HIST2301 Unit 1

Green DeWitt

A successful empresario along with Stephen Austin; Exempt from the provision in the Law of April 6, 1830 that voided all empresario contracts that had not yet been fulfilled

American Triad/Three Sisters of Agricultural Revolution

corn beans squash

Midland Minnie

- The name given to the female remains discovered near Midland, Texas, which were considered to belong to the "first mother" of Texas. - Significant b/c the remains of an ancient female can be cross-referenced w/ genetic information to study the development of human lineages across the Americas (and Texas). Since genealogists had followed human lineages using mtDNA (which is passed maternally), this genetic information could be linked to the original female. Carbon dating indicated that she lived 37,000+ years ago.

Over time, how many Indian tribes have lived in Texas in the Historic Era?

40

Karankawa location

Along the Gulf Coast (Galveston Bay southwest to Corpus)

Adams-Onís Treaty

An 1819 treaty between Spanish and Americans over the western border of the Louisiana Territory; gave Florida to Americans but Texas to Spanish Attempt to create a stable border between Spain and United States

Fredonian Rebellion

Anglo rebellion in Nacogdoches in 1826 lead by Haden Edwards Significance: it served as a precursor for the Texas Revolution

Augustín de Iturbide

Conservative Creole officer in the Mexican army who joined the independence movement; made emperor in 1821. Centralist who favored traditional monarchy for Mexico after winning independence from Spain

Father Miguel Hidalgo

Creole priest who sparked the Mexican struggle for independence from Spain Significance: he was the leader of the reformist movement that fought for independence from Spanish status quo. Hidalgo attempted to unite the "lesser" creoles, mestizos, and Indians in revolt against the aristocratic peninsulares. Though Hidalgo was executed in 1811, the rebel movement was too strong to be extinguished and eventually led to Mexico winning its independence from Spain.

atl-atl

Device developed by early Paleo-Indians (Minnie's people) used for throwing spears more powerfully over longer distances; allowed for more efficient hunting

Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca's report on his extensive time in Texas led to the Spanish to ignore Texas and other lands to the north of Texas. a) True b) False

False

T/F The Caddo primarily acquired their food from buffalo hunting.

False

T/F The Karankawa primarily acquired their food from buffalo hunting

False

The Federalists in Mexican politics during the years after Mexican independence from Spain favored a strong central government at the expense of the states. a) True b) False

False

The Texas Colonization Law of the Mexican Period forbade Americans from legally entering Texas. a) True b) False

False

Jumano food sources

Farming - corn, squash, a variety of beans, and pumpkins Hunting - relied heavily on buffalo

Moses Austin

First American to receive empresario land grant in Mexico, later Texas. Granted land on which he would be allowed to settle 300 Catholic Anglo settlers from U.S.; he died and passed land to his son.

Battle of Gonzales

First battle of the Texas Revolution

Guadalupe Victoria

First president of Mexico, following Iturbide's rule as emperor Mexican revolutionary who fought against Spain the war of independence

clovis point

Flint spear or dart point used by earliest Paleo-Indians; helped most with hunting

Louis Juchereau de St. Denis

French-Canadian explorer who worked with the Spanish to establish missions in East Texas; went on Spanish expedition that established San Antonio (de Valero); meanwhile French established colony in NoLa

Sieur de La Salle

Frenchman who explored from the Great Lakes southward along the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico Significance: first French explorer to reach all the way south to the Gulf; claimed Mississippi River Valley for French crown; eventually established Ft. St. Louis in territory claimed by Spain

Impact of horses and diseases

Horses - improved buffalo hunting for Jumano and Plains Indians (Apache and Comanche); allowed for expansion of trade for Plains Indians, especially flint; also allowed Plains Indian warriors to out-compete other tribes Diseases - smallpox and measles; significantly reduced the population of all native tribes, as much as 95%

Comanche location

Plains Indians - central and northwestern

Which tribe created the Rabbit Society for boys?

Kiowas

Caddo food sources

Large-scale farmers, with women harvesting fruits, berries, rice, and onions Men hunted and fished Also received buffalo meat/hides by trading their own goods (shields, pottery, baskets, etc.)

