Histology

Gas gangrene

C-diff infection. Common in old wars since trauma introduced c-diff in the soil into wounds.

Irregular tissue

dermis of skin, digestive tract. pnmx: digestive tract is irregular?

Three types of Gangrene

dry, moist, gas

fibro cartlidge

joints, intervertebral discs

Wet gangrene

occurs when infection and bacteria invade deeper tissues after injuries, frost bites, foot ulcers or burns. This leads to blockage of the blood supply and worsening of the infection (WBC no access)

Coagulative necrosis

Coagulative necrosis is a type of accidental cell death typically caused by ischemia or infarction. In coagulative necrosis the architecture of dead tissue is preserved for at least a couple of days.

Dysplasia and epithelial dysplasia

Dysplasia (from Ancient Greek dys-, "bad" or "difficult" and plasis, "formation") Epithelial dysplasia consists of an expansion of immature cells (such as cells of the ectoderm), with a corresponding decrease in the number and location of mature cells. Dysplasia is often indicative of an early neoplastic process

Squamous?

Flat disks. Cheaper to make. So they are disposable. Found in mouth.

5 Layers of skin outermost to inner most. (only on palms and feet.)

Stratum corneum= horn layer. Stratum lucidum- luce (light) clear layer. (only palms and feet) Stratum granulosum- called grainy because they are in the middle of the 5 layers and get squished. Stratum spinosum- when scientists dry them out for a microscope slide they look spiky. Stratum basale- basal layer. Base layer. (come lets get sunburned) CLGSB

Regular tissue

Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses. pnmx: Army regulars wear down their tendons from all that marching.

Metaplasia

The change from one type of cell to another may generally be a part of normal maturation process or caused by some sort of abnormal stimulus

Three types of Necrosis

coagulative, liquefactive, caseous

Elastic cartlidge

external ear, epiglottis

Simple Columnar Epithelium

found at two important sites in the animal body: 1) lining the intestine, and 2) lining the gall bladder. is specialized to absorb selected substances from the space the epithelium lines. Microvilli enhance absorption.

Caseous necrosis

is a form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance. pnmx: German Käse. encountered most often in tuberculous infection

stratified columnar epithelium

is only found in a few places in the body, including parts of the anus, conjunctiva in the eye, uterus, and pharynx.

Elastic tissue

joints and aorta and arteries

Lamina propria

more correctly lamina propria mucosæ. The lamina propria is a constituent of the moist linings known as mucous membranes or mucosa, which line various tubes in the body (such as the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, and the urogenital tract). pnmx: la mia propria- slobber

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

multiple layers of cube-shaped cells. Only the most superficial layer is made up of cuboidal cells, and the other layers can be cells of other types. This is because, conventionally, naming of stratified epithelium is based on the type of cell in the most superficial layer. They protect areas such as the ducts of sweat glands,[1] mammary glands, and salivary glands.

Areolar

under epithelia of body; forms lamina propria

Adipose

under skin in hypodermis, around kidneys and eyeballs abdomen, breasts

Stratified epithelium

•not simple - cells do not make up a single layer •cells compose multiple layers •specialized depending on the location and function of epithelial cells

Simple secretory columnar epithelium

A simple secretory columnar epithelium is found at two major sites in the animal body: 1) lining the stomach, and 2) lining the cervical canal. While a simple secretory columnar epithelium provides the typical protective function that all epithelia provide, it is specialized to secrete a mixture of mucins onto the apical surface of the epithelium.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva

Guy Patin first described FOP in 1692 in a young patient who "turned to wood" Progressive osseous heteroplasia

Hyalin cartlidge

Hyalin means glassy in latin. around embryonic skeleton, costal cartilage around ribs, nose

Dry gangrene

In this type of gangrene there is obstruction or slowing of blood flow into the organ or part of the body that is affected. Peripheral parts like toes, fingers, tip of the nose, earlobes etc. are commonly involved. Seen in TII DM. Mummified skin.

Epithelial tissue is classified in two ways: The form and function classifications of epithelial tissue are (3)

It is avascular (above blood vessels), although innervated. Epithelial tissue is classified in two ways: based on structure, and based on form and function. The principle structural types are simple and stratified. Simple epithelium has only one layer of cells, while stratified epithelium has two or more layers. The form and function classifications of epithelial tissue are cuboidal, squamous, and columnar. Squamous cells have a plate-like shape and typically function in diffusion and protection. Cuboidal cells aid in absorption and secretion in various places in the body and, as one might expect, have a cube-like shape. Columnar tissue have elongated, cylindrical, rectangular, or conically shaped cells that resemble columns, as their name suggests. Their purpose is usually to secrete mucous to lubricate or protect cavities in the body, or act as a sensory tissue in the tongue. Columnar tissue is typically tightly packed, resting on a basement membrane, or a layer of fibers that connects the epithelia to the underlying structure. The surfaces of some columnar cells may have hair-like structures called cilia that help to move particles in a desired direction. Others may have fingerlike structures called microvilli that increase surface area of the cell to help with absorption.

Reticular tissue

Reticular in latin is a net. Like rete in Italian. Reticular connective tissue is found around the kidney, the spleen, and lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow

pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue

Stratified columnar epithelium is often confused with pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue, as they can look very similar under a microscope. The cells in pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue mimic stacked layers of columnar cells, but if one looks closely, the bottom of each cell connects with the basement membrane, so there is actually only one layer of cells. Adding to their layered appearance, pseudostratified columnar cells may have nuclei at the bottom or middle of the cells, unlike stratified columnar epithelium, whose nuclei usually rest near the bottom of the cell. Both tissue types are uncommon in the human body.

Stratified Squamous Epithelia. Where can they be found?

Stratified= multiple layers "straiato" (Italian) or "strewn about". Squamous: thin and flat. •provide protection against: ◦mechanical friction - rubbing and physical trauma from external sources ◦chemical damage - environmental and internal chemicals/compounds degrading epithelial lining Form cell layers of the alveoli and the lining of the esophagus. WTRT (way to remember this). Stratified squamous is important for the esophagus since erosive acid can back up, and the cells needs to be able withstand it. Rubbing force also, and for the mouth and vagina.

Simple Squamous is found in and what purpose do they serve? What do they look like?

They are mediators of filtration and diffusion. Squamous= thin and flat. Alveoli in the lungs (as oxygen enters the bloodstream through alveolar blood vessels and carbon dioxide exits as waste. ) In the kidney, simple squamous epithelium lines the Bowman's capsule and the glomerulus. kidney filters about 180 liters of blood per day. Pnmx: "simple" hints at the thin and flat structure. Squamous literally means covered in scales and thin. Think about how thin and flat allows for easy transmembrane movement of O2 and CO2 in the alveoli.

Transitional epithelium

Transitional epithelium is a type of tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand. It is so named because of this function in the transition of degree of distension. This tissue structure type is found in urothelium, including that of the urinary bladder, the ureters, and the superior urethra and gland ducts of the prostate. pnmx: people going through transitional processes must be able to contract and expand.

Simple Cuboidal

We have already defined epithelium as a type of tissue that covers and lines body parts. When we add the word simple, this indicates that it is made up of only one layer of cells. Simple cuboidal epithelia are found on the surface of ovaries, the lining of nephrons, the walls of the renal tubules, and parts of the eye and thyroid. On these surfaces, the cells perform secretion and absorption.