HIST2620 Ch 24, HIST2620 Chapter 23, HIST2620 CH 25

As late as the 1990s, nearly 90 percent of suburban whites lived in communities with non-white populations of less than

1 percent.

A leading voice of the Beats was

Allen Ginsberg.

The name for the small group of poets and writers who railed against mainstream culture, and that included Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg, was

Beats.

What was the landmark U.S. Supreme Court case decided on May 17, 1954, in which the "Warren Court" unanimously asserted that segregation in public education violated the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment?

Brown v. Board of Education

During much of the Cold War, this agency funded the Museum of Modern Art in New York

Central Intelligence Agency

The Cold War began in

Europe.

Although Americans in the 1950s grew more intensely religious, fewer than ever were affiliated with religious institutions.

False

As president, Eisenhower sought to roll back the New Deal, abolish Social Security and unemployment insurance, and eliminate labor laws and farm programs.

False

During the 1950s, the farm population rose from 15 million to 23 million, while agricultural production declined by 25 percent.

False

Dwight Eisenhower entered the presidency determined to dismantle the New Deal.

False

In the 1950s, the National Security Council advised President Eisenhower not to use nuclear weapons in Vietnam.

False

New York became the most prominent symbol of the postwar suburban boom; one-fifth of the population growth of the 1950s occurred there.

False

Orval Faubus was among the attorneys on the team hired by the NAACP to pursue the watershed case Brown v. Board of Education.

False

President Eisenhower hailed the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education as a positive move toward a more equal and just America; when a federal court ordered that Autherine Lucy be admitted to the University of Alabama in 1956, Eisenhower authorized the use of federal troops in her support.

False

Prior to her arrest that led to the Montgomery bus boycott, Rosa Parks had never been involved in National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) activism.

False

Which of the following series of events is listed in proper sequence?

Geneva summit between Eisenhower and Khrushchev; Soviet invasion of Hungary; U-2 incident

In the context of postwar civil rights, what baseball player joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, challenging the longstanding exclusion of black players from Major League Baseball?

Jackie Robinson

In 1951, a jury convicted this couple of conspiracy to pass secrets concerning the atomic bomb to Soviet agents during World War II.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

At the nationally televised Army-McCarthy hearings in 1954, it was revealed that

McCarthy was a bully who browbeat witnesses and made sweeping accusations with no basis in fact.

What did President Eisenhower call his domestic agenda, which embraced a "mixed economy," in which the government played a major role in planning economic activity, and by which Eisenhower consolidated and legitimized the New Deal?

Modern Republicanism

In the aftermath of Rosa Parks's arrest for refusing to give her bus seat to a white rider, a yearlong bus boycott took place in what city?

Montgomery, Alabama

The so-called kitchen debate between Nixon and Khrushchev occurred in

Moscow, Russia.

The Cold War suddenly turned hot in June 1950 in these regions.

North Korea and South Korea

As families escaped their everyday lives for the "open road," this businessman franchised his business into approximately 700 McDonald's fast-food stands built by 1964.

Ray Kroc

Which does not describe Rosa Parks in the years prior to her December 1, 1955, arrest?

She was a housewife, with no previous experience as a political activist

The "Dixiecrat" presidential ticket of 1948 was led by

Strom Thurmond.

In June 1948, when the United States, Britain, and France introduced a separate currency in their zones of control in the city of Berlin, the Soviet Union responded with

The Berlin blockage

Although it was a nationwide phenomenon, 1950s suburbanization gathered its greatest momentum in the West.

True

As part of the expansive and dynamic growth of the American economy, in the twenty years after 1950, about 7 million white Americans left cities for the suburbs, nearly 3 million blacks moved from South to North, and half a million Puerto Ricans moved to the mainland.

True

By the end of the 1950s, almost 90 percent of American families owned television sets, average daily television viewing time was five hours, and television had proven itself the most effective advertising medium ever invented.

True

By the mid-1960s, 25 million Americans owned shares of stock.

True

Cultural dissent was more conspicuous than political dissent during the 1950s.

True

During the 1950s, gay men and lesbians increasingly created their own subcultures in major cities.

True

During the 1950s, material consumption came more and more to eclipse economic independence and democratic engagement as the hallmarks of American freedom.