Apache food sources

Plains Indians; relied mostly on buffalo hunting - Introduction of horses from Spaniards greatly helped them in hunting buffalo

Caddo lifestyle

Largely sedentary, depending on agriculture as main food source - lived in large dome-shaped lodges covered with can and grass that could house related families; family was the most important social unit Spirituality/religion - built large mounds with temples for priests and ruling families Political system - a hereditary chief presided to keep order within a clan; a priest who inherited his status oversaw issues with other clans and held religious ceremonies Trading - traded with other Caddo tribes and other friendly Indians (Jumano, Kiowa, Comanche)

Battle of Medina

Largest battle ever to take place in Texas; broke out after conflicts between rebels from Gutierrez-Magee Expedition and Spanish royalists Resulted in defeat if Republican Army and ended the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition

Haden Edwards

Leader of the Fredonian Rebellion Empresario granted land (1825) including Nacogdoches as main urban center, on which he was allowed to settle 800 families; His grant was annulled by 1826, but he refused to leave; resulted in the Fredonian Rebellion

Marcos de Niza

Leader of the expedition to find the legendary cities of gold with Esteván as primary guide; mistaked pueblo rooftops for city of gold and solidified Spanish interest in the area

Stephen Austin

Most successful empresario; Provided support to Mexican govt. in subduing the Fredonian Rebellion; was exempt from the provision in the Law of April 6, 1830 which voided all empresario contracts that had not yet been fulfilled Headed the Federalist "peace party"

Apache lifestyle

Nomadic - relied on buffalo for everything (food, clothes, shelter/teepees, weapons/tools, etc.); hunter-gatherers Political/social - families or clans were major groupings; bands of families were headed by chiefs who were advised by councils in forming alliances with other bands - Warriors - raided/conflicted with other bands, but followed strict rules within their own - Valued children - coming-of-age traditions/ceremonies - Shamans - became medicine men/healers

Comanche lifestyle

Nomadic - relied on buffalo for everything (food, clothes, shelter/teepees, weapons/tools, etc.); hunter-gatherers Political/social - families or clans were major groupings; bands of families were headed by chiefs who were advised by councils in forming alliances with other bands - Warriors - raided/conflicted with other bands, but followed strict rules within their own - Valued children - coming-of-age traditions/ceremonies - Shamans - became medicine men/healers

Comanche food sources

Plains Indians; relied mostly on buffalo hunting - Introduction of horses from Spaniards greatly helped them in hunting buffalo

Apache location

Plains Indians; western Texas, New Mexico

Karankawa lifestyle

Nomadic - traveled in small family groups in dugout canoes searching for food and raiding other tribes Food source - depended largely on fishing; fished and gathered but did not farm or hunt buffalo Spirituality/religion - practiced religious cannibalism; would cook and eat captured adversaries believing they acquired magical powers Appearance - relatively tall; tattooed and pierced "dog-lovers" - domesticated fox/coyote

Gutierrez-Magee Expedition

One of several expeditions led by Americans to capitalize on the unsettled Texas area; they took advantage of the ongoing revolutionary turmoil in Mexico to attack royalists in San Antonio. - Initially successful in seizing the governor and his military leaders, but ultimately failed when loyalists countered the rebels and executed their leader. - The expedition was not entirely a failure as they later received permission from U.S. President Madison to recruit volunteers for an insurgence on Mexico; the reinforced army defeated the royalists, and Salcedo surrendered San Antonio. However, when Gutiérrez accidentally approved the execution of Salcedo and some of his men, Kemper and many of the volunteers disapproved and abandoned the effort, essentially handing the victory to the royalists.

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

One of the four survivors of the Narváez expedition Significance: he, along with the other three surviving castaways, made a journey by foot through areas of South Texas and northern Mexico. The men eventually escaped and ultimately sent to Mexico City to share their observations of the northern territories and encounters with indigenous people; Sparked Spanish interest in Texas in search of wealth and city of gold

Peninsulares, creoles (criolles), and mestizos

Peninsulares = Spanish people who were born in Spain; upper class aristocracy w/ highest political/social power and controlled best land Creoles (criolles) = Spanish people born in the Americas Mestizos = mixed Spanish-Indian people (Indians and blacks fell at the bottom social class)

Caddo location

Piney woods region of East Texas and Louisiana

The Neutral Ground (Agreement)

Prevented violent border dispute between Spanish and Americans U.S. Pres. T. Jefferson sent party to clarify western border of Louisiana Territory, but they were caught by Spanish soldiers. General James Wilkinson then launched his own expedition, but met a Spanish officer on the Sabine, and the two agreed to set up neutral ground between the Sabine (west) and the Arroyo Hondo (east)

Karankawa social structure

Relatively simple - traveled in small bands or family groups with minor chiefs presiding over different bands to maintain order Men hunted deer, alligator, fish, etc. with spears as tall as them Women gathered plant food

Establishment of San Antonio and La Bahía

San Antonio - Louis Juchereau de St. Denis was arrested by Spanish after establishing trading post on Rio Grande; convinced Spanish viceroy that French and Spanish could work toward mutual benefit in the region, and was allowed to accompany Spanish expedition that established San Antonio (de Valero) in 1718 - After which, French established colony in NoLa to express ongoing interest in the area; France and Spain were at war again the following year La Bahía - Gov. Aguayo negotiated w/ St.-Denis for permanent peace and directed Domingo Ramón to establish mission/presidio at old Ft. St. Louis, which became La Bahía

