Mother". Was one of the first formal charges against Anne Hutchinson (1637). The fifth commandment requires the preserving the honour, and performing the duties belonging to every one in their various positions and relationships as superiors, inferiors, or equals. sett Bay → founds city of providence (1636), believed you had to pay Indians for their land and believed in separation of Church and State, and that a person had the freedom of Worship

Virginia's Treason Statute

"Treason shall consist only in levying war against the state, or adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and comfort, or establishing, without authority of the legislature, any government within its limits, separate from the existing government, or holding or executing, in such usurped government, any office, or professing allegiance or fidelity to it, or resisting the execution of the laws under color of its authority". During the 1859 trial, they are trying Brown for his "Provisional Constitution" and his punishment would be death by hanging.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

(1628-1691) was founded by the owners of the Massachusetts Bay Company. The population was strongly Puritan, and its governance was dominated by a small group of leaders who were strongly influenced by Puritan religious leaders. Its governors were elected, and the electorate were limited to freemen who had been examined for their religious views and formally admitted to the local church. As a consequence, the colonial leadership exhibited intolerance to other religious views, including Anglican, Quaker, and Baptist theologies. Where the trial of Anne Hutchinson was held and the reason the Salem Witchcraft trials took place as a result of the Puritan's view and running of society.

Pickney's Treaty

(1795)- U.S. & Spain agree not to detain or seize each other's vessels. Ships seized by "robbers or pirates" must be returned to original owners, HOWEVER-if there was illegal trade on the ship seized, the person who acquired the ship gets to keep the illegal trade goods

Bleeding Kansas

(1854-1861) Results of the repeal of the 36-30 line and the Missouri Compromise, leads to an influx of persons (both abolitionist and pro-slavery persons) rushing to Kansas to decide the fate of the future state. People shipping boxes labels "Bibles" full of guns, etc.

Abigail Williams

11 years old, fate of her parents unknown. Was the niece of Samuel Parris and was one of the first girls to have the fits; she is one of the primary accusers → will accuse 44 people (early 1690s)

3/5 Clause

1787 - all slaves of a particular state are to be counted as three-fifths of a white person. The population of slaves would be counted as three-fifths in total when apportioning Representatives, as well as Presidential electors and taxes. Gives the South advantage when it comes to seats in the HOR.

Article 4, Section 2 (US constitution)

1787. "No person held to service or labour in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labour, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labour, may be due." Essentially, a person cannot escape slavery if they run to a free state.

Article 1, Section 9

1787. "The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight (1808)...". Puts an end to the slave trade in the U.S., but not slavery.

Haitian Revolution

1791-1803. Fight for equality, liberty, fraternity, sorority. Slave owners want to secede from France. Mixed race fights with them. Slaves saw opportunity → largest slave insurrection: At least 200,000 former slaves and free persons of color die, 24,000 white residents die, at least 50,000 French troops dies. Napoleon comes into power and doesn't want to lose the Caribbean, so he sends troops to reestablish slavery → pulls out after the troops are destroyed

Gabriel Prosser

1800 - Prosser had organized 1,000 slaves to revolt, but a flood knocks out the bridges and fifty five slaves arrested and executed

Louisiana Purchase

1803 - $15 million dollars for 828,000 square miles, 15 cents an acre, land for yeoman farmers → but also slavery and "diffusion" (allow slavery to diffuse into the west, leads to a less concentration of slaves in the South, smaller ratios of slaves in the south, so people would be more willing to end slavery)

Missouri Compromise

1820 - Agree to allow Missouri to come in as a slave state, but split Maine off of Massachusetts to create a free state (keeps the number of free v. slave states even). Don't want to have this debate every time a new state enters the Union, results in the creation of the 36:30 line: above the line is free soil; below the line is slave soil. Known as the Great American Desert; "saved the union" but not really

Moral Suasion

1830s - Attack the conscience of southern slave owners. The goal was to overthrow system by moral power/truth and reason. Abolitionists become skilled at using printing press to print millions of antislavery pamphlets and place them in envelopes → send to south

Nat Turner's Rebellion

1831 - Enslaved capreacher known to some as "The Prophet". Turner and 70 followers kill over 60 people (Southampton County, VA) (most violent slave rebellion)