True

During the 1950s, prominent psychologists insisted that women who were unhappy as housewives suffered from a failure to accept the "maternal instinct."

True

For all of America's successes, by 1960 more than one in five Americans lived in poverty.

True

Government policies and expenditures played a crucial role in the postwar economic boom.

True

In 1956, for the first time in American history, white-collar workers outnumbered blue-collar factory and manual laborers.

True

In 1960, women earned, on average, 60 percent of the income of men.

True

In many ways, the economy and culture of the 1950s were dominated by the automobile.

True

In the 1950s, the number of houses in the United States doubled; most were built in the suburbs.

True

In the consumer culture of the 1950s, the measure of freedom became the ability to gratify market desires.

True

One strand of social analysis in the 1950s asserted that Americans were psychologically and culturally discontent, lonely and anxious, and yearning not so much for freedom as for stability and authority.

True

One strand of social analysis in the 1950s criticized the monotony of modern work, the emptiness of suburban life, and the pervasive influence of advertising.

True

Richard Nixon's rise in politics was fueled in part by his ability to make free market conservatism appealing to ordinary people.

True

The Brown decision encouraged an awakening of civil rights protest— and segregationist protest—in the South, ensuring it would have the backing of federal courts.

True

Which was not part of the new "social contract" between organized labor and management in leading industries during the 1950s?

Unions sponsored "wildcat" strikes in an effort to discipline management.

Which of the following was not a prominent feature of suburban married life during the Fifties?

a growing tendency of husbands and wives to share the roles of breadwinner and homemaker

Regarding the first intercontinental ballistic missile, John F. Kennedy warned that Republicans had allowed this to develop in which the Soviets had achieved technological and military superiority over the United States.

a missile gap

Which of the following was not a significant trend in 1950s America?

a surge of student radicalism on college campuses

Causes of the civil rights revolution included all of the following except

a. the passage of the Taft-Hartley Act in 1947.

Milton Friedman's book Capitalism and Freedom outlined all of the following ideas regarding individual liberty except

an increase in the minimum wage laws.

"Dixiecrats" nominated Hubert Humphrey for president in 1948.

false

Alger Hiss, an editor at Time magazine, accused Whittaker Chambers, a high-ranking State Department official, of giving him secret government documents to pass along to the Soviet Union.

false

Although the United States was instrumental in the rebuilding of German industry, it did not significantly contribute to similar efforts in Japan.

false

Despite their initial efforts, the United Nations was never fully interested in worldwide civil rights and political liberties.

false

In Dennis v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that the imprisonment of Communist leaders violated the right of free expression.

false

It is a myth that children in the 1950s and 1960s were trained to hide under their desks in the event of an atomic attack.

false

Jackson Pollock's paintings were viewed as communistic by the CIA and defunded.

false

President Harry Truman was defeated by Thomas Dewey in the election of 1948.

false

The 1946 congressional elections marked a resounding triumph for Truman's Fair Deal program.

false

The suburban explosion of the 1950s did much to diminish racial divisions in America.

false

In the 1950s, Richard Nixon pioneered efforts to transform the Republican Party's image

from defender of business to champion of the "forgotten man," for whom heavy taxation had become a burden.

The 1954 update to the doctrine of containment, announced by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, that declared a Soviet attack on any American ally would be countered by a nuclear attack on the Soviet Union, was called "brinksmanship" by its critics and this by supporters.

massive retaliation

While most Americans saw the alliance of the Defense Department and private industry as a source of jobs and national security, Eisenhower felt it was a threat to democracy, calling this power the

military-industrial complex.

In 1957, the Eisenhower Doctrine

pledged the United States to defend Middle Eastern governments threatened by communism or Arab nationalism.

One of the key advantages the Soviet Union held over the United States on a global scale was America's continuing issue of

segregation.

In 1949, the containment policy suffered a major setback in the form of

the "loss" of China to communism.

President Harry S. Truman's program that focused on improving the social safety net and raising the standard of living of ordinary Americans—calling on Congress to increase the middle wage, enact a program of national health insurance, and expand public housing, Social Security, and aid to education—was

the Fair Deal.