Agricultural Revolution

Shift from nomadic lifestyle driven by hunting to a more sedentary one dependent on agriculture for Woodland Era peoples. - Largely driven by women, who acquired greater status/respect as a result; they worshiped Mother Nature - The American Triad, or Three Sisters were corn, beans, and squash

Hernando de Soto

Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi Found no gold, just as Coronado, and Spanish lost interest in the area for some time

Mission Santa Cruz de San Saba

Spanish attempt at colonization along the San Saba River Significance: both its establishment and its downfall depended on Indian relations - initially established in response to requests by Lipan Apaches for aid in defending against other Plains Indians (namely Comanches). Eventually abandoned after defeat by French and their Indian allies

Francisco de Coronado

Spanish explorer sent to find seven cities of gold, but instead found Zuñi Indians Attempted to read Catholic requerimiento to them, but they couldn't understand so Coronado and Spanish attacked and forced them off their land; Found no gold there, so expedition was deemed failure. Failure of Coronado's mission led Spanish to lose interest in the area for some time

Mission San Francisco de los Tejas

The first Spanish mission established in Texas in attempt to convert natives (East Caddo in this case) to Catholicism Language/cultural barriers and mistreatment of natives caused many Caddo to revolt; Spanish eventually abandoned the mission in 1693

Jumano lifestyle

Trade - not much is known about them, but they are particularly noted for their extensive trade networks Sedentary - farmed Triad and pumpkins; settled in adobe/pueblos; headed by presiding chiefs Semi-nomadic - traveled throughout western Texas following buffalo Appearance - painted of tattooed strips on faces

Haden Edwards was the leader of the short-lived Fredonian Rebellion. a) True b) False

True

Centralists and Federalists

Two political factions that arose in Mexico after winning independence from Spain Centralists (conservatives) = landed aristocracy, military leaders, and church officials who had been favored politically/socially/economically under Spanish rule; favored strong central govt. in Mexico City and weaker provincial govts. - Favored by Emperor Iturbide; supported traditional monarchy Federalists (liberals) = creoles and mestizos who were lower politically/economically; desired greater autonomy for individual states with a weakened central govt.

Jumano location

West Texas (Rio Grande Valley and El Paso), New Mexico, Mexico

The main result of the Fredonian Rebellion was the _____________________. a) passage of the Law of April 6, 1830 b) creation of the Neutral Ground c) establishment of the Adams-Onie Treaty Line d) establishment of La Bahia as the new capital of Texas

a. passage of the Law of April 6, 1830

San Francisco de los Tejas was the ____________________. a) first Spanish mission established in Texas b) first French outpost established in Texas c) only Spanish mission destroyed in an Indian attack in Texas d) largest town in Texas before the establishment of San Antonio

a) first Spanish mission established in Texas

Of the following, _______________ was an example of a successful empresario in Texas other than Stephen Austin. a) Green De Witt b) Haden Edwards c) William Travis d) Carlos Delgado

a. Green DeWitt

After Augustín de Iturbide's short-lived rule as Emperor of Mexico, ___________________ became the first president of the Republic of Mexico. a) Guadalupe Victoria b) Antonio López de Santa Anna c) Valentín Gómez Farías d) Augustín de Iturbide

a. Guadalupe Victoria

Of the following, the ________________________ depended mostly upon fishing for their food. a) Karankawa b) Caddo c) Jumano d) Apache

a. Karankawa

The ________________ resided along the Gulf Coast of Texas a) Karankawa b) Caddo c) Comanche d) Apache

a. Karankawa

All of the following tribes were Plains Indians except _____ a. Tiguas b. Comanches c. Kiowas d. Apache

a. Tiguas

The Caddo were Native Americans who lived primarily in what is now _____________. a) the Piney Woods region of Louisiana and east Texas b) the Plains of West Texas c) the Gulf Coast of Texas d) south Texas and northern Mexico

a. the Piney Woods region of Louisiana and east Texas

The American Triad of the Agricultural Revolution is also known by the nickname ____________________. a) The Three Sisters b) The Three Amigos c) The Big Three d) Two Men and a Baby

a. the Three Sisters

As a result of Marcos de Niza's initial venture north of Mexico following Cabeza de Vaca's report on his times in Texas: a) Spain declared war on France b) Francisco de Coronado was ordered northward to verify Niza's claims to have seen a city of gold c) Sieur de La Salle led a French invasion of Texas d) Spain created the Neutral Ground between Texas and Mexico

b) Francisco de Coronado was ordered northward to verify Niza's claims to have seen a city of gold