Roger Baldwin

1839-1840 - 46 year old, Yale educated lawyer known for representing the poor. Represented the Amistad Africans. Argues Mende were no slaves, they were prisoners seized illegally in Africa who had a right to liberate themselves

James Covey

1839-1840 - Becomes the Mende Translator in the Amistad trial (which allows the public to hear the Amistad Africans side of the story). Sold into slavery in Africa 1819 at age 12, was on a ship bound for Cuba that was intercepted by British warship, he joins the British Navy, and arrives in New York in 1839

Lewis Tappan

1839-1840 - Is a wealthy Merchant and abolitionist, co-founder of American Antislavery Society, saw interracial marriage as the solution to racism. There was a $20,000 bounty on his head for mailing abolitionist literature to South, believes the arrival of the Amistad detainees is a "providential occurrence", and that the Amistad captives were sent by God to touch consciences of white Americans

"Friends of the Amistad"

1839-1840 - Pay for the detainees legal defense and publish pro-detainee flyers and posters

Judge Andrew T. Judson

1839-1840 - U.S. District Court, New Haven. Former Congressman, democrat, appointed by Democratic President Martin Van Buren, member of ACS, opposed to abolition, says African Americans should either be sent to Africa "or kept as they are." Democrat, pro slavery. Appointed by Van Buren to the US district Court of New Haven. Ruled in the case that the Mende cannot be considered slaves because they mutinied out of a desire to win their liberty and return to their families. He ordered the US government to return them to Africa, that the cabin boy Antonio be returned to his master, and that the USS Washington has salvage rights to the Amistad. Shocking bc he was seen as a judge that was not sympathetic to the Africans.

Pedro Montes & Jose RUiz

1839: Montes=58 year old Cuban businessman, Ruiz=24 year old Cuban plantation owner. Both had purchased some of the Amistad "slaves," now sailing on the ship to their plantations

Shadrach Minkins

1851 - Escapes from Norfolk, VA to Boston 1850. Working as a waiter, U.S. marshals pose as customers → Freed from courtroom by "Boston Vigilance Committee", escaped to Canada

Lecompton Constitution

1855-1856 - Lecompton Legislature, 36 pro-slavery, 3 anti-slavery. Speaking against slavery became a criminal offense in Kansas → death penalty for aiding runaway slaves; Rigid slave codes → all voters had to take an oath to uphold the slave codes

Dred Scott v. Sandford

1857 - Mr. Emerson remarried to a doctor who was an abolitionist. Sells the Scott's to her brother John F.A. Sanford who works in NY as an agent for a ST. Louis fur company. Sanford files plea of abatement saying Scott doesn't have standing to sue in federal court → African Americans (enslaved or free) cannot sue in federal court as they are not citizens of the United States. Congress cannot ban slavery from the territories → Violates the 5th Amendment; "No person shall...be denied life, liberty, or property without due process of law"

Dangerfield Newby

1859 - was the oldest of John Brown's raiders, one of five black raiders, and the first of his men to die at Harper's Ferry

The Secret Six

6 famous abolitionists (the Secret 6) helped to fund Brown's plan on Harper's Ferry (late 1850s). The Secret Six were Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Samuel Gridley Howe, Theodore Parker, Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, Gerrit Smith, and George Luther Stearns. All six had been involved in the abolitionist cause prior to their meeting John Brown, and had gradually become convinced that slavery would not die a peaceful death

John Quincy Adams

73 years old. President 1825-1829, now a congressman. Blamed slaveholders for ruining his presidency, becomes an abolitionist and takes interest in the Amistad case. Asks government papers on case be opened. Tappen and Baldwin recruit him; known for his oratory (nicknamed "Old Man Eloquent"). Told Cinque: "God willing we will make you free". Presents the Closing argument to the Supreme Court (8 hours long, emphasizes the core values of the Declaration of Independence should influence outcome, and suggests Declaration has moved the nation increasingly towards freedom)

Giles Corey

81 years old man. Both him and his wife are accused → his wife was hung. Giles refuses to participate in trial because he doesn't want to be found guilty and lose his land for his children (Corruption of Blood). Torture was banned in Salem, except for when people refused to participate in trials. Tortured until willing to participate. Was tortured to death by pressing (piling heavy rocks on him).