The House Un-American Activities Committee charged these people with contempt of Congress, serving jail terms of six months to a year.

the Hollywood Ten

The principal organization in the Southwest—the equivalent of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)—that challenged restrictions on housing and employment, as well as the segregation of Latino students was named

the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC).

The June 1947 United States foreign policy initiative that envisioned a New Deal for Europe, and pledged billions of dollars to finance European economic recovery was

the Marshall Plan.

What was the coalition of black ministers and civil rights activists that pressed for desegregation and was formed in 1955, and in whose organizing Martin Luther King Jr., took the lead?

the Southern Christian Leadership Conference

The National Defense Education Act, which for the first time offered direct federal funding for higher education, was passed into law by Congress in 1957 in response to

the Soviet launch of the first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik.

The Marshall Plan, proposed by Secretary of State George C. Marshall, suggested

the United States should contribute billions of dollars to finance the economic recovery of Europe.

The 1948 United Nations-approved document that called for a range of rights to be enjoyed by people everywhere, including freedom of speech and religion, as well as social and economic entitlements, including the right to an adequate standard of living, access to adequate housing, education, and medical care was called

the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

All of the following were instrumental in suburban life and the rise of the subdivisions except

the loss of a communal city center.

The baby boom lasted until

the mid-1960s.

"Containment" in the context of post-World War II international diplomacy on the part of the United States referred to

the policy by which the United States committed itself to preventing any further expansion of Soviet power.

During the 1950s, the mass movement for civil rights found principal support among

the southern black church.

Which of the following did not inform or influence Martin Luther King Jr.'s, 1950s leadership of the civil rights movement?

the writings of Malcolm X, particularly his autobiography

American officials used anticommunist sentiment to investigate political dissenters and to otherwise widen their powers.

true

As part of the Soviet Union's one-party rule, Stalin consolidated a brutal dictatorship that jailed or murdered millions of Soviet citizens after World War II.

true

As part of the cultural Cold War, the CIA secretly funded an array of overseas publications, conferences, publishing houses, concerts, art exhibits, and jazz performances.

true

By 1949, the world's largest country measured by land area (the Soviet Union), and the world's largest country by population (China) were both communist.

true

By the early 1950s, state and local laws banning discrimination in employment and housing remained largely unenforced.

true

In 1947 an exhibition of historical documents traveled across the country on what was called the Freedom Train. While the exhibit showcased in many cities, two exceptions were Memphis, Tennessee, and Birmingham, Alabama, as both cities insisted on separate viewings of the exhibit by race, a demand of which the organizers of the Freedom Train would not agree.

true

In 1947, the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) launched hearings into communist influence in Hollywood, and, in consequence, actors, directors, and screenwriters were blacklisted or jailed.

true

In July 1948, President Harry S. Truman issued an executive order desegregating the armed forces.

true

In many ways, the Cold War both reshaped immigration and promoted the rapid expansion of higher education.

true

In the atmosphere of the Cold War, the United States tended to define "human rights" in terms of political liberty, while the Soviet Union emphasized social and economic entitlements.

true

In the context of the Cold War, no matter how repressive a nation was, so long as it supported the United States it was counted as a member of the Free World.

true

In the decades following World War II, pluralism reigned supreme and the free exercise of religion was yet another way of differentiating the American way of life from that of life under communism.

true

In the post-World War II United States, Americans' daily lives were transformed by the widespread use of televisions, air conditioning, dishwashers, long-distance telephone calls, and jet travel.

true

In the two decades following World War II, services that had generally been enjoyed only by the rich or solidly middle class in the years before the war—including central heating, indoor plumbing, and electricity—now became features of common life.

true

Republicans swept the congressional elections of 1946 to control both houses of Congress for the first time since the 1920s.

true

The Democratic Party platform of 1948 was the most progressive in the party's history.

true

The Marshall Plan proved to be one of the most successful foreign aid programs in history.

true

World War II was followed in the United States by what has been called "a golden age" of capitalism; between 1946 and 1960, the nation's gross national product more than doubled.

true

Under this kind of program, cities demolished poor neighborhoods in city centers that occupied potentially valuable real estate; in its place were constructed retail centers and all-white middle-income housing complexes.

urban renewal