______________ was a Mexican priest who started the independence movement against Spain. a) Augustín de Iturbide; b) Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla; c) Pánfilo de Narvaez; d) Roberto Clemente

b) Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Which of the following bets fits with your textbook description of the character of the men who made up the majority of the Texas Revolutionary army? a) cowardly and cunning b) overly democratic and hard-to-control c) overly regimented and obedient to authority d) overly intellectual and scholarly

b) overly democratic and hard-to-control

The main result of the expedition of Francisco de Coronado was ______________. a) intensified interest of the Spanish in Texas and other lands to the north of Mexico b) the Spanish ignoring Texas and other lands to the north of Mexico for the next 150 years c) new interest in Texas by the French d) was between Spain and the United States

b) the Spanish ignoring Texas and other lands to the north of Mexico for the next 150 years

Of the following, _____________ received the first empresario grant in Texas, though he did not live to carry out its provisions. a) Green De Witt b) Moses Austin c) Stephen Austin d) Guadalupe Victoria

b. Moses Austin

Both the Neutral Ground Agreement and the Adams-Onis Treaty were efforts to bring peace and stable borders between the territories of ____________________ in North America. a) France and Spain b) Spain and the United States c) France and the United States d) Russia and Spain

b. Spain and the United States

Of the following, who emerged as the most important Anglo leader in Texas, as both an empresario and a diplomat? a) John D. Bradburn b) Stephen Austin c) Green De Witt d) Baron de Bastrrop

b. Stephen Austin

The powerful combination of ____________________________ are known as the American Triad of the Agricultural Revolution. a) oranges, lemons, and pears b) corn, beans, and squash c) lettuce, cabbage, and soybeans d) wheat, oats, and rice

b. corn, beans, and squash

The American Triad included all crops below except _____ a. beans b. potatoes c. squash d. corn

b. potatoes

Of the following, who was not a Spanish soldier and explorer? a) Francisco de Coronado b) Hernando de Soto c) Sieur de La Salle d) Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca

c) Sieur de La Salle

Mission Santa Cruz de San Saba was the ________________. a) first Spanish mission established in Texas b) first French outpost established in Texas c) only Spanish mission destroyed in an Indian attack in Texas d) largest town in Texas before the establishment of San Antonio

c) only Spanish mission destroyed in an Indian attack in Texas

Shamans held high status in Native American societies because of _____________________. a) their incredible artistic abilities b) their feats of strength displayed whenever openly challenged by another warrior c) the belief that they could communicate with supernatural forces d) their ability to proven marksmanship with bows and arrows

c) the belief that they could communicate with supernatural forces

An atl-atl was a ______________. a) Caddo priest b) Karankawan long bow c) Archaic Era spear-throwing device d) Caddo hut e) Jumano home

c. Archaic Era spear-throwing device

Of the following groups, which was the least mobile? a) Karankawa b) Jumano c) Caddo d) Comanche

c. Caddo

Of the following, __________________ served as the provincial capital and emerged as the largest town in Spanish-era Texas. a) Laredo b) Nacogdoches c) San Antonio d) Fort Worth e) El Paso

c. San Antonio

The Clovis Point helped Paleo Indians most with ________________. a) fishing b) farming c) hunting d) climbing

c. hunting

Of the following, ___________________ was the most important sector of the Texas economy during the Spanish Period. a) the slave trade b) cotton farming c) ranching d) fishing e) shoe manufacturing

c. ranching

Among other impacts, the Agricultural Revolution resulted in increased status and importance of __________. a) children b) shamans c) women d) doctors

c. women

One notable characteristic of Indians in the Archaic Age was _____

cave art

The main impact of the horse for Plains Indians was: a) greatly improved ways for the natives to bring their agricultural surpluses to market b) a change from a nomadic to a more settled way of life in permanent villages c) increased employment as scouts for European and American settlers and traders d) increased ability to hunt the buffalo

d) increased ability to hunt the buffalo

The Battle of Medina, the largest battle ever to take place on Texas soil, led to ____________________. a) the conquest of Texas by the Republican Army of the North b) the creation of the Republic of Fredonia c) the annexation of Texas by France d) the defeat of the Republican Army of the North and the end of the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition

d) the defeat of the Republican Army of the North and the end of the Gutierrez-Magee Expedition

Which of the following was the least populous ethnic group in Texas during the Mexican Period (1820s to mid-1830s)? a) Anglos b) Hispanics c) African slaves d) Germans

d. Germans

The Jumanos of West Texas were particularly noted for _______________________. a) their outstanding fishing abilities b) their creative military inventions c) the immense size of their towns and villages d) their extensive trade networks

d. their extensive trade networks

"Midland Minnie" was found _____

on the Scharbauer Ranch

To reach the Western Hemisphere, the earliest people most likely _____

walked across a land bridge connecting Siberia to Alaska