Witch cake & Witches' familiars

A cake designed to reveal witches. Folk magic belief as a way to expose witches: bake the urine of people who seem to be bewitched and feed it to the dog, if the girl was bewitched, the dog would start acting weird and become bewitched. You also give it to the dog who you believe is the witch's familiar and that will cause the witch pain: if dog had symptoms = bewitchment, or it might cause the witch pain (used during the 1690s). In return for serving Satan, a witch received a familiar spirit, a demon that would do the witch's bidding (generally in the form of an animal). Important because folk magic was outlawed but people were more suspicious of witches and didn't care about using folk magic (magic like the devil would use) to get rid of witches. Witch cake = Using the Devil to fight the Devil . The accusers of witches often said they could see witches' familiars around them in the courtroom (spectral evidence)

Stephen Douglass & Popular Sovereignty

Wants to run for president and tries to change topic of conversation away from slavery and onto a transcontinental railroad. Rather than having congress decide about the Western Territories being entered as slave states or free states, why not let the people decide? Repeal the Missouri Compromise and gets rid of the 36-30 line for slave/free soil → Narrowly passes

Tituba

Was Parris's slave he brought with him. Helps to make the witch cakes and was one of the very first oned accused of being a witch by Abigail Williams and Elizabeth. She admits to being a witch so her life is spared (names Sarah Osborne and Sarah Goode as witches as well) . She is one of the first people to accuse others of being witches → leads to other accusations being made.

Deodat Lawson

Was Putnam's Choice for Minister in Salem Village Church. Deodat was a pastor from 1684-88, officially ordained 1686. His ordination causes deep divisions in Salem → Opposed by rival family - the Porters, magistrates who come to arbitrate appalled by how decorum had broken down in Salem, Lawson leaves in 1688, but asked to return by Putnams in 1692

Ergot poisoning

Was a disease that affected wheat. Causes LSD like hallucinations (tingling, convulsions, hallucination, vomiting, delirium). Was caused by wet springs and summers; can be localized, can hit one field and not another. A possible explanation for why the girls/accusers were hallucinating/had fits/accused people of being witches. But why no where else in New England? And 1691 was a wet year, not 1692. And why just the girls?

Cotton Mather

Was a reverend, the leading Minister in Puritan New England. In some ways, a man of the Enlightenment. Interested in science (hybridization, inoculations), but he also wrote 1689 book on witchcraft (including discussion of symptoms that may have been read by Salem accusers). Was for spectral evidence → is a big reason that spectral evidence was used for so long in court.

John Brown's Body Battle Hymn of the Republic

Was a song (1860s). Lyrics added to an old Camp Meeting folk song. Favorite marching tune of the Union army that was anti-slavery and rallied behind John Brown who was seen as a hero.

Jayhawkers

Was a term that came to prominence just before the American Civil War in Bleeding Kansas (1854-1861), where it was adopted by militant bands affiliated with the free-state cause. These bands, known as "Jayhawkers", were guerrilla fighters who often clashed with pro-slavery groups from Missouri known at the time as "Border Ruffians". After the Civil War, the word "Jayhawker" became synonymous with the people of Kansas.

Rebecca Nurse

Was accused by Abigail Williams. Was a respected women, previously considered a member of the "elect". People realize that even the "elect"/visible saints can be witches

William Lloyd Garrison

Was an abolitionist and the editor for the newspaper, The Liberator (1831). Garrison becomes famous; bounty put on his head in the south à accused of sparking Turner's rebellion

American Colonization Society

Was founded in 1816 to assist free black people in emigrating to Africa. It was believed that blacks would never be fully integrated into American society and that they would only be able to fulfill their potential as human beings in Africa, the "land of their fathers." Colonization was seen as a charitable work, one that would benefit American blacks and Africans alike through the spreading of Christianity to Africa → and possible that it would prompt a gradual end to slavery.

King Williams' War

Was from 1690-1697. England is at War with France as a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Louis XIV supported James II vs. William and Mary, French & Native American allies (Wabanaki Confederacy) launch bloody raids on outlying Puritan settlements in Maine & Western Massachusetts . Puritans → live in constant fear of Native American raids

John Wheelwright

Was married to William's sister (so he is a brother-in-law to Anne). Wheelwright was a dissenting minister who believed Wilson preaching "a covenant of works" and that striving after grace = a sure sign grace had not been granted. Was put on trial for sedition (incitement of resistance to lawful authority) September 1637. Winthrop believes he is under Hutchinson's influence; accused of inciting resistance to authority; giving too large a role to women in his sermons, addresses his congregation as "brothers and sisters" rather than "brethren", using too many female Bible characters, convicted of sedition despite petition signed by 24 prominent male supporters (women could not sign petitions), Banished from colony → petition signers then prosecuted

Justice Joseph Story

Was on the Supreme Court when the Court upheld the decision that the Amistad Africans were indeed not slaves and had a right uprise and regain their freedom (1841). 61 year old from Massachusetts → had called slavery "unnecessary, unjust, and repugnant to eternal maxims of social justice

Barclay Coppoc

Was one of Brown's men who survived and escaped → Escaped to Iowa (1859). Governor of Iowa Samuel Kirkwood was told to deliver him to Virginia (extradition), but refused and helps Coppoc escape to Canada.

Colonel Lewis Washington

Was taken hostage during the Harper's Ferry Raid (October 16, 1859). Brown's men break down his door, grab him from his bed, and take him and two of his neighbors hostage. Was a witness for the prosecution, but testifies that Brown courteous and not threatening to his hostages, and that Brown told his men to "not fire on unarmed citizens". Two other hostages also testify Brown declared his purpose was not to kill whites but to free slaves → told his men to "observe the golden rule" (only fire if fired upon)

Judge Richard Parker

Was the Judge on the trial (1859). Abolitionists paid for new lawyers, but Judge Richard Parker refuses to wait for them to arrive → Brown's court appointed lawyers finally resign in protest when numerous subpoenas aed witnesses don't appear. Parker wants Brown hung and does everything in his power to prevent him from having adequate council and possibly a chance to escape. When Parker sentences Brown to death, he hopes it is a warning "to the infatuated men of other states who may attempt to free our negroes by forcing weapons in their hands"

John Wilson

Was the leading Minister in New England. He stressed the need for "preparation for grace", living a godly life day to day, outward behavior could be taken as a sin, and that sinners would eventually crack

Birth of Republican Party

Whig Party Collapsed. The Whig Party, once united North and South over the issues of tariffs, railroads, and canals, splits apart. Leads to the rise of an all-northern party of free-soil northern Whigs and Democrats who opposed the Kansas-Nebraska Act → Becomes the Republican Party 1854/55

John C. Calhoun

Will become the leading pro-slavery voice of the South (believes that slavery is the best thing to ever happen to the world). IS a South Carolina Senator & VP of the United States under Adams. Gag Rules, Censorship of the mail (which actually happened). Sees slavery as a "positive good" that Christianized slaves who received lifelong security. Created a leadership class of white men, while eliminating class divisions. Criticized wage slaves/strikes in the North. During the Amistad trials, doesn't want anything to be said about slavery that might show illegal slave trade is still continuing, needs rebellion off front pages, and wants Americans to stop talking about this

Brown's Provisional Constitution

Written in 1858 by John Brown, it was created with the intent to establish a temporary government that protected freed slaves until the US government sorted through and abolished slavery. Created in response to the Dred Scott Supreme Court decision, John Brown intended to use it after his Harper's Ferry Raid to set up a new society within the Appalachian Mountains. This Constitution was used as evidence both for and against John Brown in his trial- prosecution used it as proof that he was planning treason, while defense used it to prove Brown was insane.

Indian Raids

january 1692. 40 miles north. fifty killed, eighty kidnapped in raid in Maine. Children believed that an Indian was under their bed, not a monster. Forests of New England were where Satan lived/ruled. Native Americans were believed to be Satan's minions. People in Salem == super afraid/paranoid → they're more easily frightened and thus believe the witchcraft accusations more easily